Relational Communication Practice Exam Quiz
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of communication in personal relationships?
Developing relationships
B. Maintaining relationships
C. Dissolving relationships
D. Avoiding relational improvement
Answer: D. Avoiding relational improvement
According to social penetration theory, relationships develop through:
Increasing mutual trust and respect
B. Gradual self-disclosure
C. Conflict resolution strategies
D. Shared responsibilities
Answer: B. Gradual self-disclosure
Which of the following is an example of quantitative research in relational communication?
Conducting interviews about family dynamics
B. Analyzing case studies on breakups
C. Administering surveys to measure relationship satisfaction
D. Writing an autoethnography about friendships
Answer: C. Administering surveys to measure relationship satisfaction
What term describes communication behaviors aimed at resolving conflict and improving relational quality?
Maintenance strategies
B. Communication competence
C. Relational repair
D. Message adjustment
Answer: C. Relational repair
In the context of family communication, the term “family stories” refers to:
Gossip shared among family members
B. Narratives that shape family identity and values
C. Arguments that occur within the family
D. Entertainment during family gatherings
Answer: B. Narratives that shape family identity and values
Relational dialectics theory focuses on:
Balancing opposing tensions in relationships
B. Understanding self-disclosure patterns
C. Analyzing relationship breakdowns
D. Improving interpersonal attraction
Answer: A. Balancing opposing tensions in relationships
The “turning point” in a romantic relationship refers to:
The first date
B. A critical event that changes relational dynamics
C. The final argument before dissolution
D. Meeting the partner’s family
Answer: B. A critical event that changes relational dynamics
Which type of communication contributes most to relational quality?
Supportive communication
B. Competitive communication
C. Aggressive communication
D. Defensive communication
Answer: A. Supportive communication
Which is an example of a qualitative research method in relational communication?
Statistical modeling of relational satisfaction
B. In-depth interviews about relational conflicts
C. Creating large datasets for analysis
D. Administering psychological inventories
Answer: B. In-depth interviews about relational conflicts
The concept of “relational closeness” is measured by:
Proximity and duration of the relationship
B. Shared activities and self-disclosure
C. Number of arguments avoided
D. Duration of phone conversations
Answer: B. Shared activities and self-disclosure
Communication in friendships is often characterized by:
High levels of formality
B. Informality and equality
C. Structured interactions
D. Strategic conflict
Answer: B. Informality and equality
Emotional support in a relationship is most closely linked to:
Relational satisfaction
B. Increased conflicts
C. Poor communication quality
D. Self-disclosure reduction
Answer: A. Relational satisfaction
Which of the following theoretical perspectives emphasizes the mutual influence of partners in a relationship?
Systems theory
B. Social exchange theory
C. Attribution theory
D. Symbolic interactionism
Answer: A. Systems theory
How do relational maintenance behaviors differ in romantic relationships compared to friendships?
They are less frequent in friendships
B. They are more task-oriented in friendships
C. They involve more self-disclosure in romantic relationships
D. They involve less face-to-face interaction
Answer: C. They involve more self-disclosure in romantic relationships
The term “relational turbulence” refers to:
Normal ups and downs in a relationship
B. Disruptions caused by relational uncertainty
C. A permanent state of conflict
D. A lack of communication
Answer: B. Disruptions caused by relational uncertainty
Which relational communication skill is most useful for conflict resolution?
Active listening
B. Aggression
C. Topic shifting
D. Nonverbal withdrawal
Answer: A. Active listening
“Equity theory” suggests that relationships are most satisfying when:
One partner contributes more
B. Costs outweigh rewards
C. Both partners perceive fairness
D. Rewards are minimized
Answer: C. Both partners perceive fairness
The “matching hypothesis” predicts that people will:
Choose partners with similar communication styles
B. Select romantic partners of equal attractiveness
C. Avoid partners with conflicting values
D. Only engage in superficial relationships
Answer: B. Select romantic partners of equal attractiveness
A “bid for connection” in relational communication refers to:
A nonverbal sign of interest
B. A message seeking to engage the other person
C. A negotiation tactic in conflict
D. An ultimatum given to a partner
Answer: B. A message seeking to engage the other person
Nonverbal communication is particularly important in:
Resolving verbal misunderstandings
B. Initiating arguments
C. Expressing relational closeness
D. Creating relational distance
Answer: C. Expressing relational closeness
What is the primary purpose of “meta-communication”?
Discussing how partners communicate
B. Avoiding misinterpretation
C. Ending a conversation
D. Providing technical instructions
Answer: A. Discussing how partners communicate
Attachment theory classifies individuals into categories based on:
Family income levels
B. Childhood relationships with caregivers
C. Current marital status
D. Career choices
Answer: B. Childhood relationships with caregivers
Which of the following is an example of relational uncertainty?
Doubting the partner’s commitment
B. Avoiding self-disclosure
C. Resolving conflicts too quickly
D. Prioritizing individual goals
Answer: A. Doubting the partner’s commitment
Conflict avoidance is likely to:
Strengthen relationships over time
B. Lead to relational dissatisfaction
C. Improve relational satisfaction
D. Be unrelated to relational outcomes
Answer: B. Lead to relational dissatisfaction
Which of the following is an indicator of relational satisfaction?
Frequent arguments
B. High levels of mutual support
C. Avoiding communication altogether
D. Strategic silence
Answer: B. High levels of mutual support
In the dissolution phase of a relationship, the term “grave-dressing” refers to:
Repairing the relationship
B. Narrating the reasons for the breakup
C. Blaming the other partner
D. Rebuilding trust
Answer: B. Narrating the reasons for the breakup
Friendship communication often involves:
Formal scripts
B. Emotional expressiveness
C. Strategic silence
D. Professional barriers
Answer: B. Emotional expressiveness
Which type of relationship often involves the highest level of communication competence?
Casual acquaintances
B. Long-term romantic partnerships
C. New friendships
D. Temporary work relationships
Answer: B. Long-term romantic partnerships
The theory of “uncertainty reduction” predicts that:
Relationships become stronger with more uncertainty
B. Reducing uncertainty enhances relational closeness
C. Avoiding uncertainty leads to better outcomes
D. Relational uncertainty is unrelated to satisfaction
Answer: B. Reducing uncertainty enhances relational closeness
In relational communication, “empathic accuracy” refers to:
Perfectly expressing emotions
B. Understanding the partner’s emotions and thoughts
C. Avoiding emotional expression
D. Controlling the other partner’s feelings
Answer: B. Understanding the partner’s emotions and thoughts
Which of the following is a characteristic of effective relational communication?
One-way communication
B. Feedback and mutual understanding
C. Constant agreement
D. Avoiding difficult topics
Answer: B. Feedback and mutual understanding
In Knapp’s stages of relational development, the stage where partners build closeness and trust is called:
Initiating
B. Bonding
C. Intensifying
D. Differentiating
Answer: C. Intensifying
Which of the following describes a relationship maintenance strategy?
Ignoring a partner during a conflict
B. Expressing appreciation and gratitude
C. Minimizing self-disclosure
D. Focusing solely on individual goals
Answer: B. Expressing appreciation and gratitude
Which relational communication theory explains how people balance privacy and disclosure?
Relational dialectics theory
B. Communication privacy management theory
C. Uncertainty reduction theory
D. Social exchange theory
Answer: B. Communication privacy management theory
In family communication, high levels of conversation orientation are associated with:
Frequent and open communication
B. Strict rules about topics
C. Conflict avoidance
D. Hierarchical family structures
Answer: A. Frequent and open communication
What is the primary goal of social exchange theory in the context of relationships?
Understanding the importance of attachment styles
B. Explaining how rewards and costs influence relationship decisions
C. Exploring how self-disclosure leads to intimacy
D. Identifying strategies for conflict resolution
Answer: B. Explaining how rewards and costs influence relationship decisions
Emotional labor in relationships refers to:
Managing one’s emotions to maintain relational harmony
B. The division of household tasks
C. Controlling a partner’s feelings
D. Avoiding conflict at all costs
Answer: A. Managing one’s emotions to maintain relational harmony
What is a common criticism of relational dialectics theory?
It ignores cultural differences in relationships
B. It overemphasizes communication in relationships
C. It does not account for nonverbal communication
D. It focuses too much on conflict and tension
Answer: D. It focuses too much on conflict and tension
Relational communication competence involves all EXCEPT:
Adaptability
B. Empathy
C. Verbal aggression
D. Self-monitoring
Answer: C. Verbal aggression
Gottman’s research on romantic relationships identifies which of the following as a predictor of relational breakdown?
Mutual validation
B. The use of the “Four Horsemen” (criticism, contempt, defensiveness, stonewalling)
C. Constructive conflict resolution
D. Equal distribution of household tasks
Answer: B. The use of the “Four Horsemen” (criticism, contempt, defensiveness, stonewalling)
Relational uncertainty can be reduced by:
Avoiding topics of conflict
B. Engaging in active communication and seeking information
C. Allowing the relationship to progress without interaction
D. Relying solely on nonverbal cues
Answer: B. Engaging in active communication and seeking information
Which term describes the tendency to interpret a partner’s behavior in a positive way during the early stages of a relationship?
Relationship enhancement
B. Positive bias
C. Attribution error
D. Idealization
Answer: D. Idealization
Which of the following is an example of passive communication in a relationship?
Avoiding expressing one’s feelings
B. Interrupting the other partner frequently
C. Speaking assertively about one’s needs
D. Expressing opinions forcefully
Answer: A. Avoiding expressing one’s feelings
The primary goal of relational framing theory is to:
Analyze relational uncertainty
B. Understand how people interpret messages within relationships
C. Explore cultural differences in communication
D. Examine attachment patterns in relationships
Answer: B. Understand how people interpret messages within relationships
Self-expansion theory explains that individuals in relationships:
Seek to increase personal resources through mutual interaction
B. Prefer limited self-disclosure
C. Focus primarily on resolving conflicts
D. Avoid taking risks in communication
Answer: A. Seek to increase personal resources through mutual interaction
Nonverbal immediacy behaviors in relationships often include:
Maintaining physical distance
B. Avoiding eye contact
C. Smiling and leaning forward
D. Interrupting frequently
Answer: C. Smiling and leaning forward
In relational communication, the concept of “face” refers to:
The physical appearance of a partner
B. The public self-image one wants to project
C. The verbal expression of emotions
D. Avoiding difficult conversations
Answer: B. The public self-image one wants to project
According to the investment model of commitment, which factor increases commitment in relationships?
Low satisfaction
B. High rewards and low investments
C. Few alternatives to the relationship
D. A high degree of relational uncertainty
Answer: C. Few alternatives to the relationship
In the dissolution stage of a relationship, which communication behavior is most common?
Increased self-disclosure
B. Avoidance and withdrawal
C. Strong relational maintenance
D. Seeking mutual support
Answer: B. Avoidance and withdrawal
A “significant relational event” can best be described as:
A small disagreement
B. An impactful moment that changes relational dynamics
C. The first interaction between two people
D. Any conversation involving emotions
Answer: B. An impactful moment that changes relational dynamics
51. Which relational dialectic involves the tension between the desire for independence and connection?
Autonomy vs. Connection
B. Stability vs. Change
C. Openness vs. Closedness
D. Novelty vs. Predictability
Answer: A. Autonomy vs. Connection
52. Which of the following best describes social penetration theory?
Relationships develop as self-disclosure increases in depth and breadth.
B. Relational partners engage in conflict to deepen bonds.
C. Individuals form relationships based on cost-benefit analysis.
D. Communication styles change based on cultural norms.
Answer: A. Relationships develop as self-disclosure increases in depth and breadth.
53. According to uncertainty reduction theory, reducing uncertainty in relationships leads to:
Increased relational satisfaction and trust
B. Higher conflict levels
C. Reduced self-disclosure
D. Avoidance of significant relational events
Answer: A. Increased relational satisfaction and trust
54. In the context of relational communication, relational transgressions refer to:
Misinterpretation of nonverbal cues
B. Violations of relational rules or expectations
C. Constructive conflict behaviors
D. Avoidance of sensitive topics
Answer: B. Violations of relational rules or expectations
55. What is the primary goal of conflict management in personal relationships?
Avoiding disagreements entirely
B. Strengthening relational bonds while resolving disputes
C. Proving one partner is right
D. Minimizing emotional expression
Answer: B. Strengthening relational bonds while resolving disputes
56. Which of the following is a positive effect of self-disclosure in relationships?
Increased relational uncertainty
B. Enhanced intimacy and trust
C. Higher likelihood of conflict
D. Reduced empathy
Answer: B. Enhanced intimacy and trust
57. Which term describes the repetitive communication patterns that emerge in relationships?
Relational scripts
B. Communication feedback loops
C. Relational maintenance
D. Dialectical cycles
Answer: A. Relational scripts
58. In family systems theory, which term refers to maintaining stability within the family unit?
Openness
B. Homeostasis
C. Differentiation
D. Reciprocity
Answer: B. Homeostasis
59. A relationship with high conformity orientation and low conversation orientation is described as:
Pluralistic
B. Consensual
C. Laissez-faire
D. Protective
Answer: D. Protective
60. Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing relational satisfaction?
Emotional availability
B. Financial independence
C. Communication effectiveness
D. Perceived equity
Answer: B. Financial independence
61. The concept of relational turning points suggests that:
Relationships evolve linearly through predictable stages.
B. Significant events define the trajectory of a relationship.
C. Conflict is the primary driver of relational growth.
D. Relationships rarely change once established.
Answer: B. Significant events define the trajectory of a relationship.
62. What is the primary purpose of relational maintenance strategies?
To resolve past conflicts
B. To enhance relational satisfaction and stability
C. To reduce self-disclosure
D. To enforce relational boundaries
Answer: B. To enhance relational satisfaction and stability
63. Nonverbal immediacy behaviors in close relationships serve to:
Reduce intimacy
B. Foster relational closeness and connection
C. Signal dominance
D. Reinforce hierarchical power dynamics
Answer: B. Foster relational closeness and connection
64. Relational quality is most strongly influenced by:
Physical proximity
B. Shared values and effective communication
C. Frequent conflict
D. Financial stability
Answer: B. Shared values and effective communication
65. Which of the following is an example of stonewalling in a conflict?
Actively listening to a partner’s concerns
B. Ignoring or withdrawing from the conversation
C. Expressing anger directly
D. Attempting to resolve the issue constructively
Answer: B. Ignoring or withdrawing from the conversation
66. In communication accommodation theory, convergence refers to:
Matching communication styles to build relational rapport
B. Diverging communication styles to assert individuality
C. Avoiding communication to reduce conflict
D. Balancing openness and privacy
Answer: A. Matching communication styles to build relational rapport
67. Gottman’s research on marital satisfaction emphasizes the importance of:
Financial stability in the relationship
B. Consistently positive nonverbal cues
C. A high positive-to-negative interaction ratio
D. Avoiding relational conflict altogether
Answer: C. A high positive-to-negative interaction ratio
68. The process of “relational framing” involves:
Choosing a communication style for conflicts
B. Interpreting the meaning of messages within a relational context
C. Establishing physical boundaries in a relationship
D. Deciding on long-term relational goals
Answer: B. Interpreting the meaning of messages within a relational context
69. Emotional contagion in relational communication occurs when:
Partners influence each other’s emotions through interaction
B. Emotional expression is suppressed in a relationship
C. Both partners experience emotional numbness
D. Emotions are unaffected by relational communication
Answer: A. Partners influence each other’s emotions through interaction
70. Relational closeness is often signaled by:
Increased self-disclosure and mutual support
B. Decreased responsiveness to each other
C. Avoidance of difficult conversations
D. Relying exclusively on nonverbal communication
Answer: A. Increased self-disclosure and mutual support
71. In the investment model of relationships, commitment is influenced by which three factors?
Satisfaction, alternatives, and investment
B. Conflict, communication, and affection
C. Trust, compatibility, and routines
D. Openness, autonomy, and stability
Answer: A. Satisfaction, alternatives, and investment
72. The process of responding to a partner’s disclosure with empathy and validation is called:
Reflective listening
B. Active constructive responding
C. Relational framing
D. Conflict resolution
Answer: B. Active constructive responding
73. Which of the following best describes “emotional labor” in relationships?
The effort to express or suppress emotions for the sake of the relationship
B. Resolving conflicts without external intervention
C. Balancing work and relational responsibilities
D. Reducing emotional expression to prevent arguments
Answer: A. The effort to express or suppress emotions for the sake of the relationship
74. The term “relational turbulence” refers to:
External stressors that disrupt communication
B. The uncertainty and conflict experienced during relational transitions
C. A long-term lack of emotional intimacy
D. Instability caused by cultural differences
Answer: B. The uncertainty and conflict experienced during relational transitions
75. Which theory explains how relational partners evaluate costs and benefits to determine relational satisfaction?
Social Exchange Theory
B. Systems Theory
C. Dialectical Theory
D. Uncertainty Reduction Theory
Answer: A. Social Exchange Theory
76. In relational communication, the term “meta-communication” refers to:
Indirect messages about the relationship itself
B. Communication that is nonverbal
C. Talking about communication patterns or processes
D. Conflict-driven interactions
Answer: C. Talking about communication patterns or processes
77. When individuals try to balance competing needs such as independence and intimacy, they are managing which of the following?
Relational uncertainty
B. Dialectical tensions
C. Conflict avoidance
D. Emotional suppression
Answer: B. Dialectical tensions
78. In friendships, what type of communication is most likely to strengthen relational bonds?
Reciprocal self-disclosure and emotional support
B. Avoiding discussions about sensitive topics
C. Focusing on shared goals only
D. Providing unsolicited advice regularly
Answer: A. Reciprocal self-disclosure and emotional support
79. According to the stages of relational development, “intensifying” involves:
Developing a deeper emotional connection and greater intimacy
B. Creating rules and boundaries for the relationship
C. Focusing on external factors affecting the relationship
D. Maintaining the current status of the relationship
Answer: A. Developing a deeper emotional connection and greater intimacy
80. What does the term “relational framing” highlight in relational communication?
The tendency to focus on negative aspects of interactions
B. How individuals interpret messages based on relational goals
C. Avoidance of relational stress through communication
D. Nonverbal behaviors used to establish dominance
Answer: B. How individuals interpret messages based on relational goals
81. Which of the following is an example of indirect conflict management?
Discussing the problem openly
B. Avoiding the issue to prevent escalation
C. Compromising to reach a middle ground
D. Using humor to diffuse tension
Answer: D. Using humor to diffuse tension
82. Which type of relationship is characterized by low levels of self-disclosure and high levels of formality?
Acquaintance
B. Close friendship
C. Romantic partnership
D. Family relationship
Answer: A. Acquaintance
83. Relational satisfaction is most strongly correlated with:
Conflict frequency
B. Communication quality
C. Shared hobbies
D. Physical proximity
Answer: B. Communication quality
84. What does the concept of “emotional support” entail in relational communication?
Offering advice to solve problems
B. Listening empathetically and providing validation
C. Setting boundaries in personal interactions
D. Encouraging independence in decision-making
Answer: B. Listening empathetically and providing validation
85. Gottman’s Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse include all of the following EXCEPT:
Criticism
B. Contempt
C. Stonewalling
D. Collaboration
Answer: D. Collaboration
86. What is the primary goal of relational repair strategies?
To end the relationship on good terms
B. To restore trust and satisfaction
C. To avoid addressing sensitive issues
D. To encourage conflict resolution through avoidance
Answer: B. To restore trust and satisfaction
87. Which concept refers to the mutual influence partners have on each other in relationships?
Reciprocity
B. Interdependence
C. Relational dialectics
D. Emotional contagion
Answer: B. Interdependence
88. During the “differentiating” stage of Knapp’s relational model, partners typically:
Focus on maintaining individuality
B. Increase self-disclosure
C. Move toward relationship dissolution
D. Develop shared goals
Answer: A. Focus on maintaining individuality
89. Relational satisfaction is often higher when partners engage in:
Avoidance of emotional expression
B. Open and constructive communication
C. Frequent arguments
D. Independent decision-making
Answer: B. Open and constructive communication
90. Which of the following is an example of relational uncertainty?
Feeling unsure about a partner’s level of commitment
B. Establishing clear communication patterns
C. Experiencing conflict due to external stressors
D. Identifying relational goals and expectations
Answer: A. Feeling unsure about a partner’s level of commitment
91. Which of the following communication behaviors is most commonly associated with relational satisfaction?
Stonewalling during conflict
B. Expressing gratitude and appreciation
C. Avoiding sensitive discussions
D. Focusing solely on nonverbal cues
Answer: B. Expressing gratitude and appreciation
92. Relational partners who consistently balance openness and privacy are managing which dialectical tension?
Autonomy-connection
B. Stability-change
C. Openness-closedness
D. Inclusion-seclusion
Answer: C. Openness-closedness
93. Which of the following is a characteristic of “interpersonal trust” in relationships?
Complete disclosure of all personal information
B. The belief that the partner will act in your best interest
C. Avoiding vulnerability to prevent conflict
D. Relying solely on nonverbal communication
Answer: B. The belief that the partner will act in your best interest
94. In relational communication, “self-serving bias” refers to:
Attributing relational problems to external factors
B. Taking responsibility for all relational issues
C. Minimizing the importance of relational conflicts
D. Interpreting events in ways that favor oneself
Answer: D. Interpreting events in ways that favor oneself
95. During which stage of Knapp’s relational development model do partners focus on symbolic gestures like exchanging rings or making joint decisions?
Bonding
B. Integrating
C. Intensifying
D. Experimenting
Answer: A. Bonding
96. “Relational maintenance behaviors” include all of the following EXCEPT:
Assurances
B. Social networks
C. Avoidance
D. Positivity
Answer: C. Avoidance
97. Which of the following best describes “attachment theory” in relational communication?
It explains how individuals resolve conflict in close relationships.
B. It explores how early childhood bonds impact adult relationships.
C. It focuses on how communication patterns affect relationship satisfaction.
D. It examines how external stressors influence relational dynamics.
Answer: B. It explores how early childhood bonds impact adult relationships.
98. A relational partner demonstrating contempt might use:
Sarcasm and mocking
B. Empathy and understanding
C. Constructive criticism
D. Active listening
Answer: A. Sarcasm and mocking
99. Which of the following is a characteristic of a healthy relational conflict?
Using “you” statements to assign blame
B. Avoiding the topic entirely
C. Actively listening and expressing emotions
D. Focusing solely on personal goals
Answer: C. Actively listening and expressing emotions
100. In relational communication, “equity theory” suggests that partners are satisfied when:
One partner takes on the majority of the relational responsibilities
B. The relationship costs outweigh the benefits
C. Both partners perceive a fair balance of contributions and rewards
D. One partner controls the decision-making process
Answer: C. Both partners perceive a fair balance of contributions and rewards
101. Which of the following is NOT a key function of relational communication?
Establishing intimacy
B. Resolving conflict
C. Maintaining power imbalances
D. Enhancing relational satisfaction
Answer: C. Maintaining power imbalances
102. The process of interpreting a partner’s nonverbal behavior during an argument is an example of:
Relational framing
B. Social penetration
C. Meta-perception
D. Emotional contagion
Answer: A. Relational framing
103. “Facework” in relational communication refers to:
Maintaining a partner’s self-image during interactions
B. Engaging in nonverbal communication
C. Resolving relational conflict without escalation
D. Focusing on internal relational goals
Answer: A. Maintaining a partner’s self-image during interactions
104. When partners avoid discussing sensitive topics to maintain harmony, they are engaging in:
Conflict escalation
B. Topic avoidance
C. Self-disclosure
D. Relational repair
Answer: B. Topic avoidance
105. According to uncertainty reduction theory, increased communication leads to:
Increased relational ambiguity
B. Greater understanding and predictability
C. Reduced relational satisfaction
D. Higher levels of relational tension
Answer: B. Greater understanding and predictability
106. Which concept refers to the tendency to match another person’s communication style?
Mirroring
B. Framing
C. Dialectical alignment
D. Reciprocity
Answer: A. Mirroring
107. Relational de-escalation often begins with which stage of Knapp’s model?
Stagnating
B. Avoiding
C. Differentiating
D. Terminating
Answer: C. Differentiating
108. In romantic relationships, “love languages” refer to:
Specific cultural expressions of affection
B. The preferred ways individuals give and receive love
C. Nonverbal cues that signal romantic interest
D. Dialectical tensions unique to each relationship
Answer: B. The preferred ways individuals give and receive love
109. When relational partners use “third-party mediation” to resolve conflicts, they are engaging in:
Constructive confrontation
B. Conflict avoidance
C. External conflict resolution
D. Collaborative problem-solving
Answer: C. External conflict resolution
110. “Breadth” and “depth” in social penetration theory refer to:
The variety and intimacy of topics shared in self-disclosure
B. The duration and frequency of relational interactions
C. The balance of power in the relationship
D. The frequency of conflicts and resolutions
Answer: A. The variety and intimacy of topics shared in self-disclosure
111. The term “dyadic communication” refers to communication that occurs between:
Groups of three or more people
B. Two people in a relationship
C. Individuals and a larger audience
D. A person and their internal thoughts
Answer: B. Two people in a relationship
112. What is the primary goal of the “social exchange theory” in relational communication?
To explain how partners develop emotional intimacy
B. To balance the costs and rewards in a relationship
C. To resolve conflicts through effective communication
D. To increase self-disclosure between partners
Answer: B. To balance the costs and rewards in a relationship
113. Which of the following is an example of a relational turning point?
The first argument in a romantic relationship
B. Watching a movie together
C. Running errands together regularly
D. Meeting briefly in a social gathering
Answer: A. The first argument in a romantic relationship
114. When one partner consistently interrupts the other during discussions, it is an example of:
Active listening
B. Competitive symmetry
C. Dominance behavior
D. Conflict avoidance
Answer: C. Dominance behavior
115. Which type of relational message focuses on asserting dominance or control?
Affiliation messages
B. Content-oriented messages
C. Power messages
D. Conflict resolution messages
Answer: C. Power messages
116. Which of the following best illustrates the principle of “relational closeness”?
Maintaining emotional distance in a relationship
B. The ability to influence a partner’s thoughts and feelings
C. Increasing self-disclosure and emotional support
D. Avoiding sensitive topics to reduce tension
Answer: C. Increasing self-disclosure and emotional support
117. “Emotional contagion” in relational communication refers to:
Matching a partner’s communication style
B. Sharing the same level of emotional intensity
C. Transferring emotions from one partner to another
D. Avoiding emotional expressions to maintain harmony
Answer: C. Transferring emotions from one partner to another
118. The phenomenon of “ghosting” in modern relationships is best described as:
Gradually reducing communication over time
B. Completely cutting off communication without explanation
C. Discussing relationship concerns in an indirect manner
D. Ending a relationship through mutual agreement
Answer: B. Completely cutting off communication without explanation
119. Which of the following behaviors is most associated with “positive relational repair”?
Criticizing the partner’s actions
B. Expressing forgiveness and empathy
C. Avoiding the issue altogether
D. Withdrawing from the relationship
Answer: B. Expressing forgiveness and empathy
120. “Interpersonal attraction” is influenced by which of the following factors?
Physical proximity, similarity, and physical appearance
B. Shared conflict styles and power dynamics
C. Relational maintenance strategies
D. Reluctance to self-disclose
Answer: A. Physical proximity, similarity, and physical appearance
121. When partners express affection through physical touch rather than verbal communication, they are demonstrating which love language?
Words of affirmation
B. Physical touch
C. Quality time
D. Acts of service
Answer: B. Physical touch
122. Which of the following communication patterns is indicative of a healthy friendship?
Consistent use of passive-aggressive language
B. Mutual respect and active listening
C. Avoiding all disagreements
D. Emphasizing competition over collaboration
Answer: B. Mutual respect and active listening
123. The term “relational uncertainty” refers to:
The fear of discussing sensitive topics in a relationship
B. Ambiguity about the status or future of a relationship
C. A lack of emotional intimacy between partners
D. Conflict caused by external stressors
Answer: B. Ambiguity about the status or future of a relationship
124. In which stage of Knapp’s relational model do partners begin to establish shared interests and goals?
Bonding
B. Integrating
C. Intensifying
D. Experimenting
Answer: B. Integrating
125. Which of the following is a potential consequence of unresolved relational conflict?
Improved intimacy
B. Relational stagnation
C. Increased emotional support
D. Greater self-disclosure
Answer: B. Relational stagnation
126. When relational partners choose to prioritize the relationship over individual needs, they are demonstrating:
Self-centered behavior
B. Relational sacrifice
C. Emotional detachment
D. Conflict avoidance
Answer: B. Relational sacrifice
127. Which relational communication strategy is most effective during the dissolution phase of a relationship?
Open and honest dialogue
B. Stonewalling during disagreements
C. Avoiding all emotional expressions
D. Increasing relational closeness
Answer: A. Open and honest dialogue
128. Which of the following is considered a “relational bid”?
Ignoring a partner’s attempt at conversation
B. Asking a partner to spend quality time together
C. Withholding emotions during an argument
D. Focusing solely on personal goals
Answer: B. Asking a partner to spend quality time together
129. When two relational partners engage in self-disclosure at the same level, this is called:
Social penetration
B. Reciprocal self-disclosure
C. Emotional contagion
D. Relational uncertainty
Answer: B. Reciprocal self-disclosure
130. A relationship characterized by mutual dependency, shared responsibilities, and open communication is considered to be:
Co-dependent
B. Symmetrical
C. Interdependent
D. Hierarchical
Answer: C. Interdependent
131. According to the relational dialectics theory, the tension between wanting personal autonomy and desiring connection is called:
Predictability vs. novelty
B. Inclusion vs. seclusion
C. Autonomy vs. connection
D. Openness vs. closedness
Answer: C. Autonomy vs. connection
132. Which term best describes the process of partners mutually influencing each other’s communication behavior in a relationship?
Reciprocity
B. Interpersonal symmetry
C. Behavioral interdependence
D. Dyadic mirroring
Answer: C. Behavioral interdependence
133. In relational communication, which type of conflict style emphasizes cooperation and finding a mutually beneficial solution?
Avoiding
B. Compromising
C. Competing
D. Collaborating
Answer: D. Collaborating
134. Which of the following is an example of passive-aggressive communication in a romantic relationship?
Openly expressing dissatisfaction
B. Ignoring the partner to express displeasure indirectly
C. Actively working to resolve disagreements
D. Complimenting the partner in front of others
Answer: B. Ignoring the partner to express displeasure indirectly
135. Which stage in Knapp’s model of relationship development involves initiating contact and exchanging basic information?
Experimenting
B. Bonding
C. Initiating
D. Intensifying
Answer: C. Initiating
136. What is “meta-communication” in relational communication?
A strategy to resolve relational uncertainty
B. Communication about communication
C. Nonverbal cues during conversations
D. Emotional responses to relational conflict
Answer: B. Communication about communication
137. Which relational maintenance strategy involves reassuring a partner of one’s commitment?
Positivity
B. Assurance
C. Social networking
D. Openness
Answer: B. Assurance
138. “Emotional intelligence” in relational communication is best defined as:
The ability to control one’s emotions in stressful situations
B. Using logical reasoning in relational decision-making
C. The capacity to recognize, understand, and manage emotions in oneself and others
D. Avoiding emotional expressions in sensitive conversations
Answer: C. The capacity to recognize, understand, and manage emotions in oneself and others
139. Which of the following behaviors reflects effective active listening?
Interrupting to provide immediate solutions
B. Nodding and providing verbal affirmations during a conversation
C. Mentally rehearsing a response while the partner is speaking
D. Ignoring the speaker’s nonverbal cues
Answer: B. Nodding and providing verbal affirmations during a conversation
140. The process of sharing personal information with a partner to increase intimacy is called:
Emotional regulation
B. Self-disclosure
C. Relational reframing
D. Power negotiation
Answer: B. Self-disclosure
141. Which concept refers to the emotional pain caused by perceived betrayal or broken trust in a relationship?
Jealousy
B. Relational uncertainty
C. Infidelity distress
D. Relational transgression
Answer: D. Relational transgression
142. Which type of relationship typically demonstrates symmetrical power dynamics?
Parent-child relationships
B. Friendships among equals
C. Employer-employee relationships
D. Romantic relationships with one dominant partner
Answer: B. Friendships among equals
143. Which of the following best describes a “fatal attraction” in relational communication?
An attraction that diminishes over time
B. Being drawn to qualities in a partner that later lead to dissatisfaction
C. A mutual attraction that evolves into long-term commitment
D. A physical attraction with no emotional connection
Answer: B. Being drawn to qualities in a partner that later lead to dissatisfaction
144. The “investment model of commitment” emphasizes which key components in predicting relationship commitment?
Physical attraction and emotional intimacy
B. Satisfaction, investment, and perceived alternatives
C. Relational maintenance strategies and shared interests
D. Communication frequency and power dynamics
Answer: B. Satisfaction, investment, and perceived alternatives
145. Which term describes communication behaviors used to end a relationship?
Relational disengagement strategies
B. Relational dialectics
C. Relational maintenance strategies
D. Emotional detachment methods
Answer: A. Relational disengagement strategies
146. Which of the following is an example of “relational repair”?
Avoiding a partner’s complaints
B. Offering a sincere apology after a conflict
C. Disengaging from the relationship temporarily
D. Criticizing the partner’s communication style
Answer: B. Offering a sincere apology after a conflict
147. “Attachment theory” suggests that adult relational communication patterns are influenced by:
Power dynamics in previous relationships
B. Early childhood experiences with caregivers
C. Media portrayals of romantic relationships
D. The use of relational maintenance strategies
Answer: B. Early childhood experiences with caregivers
148. Which of the following best illustrates “relationship uncertainty”?
Not knowing how a partner feels about the relationship
B. Being unable to resolve frequent conflicts
C. Feeling overly dependent on the partner for emotional support
D. Experiencing difficulties with relational maintenance
Answer: A. Not knowing how a partner feels about the relationship
149. The “spiral of silence” in relational communication refers to:
The increasing distance between partners due to unresolved conflicts
B. The tendency to remain silent for fear of social disapproval
C. The mutual withdrawal from communication in tense situations
D. The absence of self-disclosure in a relationship
Answer: B. The tendency to remain silent for fear of social disapproval
150. “Equity theory” in relationships suggests that satisfaction is highest when:
Both partners perceive equal effort and reward in the relationship
B. One partner gives more than the other
C. The relationship is focused on individual goals
D. Both partners avoid discussing conflicts
Answer: A. Both partners perceive equal effort and reward in the relationship
151. The process of sharing feelings, thoughts, and experiences to deepen connections in a relationship is referred to as:
Self-expression
B. Relational framing
C. Emotional intimacy
D. Interpersonal calibration
Answer: C. Emotional intimacy
152. Which of the following best describes “relational turbulence”?
Conflict that arises from external stressors
B. Disruptions in relational stability during major transitions
C. Persistent negative communication patterns
D. Relationship dissatisfaction caused by lack of trust
Answer: B. Disruptions in relational stability during major transitions
153. The theory that explains why individuals perceive fairness and satisfaction based on the ratio of contributions and rewards in a relationship is:
Equity theory
B. Relational dialectics theory
C. Social exchange theory
D. Attachment theory
Answer: A. Equity theory
154. What is “relational framing”?
The tendency to interpret communication in terms of affiliation or dominance
B. The way individuals frame conflicts in relationships
C. The process of creating relational boundaries
D. The act of using metaphors to describe relationships
Answer: A. The tendency to interpret communication in terms of affiliation or dominance
155. Which type of communication is most effective in resolving relational conflicts?
Defensive communication
B. Passive communication
C. Assertive communication
D. Aggressive communication
Answer: C. Assertive communication
156. In relational communication, which term describes efforts to reduce uncertainty about another person’s behavior or feelings?
Relational negotiation
B. Uncertainty reduction
C. Predictive modeling
D. Relationship calibration
Answer: B. Uncertainty reduction
157. According to Knapp’s model of relationship dissolution, which stage involves avoiding physical and emotional contact?
Circumscribing
B. Stagnating
C. Avoiding
D. Terminating
Answer: C. Avoiding
158. In the context of family relationships, which of the following best defines “family communication patterns theory”?
The study of conflict resolution in families
B. A theory exploring conversation and conformity orientations in families
C. The exploration of sibling dynamics in childhood
D. A framework for understanding relational boundaries in families
Answer: B. A theory exploring conversation and conformity orientations in families
159. Which of the following behaviors is an example of “stonewalling” during relational conflict?
Actively listening to a partner’s concerns
B. Shutting down communication and refusing to engage
C. Expressing anger in a passive-aggressive manner
D. Apologizing without addressing the underlying issue
Answer: B. Shutting down communication and refusing to engage
160. Relational communication research often examines “relational turning points.” What are these?
Daily interactions that strengthen relationships
B. Moments of significant change in relational dynamics
C. Predictable milestones in relationship development
D. Unresolved conflicts that damage the relationship
Answer: B. Moments of significant change in relational dynamics
161. In relational communication, “fatal attraction” refers to:
An attraction that diminishes over time
B. Qualities initially appealing but later causing dissatisfaction
C. A strong physical attraction with minimal emotional connection
D. The irresistible pull to engage in unhealthy relationships
Answer: B. Qualities initially appealing but later causing dissatisfaction
162. Which of the following best describes “dyadic coping” in relational communication?
Avoiding stressors by focusing on individual goals
B. Coordinating efforts to manage stress together as partners
C. One partner taking full responsibility for resolving issues
D. Delegating stress management to external resources
Answer: B. Coordinating efforts to manage stress together as partners
163. Which stage of the relational development model involves formalizing the relationship through public declarations or rituals?
Bonding
B. Intensifying
C. Integrating
D. Experimenting
Answer: A. Bonding
164. The theory that examines how individuals manage private information within relationships is called:
Communication privacy management theory
B. Relational turbulence theory
C. Social penetration theory
D. Politeness theory
Answer: A. Communication privacy management theory
165. Which type of relational maintenance strategy involves expressing gratitude and appreciation for one’s partner?
Assurance
B. Positivity
C. Task sharing
D. Social networking
Answer: B. Positivity
166. “Emotional flooding” occurs when:
An individual feels overwhelmed by intense emotional stimuli
B. Partners engage in open emotional expression
C. Relational conflict escalates into physical altercations
D. Communication becomes overly emotional during problem-solving
Answer: A. An individual feels overwhelmed by intense emotional stimuli
167. Which of the following best describes “negative reciprocity” in conflict situations?
Returning negative behavior with positive communication
B. Escalating negative exchanges during a disagreement
C. Ignoring a partner’s negativity to avoid further conflict
D. Reflecting on past conflicts to find solutions
Answer: B. Escalating negative exchanges during a disagreement
168. What does the “halo effect” refer to in relational communication?
Judging someone’s character based on a single positive trait
B. Viewing relationships as inherently conflict-free
C. Assuming all relational behaviors have positive intentions
D. Evaluating a partner’s communication based on past conflicts
Answer: A. Judging someone’s character based on a single positive trait
169. Which concept refers to balancing disclosure and privacy in relationships?
Relational boundaries
B. Communication calibration
C. Privacy management
D. Openness dynamics
Answer: C. Privacy management
170. In family communication, the term “parentification” describes:
Parents taking on excessive authority in decision-making
B. Children adopting adult roles and responsibilities in the family
C. Sibling rivalry due to parental favoritism
D. Parents fostering independence in their children
Answer: B. Children adopting adult roles and responsibilities in the family
171. Which term describes the ability to accurately understand and respond to others’ emotions in relationships?
Relational mindfulness
B. Emotional intelligence
C. Empathic resonance
D. Perspective-taking
Answer: B. Emotional intelligence
172. The process by which relational partners influence each other’s goals, emotions, and behaviors is known as:
Mutual interdependence
B. Relational influence
C. Interactional synchrony
D. Social control
Answer: A. Mutual interdependence
173. According to social penetration theory, relational closeness is developed through:
Conflict resolution
B. Shared experiences and rituals
C. Gradual self-disclosure of personal information
D. Emotional and physical intimacy
Answer: C. Gradual self-disclosure of personal information
174. Which type of relational uncertainty refers to doubts about the status or future of the relationship?
Self-uncertainty
B. Partner uncertainty
C. Relational uncertainty
D. Situational uncertainty
Answer: C. Relational uncertainty
175. In relational communication, the “dialectical tension” between autonomy and connection refers to:
Balancing time together and apart in a relationship
B. Managing power dynamics between partners
C. Conflicting desires for emotional and physical intimacy
D. Deciding between independence and dependence
Answer: A. Balancing time together and apart in a relationship
176. What is the primary goal of “conflict management” in relational communication?
To prevent disagreements entirely
B. To maintain relational harmony and resolve differences effectively
C. To ensure that one partner’s perspective prevails
D. To minimize the duration of relational disputes
Answer: B. To maintain relational harmony and resolve differences effectively
177. According to the investment model of commitment, what are the three factors that influence commitment in relationships?
Trust, love, and respect
B. Satisfaction, alternatives, and investment
C. Communication, empathy, and conflict resolution
D. Intimacy, compatibility, and shared goals
Answer: B. Satisfaction, alternatives, and investment
178. Which of the following behaviors is considered a relational maintenance strategy?
Criticizing your partner’s decisions
B. Ignoring minor disagreements
C. Engaging in shared activities and hobbies
D. Avoiding open communication
Answer: C. Engaging in shared activities and hobbies
179. What is a “turning point” in relational communication?
A significant event that defines the future of a relationship
B. A disagreement that challenges relational stability
C. The moment when one partner initiates self-disclosure
D. The decision to maintain or dissolve a relationship
Answer: A. A significant event that defines the future of a relationship
180. The “golden ratio” of positive to negative interactions for healthy relationships, as suggested by research, is:
2:1
B. 3:1
C. 5:1
D. 7:1
Answer: C. 5:1
181. Which term refers to the way individuals manage their “face” or public image in relationships?
Impression management
B. Emotional regulation
C. Relational framing
D. Self-disclosure
Answer: A. Impression management
182. In family communication, what does the term “enmeshment” describe?
Healthy communication with clear boundaries
B. Overly rigid family boundaries
C. Overly close family relationships with blurred boundaries
D. Balanced independence and connection
Answer: C. Overly close family relationships with blurred boundaries
183. “Attachment avoidance” in adult relationships is characterized by:
A fear of intimacy and reliance on others
B. A tendency to seek closeness at all times
C. High levels of self-disclosure in romantic relationships
D. A lack of concern about relationship security
Answer: A. A fear of intimacy and reliance on others
184. Which theory focuses on how individuals cope with conflicting relational desires?
Relational dialectics theory
B. Social exchange theory
C. Attachment theory
D. Equity theory
Answer: A. Relational dialectics theory
185. What does the term “meta-communication” refer to in relational communication?
Communication about the relationship itself
B. Nonverbal communication during conflicts
C. Misinterpretation of verbal cues
D. Communication that occurs only in digital settings
Answer: A. Communication about the relationship itself
186. A couple engaging in “positive conflict management” would most likely:
Avoid discussing sensitive issues
B. Criticize each other openly
C. Focus on solutions rather than assigning blame
D. Ignore relational conflicts entirely
Answer: C. Focus on solutions rather than assigning blame
187. Which of the following best describes “supportive communication”?
Communication that reduces relational tension
B. Messages intended to assist others during challenging times
C. Nonverbal communication that conveys disinterest
D. Neutral communication that maintains relational distance
Answer: B. Messages intended to assist others during challenging times
188. The concept of “relational repair” often involves:
Avoiding further conflict through silence
B. Rebuilding trust and re-establishing positive communication
C. Ending the relationship on good terms
D. Seeking external mediation for relational issues
Answer: B. Rebuilding trust and re-establishing positive communication
189. In relational communication, “selective self-disclosure” is used to:
Build trust while maintaining privacy
B. Limit emotional intimacy in relationships
C. Test a partner’s loyalty
D. Avoid conflicts in relational communication
Answer: A. Build trust while maintaining privacy
190. Which concept explains why people sometimes stay in unsatisfying relationships due to perceived costs of leaving?
Social exchange theory
B. Relational maintenance
C. Commitment paradox
D. Investment model
Answer: D. Investment model
191. The concept of “relational uncertainty” is most closely associated with which phase of a relationship?
Initiation
B. Maintenance
C. Transition
D. Dissolution
Answer: C. Transition
192. Which of the following is an example of relational maintenance through “positivity”?
Complimenting your partner regularly
B. Avoiding difficult conversations
C. Asking your partner for feedback
D. Setting strict boundaries
Answer: A. Complimenting your partner regularly
193. In the context of relational communication, “facework” refers to:
Managing conflict through direct communication
B. Preserving one’s public image during interactions
C. Offering constructive criticism in relationships
D. Expressing vulnerability to build trust
Answer: B. Preserving one’s public image during interactions
194. Which communication theory explains the dynamic interplay of opposing forces, such as autonomy and connection, in relationships?
Communication privacy management theory
B. Social exchange theory
C. Relational dialectics theory
D. Expectancy violation theory
Answer: C. Relational dialectics theory
195. When relational partners disclose personal information at a similar level of intimacy, it is referred to as:
Balanced reciprocity
B. Dyadic adjustment
C. Reciprocal self-disclosure
D. Mutual alignment
Answer: C. Reciprocal self-disclosure
196. According to Gottman’s research, which communication behavior is most damaging to relationships?
Contempt
B. Defensiveness
C. Stonewalling
D. Criticism
Answer: A. Contempt
197. What term refers to patterns of communication that reduce ambiguity and increase relational understanding?
Interaction scripts
B. Clarification sequences
C. Relational schemas
D. Conversational alignment
Answer: C. Relational schemas
198. When partners avoid discussing certain topics to prevent conflict, they are engaging in:
Constructive avoidance
B. Topic avoidance
C. Strategic silence
D. Relational shielding
Answer: B. Topic avoidance
199. The concept of “empathic accuracy” refers to the ability to:
Accurately express one’s emotions
B. Understand a partner’s thoughts and feelings
C. Resolve conflicts through compromise
D. Predict a partner’s future behavior
Answer: B. Understand a partner’s thoughts and feelings
200. Which term describes a relational dynamic where one partner provides significantly more emotional support than the other?
Relational imbalance
B. Asymmetrical dependency
C. Unequal emotional reciprocity
D. Relational inequity
Answer: D. Relational inequity
201. In relational communication, which term refers to messages that convey love and appreciation?
Affectionate communication
B. Relational affirmations
C. Supportive messaging
D. Intimacy cues
Answer: A. Affectionate communication
202. Which of the following is an indicator of “relational satisfaction”?
Consistent avoidance of conflicts
B. Perceived balance between rewards and costs
C. Limited self-disclosure between partners
D. High levels of interdependence
Answer: B. Perceived balance between rewards and costs
203. The tendency for relational partners to mimic each other’s verbal or nonverbal behavior is known as:
Interactional resonance
B. Behavioral mirroring
C. Relational synchrony
D. Nonverbal adaptation
Answer: B. Behavioral mirroring
204. What is the primary purpose of “relational bids”?
To express dissatisfaction with the relationship
B. To initiate or maintain connection with a partner
C. To test a partner’s commitment
D. To resolve relational uncertainty
Answer: B. To initiate or maintain connection with a partner
205. Which type of communication is most effective in repairing relational trust after a conflict?
Apologies combined with empathetic listening
B. Avoiding the topic entirely
C. Offering solutions without addressing emotions
D. Expressing frustration through direct statements
Answer: A. Apologies combined with empathetic listening
206. When relational partners redefine the boundaries of their relationship, this is known as:
Relational recalibration
B. Boundary negotiation
C. Interactional redefinition
D. Relational reframing
Answer: D. Relational reframing
207. The phenomenon of “relational turbulence” is most common during which stage of a relationship?
Early courtship
B. Relational transition
C. Long-term maintenance
D. Relational dissolution
Answer: B. Relational transition
208. Which of the following is an example of “constructive conflict communication”?
Accusing the partner of causing problems
B. Expressing feelings using “I” statements
C. Interrupting the partner during arguments
D. Avoiding conflict altogether
Answer: B. Expressing feelings using “I” statements
209. When relational partners share responsibility for decision-making, this is an example of:
Relational autonomy
B. Shared interdependence
C. Collaborative relational control
D. Joint decision-making
Answer: D. Joint decision-making
210. Which theoretical perspective emphasizes the role of social rules and norms in relational communication?
Social constructivist perspective
B. Communication privacy management theory
C. Expectancy violations theory
D. Symbolic interactionism
Answer: A. Social constructivist perspective
211. The process of “relational dialectics” focuses on managing:
The need for control and the need for predictability in relationships
B. The tension between intimacy and distance in communication
C. The strategies for conflict resolution
D. The roles and responsibilities of each partner
Answer: B. The tension between intimacy and distance in communication
212. Which of the following is considered a “constructive communication strategy” for couples in conflict?
Silent treatment
B. Escalating the conflict by raising voices
C. Active listening and validating feelings
D. Blaming the partner for everything
Answer: C. Active listening and validating feelings
213. According to “attachment theory,” individuals with a secure attachment style are most likely to:
Avoid intimacy in relationships
B. Feel anxious or insecure about their relationships
C. Trust their partner and maintain healthy communication
D. Experience frequent relational turbulence
Answer: C. Trust their partner and maintain healthy communication
214. The concept of “self-disclosure” in relational communication refers to:
Sharing deep, personal thoughts and feelings with a partner
B. Expressing frustration about a partner’s behavior
C. Avoiding difficult conversations to prevent conflict
D. Offering unsolicited advice during tough times
Answer: A. Sharing deep, personal thoughts and feelings with a partner
215. In the context of relational communication, “influence” is defined as:
Changing a partner’s beliefs and behaviors through persuasion
B. Encouraging self-expression in a relationship
C. Avoiding influence to maintain equality
D. Responding to criticism without retaliation
Answer: A. Changing a partner’s beliefs and behaviors through persuasion
216. Which of the following best describes “strategic ambiguity” in relationships?
Deliberately using vague language to avoid direct confrontation
B. Clearly stating one’s feelings and needs to avoid misunderstandings
C. Engaging in conflict resolution with detailed explanations
D. Creating mutual understanding through transparent communication
Answer: A. Deliberately using vague language to avoid direct confrontation
217. “Power imbalance” in a relationship can lead to:
Enhanced communication and mutual respect
B. One partner feeling dominant or overly submissive
C. A more equal distribution of relational tasks
D. A stronger emotional connection
Answer: B. One partner feeling dominant or overly submissive
218. When a partner in a relationship uses humor to defuse tension during a disagreement, this communication strategy is called:
Conflict avoidance
B. Humor as an appeasement strategy
C. High-context communication
D. Positive reinforcement
Answer: B. Humor as an appeasement strategy
219. What is the primary function of “relationship maintenance behaviors”?
To ensure that both partners experience personal growth
B. To repair and sustain the relationship by managing conflict
C. To avoid all forms of emotional or relational conflict
D. To eliminate all forms of uncertainty within the relationship
Answer: B. To repair and sustain the relationship by managing conflict
220. Which communication behavior is most likely to indicate a healthy relationship?
Frequent use of sarcasm and criticism
B. Open and honest conversations about feelings
C. Withdrawal from each other during conflicts
D. Silent treatment in response to disagreements
Answer: B. Open and honest conversations about feelings
221. In relational communication, “validation” refers to:
Acknowledging and accepting a partner’s feelings and perspective
B. Setting rigid boundaries that restrict intimacy
C. Minimizing emotional expression to avoid vulnerability
D. Agreeing with every statement made by a partner
Answer: A. Acknowledging and accepting a partner’s feelings and perspective
222. “Social exchange theory” suggests that relational partners assess their relationship based on:
The amount of communication they share
B. The costs and benefits involved in the relationship
C. Their level of emotional attachment
D. The number of shared activities
Answer: B. The costs and benefits involved in the relationship
223. Which of the following is a key aspect of “relational maintenance” in long-term relationships?
Keeping emotional distance from the partner
B. Minimizing contact during stressful periods
C. Regular communication and shared activities
D. Ignoring problems and hoping they resolve themselves
Answer: C. Regular communication and shared activities
224. The process by which a partner reduces or adjusts emotional distance in response to relationship tensions is known as:
Emotional support
B. Emotional withdrawal
C. Emotional regulation
D. Emotional recalibration
Answer: C. Emotional regulation
225. “Relational buffering” in communication refers to:
Avoiding conflicts altogether
B. Strengthening relational bonds by offering emotional support
C. Indirectly communicating feelings to avoid confrontation
D. Increasing control over relationship decisions
Answer: B. Strengthening relational bonds by offering emotional support
226. In relational communication, “triangulation” occurs when:
A third party is involved in resolving a relational conflict
B. Two partners engage in emotional and verbal support for each other
C. A partner tries to improve communication by adapting to the other’s style
D. One partner confides in a third party instead of directly communicating with the other partner
Answer: D. One partner confides in a third party instead of directly communicating with the other partner
227. Which of the following is an example of “perceived relational value”?
One partner values the relationship more than the other
B. Both partners openly discuss their values and beliefs
C. Both partners view their relationship as fulfilling and satisfying
D. One partner feels misunderstood despite efforts to communicate
Answer: C. Both partners view their relationship as fulfilling and satisfying
228. The “Johari window” model is used to explain:
The process of self-disclosure and relational transparency
B. The stages of relationship dissolution
C. The impact of relational uncertainty on communication
D. The different levels of emotional support in a relationship
Answer: A. The process of self-disclosure and relational transparency
229. Which of the following is an example of a “nonverbal” relational maintenance behavior?
Sending supportive text messages
B. Engaging in open and honest verbal conversations
C. Using physical touch to comfort a partner
D. Writing letters of appreciation
Answer: C. Using physical touch to comfort a partner
230. The concept of “unilateral commitment” in relationships refers to:
Both partners equally committing to the relationship
B. One partner being emotionally invested while the other is distant
C. A partner committing to a relationship without input from the other
D. A partner dedicating efforts only toward self-improvement
Answer: C. A partner committing to a relationship without input from the other
231. In relational communication, “communication climate” refers to:
The physical environment where communication occurs
B. The emotional tone or atmosphere created by communication
C. The frequency of communication between partners
D. The technological tools used to communicate
Answer: B. The emotional tone or atmosphere created by communication
232. Which of the following strategies is effective for managing relational conflict?
Competing to win the argument
B. Listening actively to understand both perspectives
C. Avoiding the issue to prevent tension
D. Criticizing the partner’s viewpoint to assert dominance
Answer: B. Listening actively to understand both perspectives
233. According to “social penetration theory,” self-disclosure in relationships typically occurs in:
A series of deep, emotional conversations from the outset
B. Gradual stages from superficial topics to more personal information
C. A spontaneous and unstructured manner
D. A reciprocal pattern based only on shared interests
Answer: B. Gradual stages from superficial topics to more personal information
234. Which of the following is a characteristic of “healthy relational communication”?
Using communication to manipulate or control a partner
B. Prioritizing one partner’s needs over the other
C. Engaging in frequent and open emotional exchanges
D. Avoiding difficult conversations to maintain peace
Answer: C. Engaging in frequent and open emotional exchanges
235. In the context of relational communication, “emotional intelligence” involves:
Controlling emotional responses to avoid conflict
B. Recognizing, understanding, and managing emotions in oneself and others
C. Withholding emotions to prevent vulnerability
D. Expressing emotions in an exaggerated way for clarity
Answer: B. Recognizing, understanding, and managing emotions in oneself and others
236. According to “expectancy violation theory,” when someone exceeds your relational expectations, you may experience:
Positive or negative surprise
B. A reinforcement of your original expectations
C. A complete breakdown in communication
D. A strong desire to distance yourself
Answer: A. Positive or negative surprise
237. Which of the following is an example of “positive reinforcement” in a relationship?
Withholding affection when your partner makes a mistake
B. Praising your partner for their accomplishments or thoughtful gestures
C. Ignoring your partner when they express emotions
D. Using criticism to correct your partner’s behavior
Answer: B. Praising your partner for their accomplishments or thoughtful gestures
238. The “five love languages” theory suggests that people express and receive love through:
Physical touch, words of affirmation, acts of service, receiving gifts, and quality time
B. Written letters, romantic gestures, giving gifts, and spending money
C. Direct communication, indirect communication, silence, and humor
D. Physical touch, verbal arguments, shared beliefs, and quality time
Answer: A. Physical touch, words of affirmation, acts of service, receiving gifts, and quality time
239. In the context of relational communication, “closeness” refers to:
The amount of time spent together
B. The degree of understanding and emotional intimacy shared between partners
C. The frequency of positive interactions
D. The physical proximity between partners
Answer: B. The degree of understanding and emotional intimacy shared between partners
240. “Conflict resolution” in a relationship typically involves:
Avoiding all conflict to maintain harmony
B. Fighting until one partner gives in
C. Finding mutually agreeable solutions while respecting each other’s perspectives
D. Letting one partner dominate the conversation to end the conflict
Answer: C. Finding mutually agreeable solutions while respecting each other’s perspectives
241. “Communication apprehension” refers to:
The ability to communicate effectively in a variety of contexts
B. The anxiety or fear of communicating with others
C. The ease with which someone expresses themselves verbally
D. The ability to interpret nonverbal cues from others
Answer: B. The anxiety or fear of communicating with others
242. “Interpersonal communication” involves:
Communicating with a group of people at a formal event
B. Exchanging messages between two people in personal interactions
C. Broadcasting a message to a mass audience
D. Sending messages through mass media channels
Answer: B. Exchanging messages between two people in personal interactions
243. “Relational satisfaction” can be influenced by:
The frequency of conflicts
B. Communication patterns and emotional support
C. The number of shared hobbies
D. The distance between partners
Answer: B. Communication patterns and emotional support
244. The “interpersonal gap” occurs when:
One partner misunderstands or misinterprets the message of the other
B. Both partners agree on the meaning of a message
C. Partners share the same level of understanding without conflict
D. Communication occurs without emotions involved
Answer: A. One partner misunderstands or misinterprets the message of the other
245. Which of the following is a key feature of “nonverbal communication” in relationships?
Nonverbal cues can be interpreted the same way across cultures
B. Nonverbal communication can reinforce or contradict verbal messages
C. Nonverbal communication is less important than verbal communication
D. Nonverbal cues are usually ignored in close relationships
Answer: B. Nonverbal communication can reinforce or contradict verbal messages
246. “Jealousy” in relationships is often a response to:
Over-communication and transparency
B. Perceived threats to the relationship’s value or emotional connection
C. The development of a close friendship with a third party
D. Clear and open communication about feelings
Answer: B. Perceived threats to the relationship’s value or emotional connection
247. In relational communication, “empathy” refers to:
The ability to offer practical solutions to relationship problems
B. Understanding and sharing another person’s feelings and perspective
C. Maintaining emotional distance to avoid conflict
D. Offering advice without emotional involvement
Answer: B. Understanding and sharing another person’s feelings and perspective
248. “Relational uncertainty” refers to:
Feeling confident about the future of the relationship
B. Doubts or ambiguity regarding the relationship’s direction or stability
C. Avoiding all forms of conflict
D. A mutual understanding of each partner’s needs
Answer: B. Doubts or ambiguity regarding the relationship’s direction or stability
249. The “dialectical tension” between openness and closedness in relationships involves the challenge of:
Deciding whether to share personal thoughts or keep them private
B. Avoiding deep conversations to maintain surface-level communication
C. Withholding all emotions to prevent misunderstandings
D. Balancing time spent with the partner and with others
Answer: A. Deciding whether to share personal thoughts or keep them private
250. “Relational maintenance” behaviors are best defined as:
Efforts to keep the relationship healthy and balanced through communication
B. Avoiding any form of conflict or disagreement
C. Being passive to preserve the status quo in a relationship
D. Engaging in manipulation to control a partner’s behavior
Answer: A. Efforts to keep the relationship healthy and balanced through communication
251. In relational communication, “power” is often defined as:
The ability to influence the actions and decisions of others
B. A fixed characteristic that remains constant in relationships
C. The ability to avoid conflict in a relationship
D. A characteristic that leads to resentment and withdrawal
Answer: A. The ability to influence the actions and decisions of others
252. Which of the following best describes “affective communication” in relationships?
The use of words to express logical reasoning and facts
B. The expression of emotions and feelings through verbal and nonverbal cues
C. The practice of staying silent to avoid conflict
D. The use of humor and sarcasm to mask true emotions
Answer: B. The expression of emotions and feelings through verbal and nonverbal cues
253. “Relational dialectics” theory highlights the tension between:
Love and hate in a relationship
B. The desire for connection and independence
C. Shared experiences and individual goals
D. Verbal and nonverbal communication styles
Answer: B. The desire for connection and independence
254. According to “equity theory,” people are satisfied with relationships when:
One partner contributes more and expects less
B. Both partners perceive that their contributions and rewards are balanced
C. One partner dominates the relationship
D. The relationship lacks any form of conflict
Answer: B. Both partners perceive that their contributions and rewards are balanced
255. The concept of “self-disclosure” in relationships refers to:
Hiding personal information to avoid conflict
B. Sharing personal thoughts, feelings, and experiences with another person
C. Keeping emotional distance from others
D. Ignoring the emotional needs of a partner
Answer: B. Sharing personal thoughts, feelings, and experiences with another person
256. “Social exchange theory” suggests that people evaluate relationships based on:
The value of emotional connection
B. The rewards and costs associated with the relationship
C. The length of time spent together
D. The physical attractiveness of the partners
Answer: B. The rewards and costs associated with the relationship
257. “Confirmation” in relational communication refers to:
Acknowledging and validating another person’s feelings and identity
B. Reassuring a partner that their concerns are unimportant
C. Avoiding difficult topics to keep the relationship smooth
D. Ignoring a partner’s emotional needs
Answer: A. Acknowledging and validating another person’s feelings and identity
258. “Nonverbal immediacy” in communication is the use of nonverbal cues to:
Create emotional distance
B. Build rapport and create closeness
C. Ignore the emotional states of others
D. Maintain dominance and control in a conversation
Answer: B. Build rapport and create closeness
259. “Interpersonal attraction” in relational communication refers to:
The physical and emotional connection between two individuals
B. The avoidance of conflict and disagreement
C. The desire to communicate less with the other person
D. The ability to maintain independence in the relationship
Answer: A. The physical and emotional connection between two individuals
260. Which of the following is a feature of “active listening” in a relationship?
Interrupting the speaker to offer solutions
B. Waiting for your turn to speak without engaging with the speaker’s message
C. Reflecting back what the speaker has said to ensure understanding
D. Ignoring the speaker’s feelings and focusing on the facts
Answer: C. Reflecting back what the speaker has said to ensure understanding
261. “Forgiveness” in relational communication is best understood as:
Letting go of grudges and resentment for the benefit of the relationship
B. Forgetting the hurtful incident and never discussing it again
C. Resentfully accepting the wrongdoer’s behavior without addressing it
D. Seeking revenge to restore balance in the relationship
Answer: A. Letting go of grudges and resentment for the benefit of the relationship
262. “Social support” in relational communication involves:
Offering criticism to help a partner improve
B. Providing emotional, informational, and practical assistance to others
C. Ignoring a partner’s needs to avoid conflict
D. Withholding affection during difficult times to teach independence
Answer: B. Providing emotional, informational, and practical assistance to others
263. “Relational turbulence” typically occurs when:
Relationships are stable and predictable
B. Partners are experiencing significant life changes or transitions
C. Both partners are satisfied with their communication patterns
D. Conflict is avoided at all costs
Answer: B. Partners are experiencing significant life changes or transitions
264. Which of the following is an example of “active constructive responding” in relational communication?
Minimizing a partner’s achievement and shifting focus to other topics
B. Expressing genuine enthusiasm and congratulating a partner for their success
C. Ignoring the partner’s emotions and changing the subject
D. Dismissing a partner’s accomplishment as unimportant
Answer: B. Expressing genuine enthusiasm and congratulating a partner for their success
265. “Cognitive jealousy” refers to:
Feeling upset or frustrated by a partner’s physical affection toward someone else
B. Imagining or worrying about a partner’s potential infidelity or disloyalty
C. Engaging in conflict to assert control over the relationship
D. Taking revenge to restore power in the relationship
Answer: B. Imagining or worrying about a partner’s potential infidelity or disloyalty
266. The “sociometer theory” of self-esteem suggests that:
Self-esteem is based on a person’s financial success
B. People gauge their self-worth based on their relationships with others
C. Self-esteem is unrelated to relational communication
D. Only romantic relationships influence self-esteem
Answer: B. People gauge their self-worth based on their relationships with others
267. In relational communication, “catfishing” refers to:
Deepening emotional intimacy through honest conversations
B. The act of creating a false online identity to deceive others
C. Collaborating with a partner to achieve common goals
D. Using humor to connect with others in an online community
Answer: B. The act of creating a false online identity to deceive others
268. “Attachment styles” in relationships are:
Unchanging personality traits that dictate all relational behaviors
B. Patterns of behavior and emotional responses learned from early caregivers that influence adult relationships
C. Unimportant to adult romantic relationships
D. Only relevant in childhood and have no impact on adult relationships
Answer: B. Patterns of behavior and emotional responses learned from early caregivers that influence adult relationships
269. “Stonewalling” in relational communication refers to:
Openly discussing feelings of frustration in a calm manner
B. Giving a partner the silent treatment or withdrawing during conflict
C. Actively listening and responding during difficult conversations
D. Sharing emotions freely to resolve an issue
Answer: B. Giving a partner the silent treatment or withdrawing during conflict
270. The “ideal-self” in a relationship refers to:
The version of oneself that one wishes to become and present to others
B. The self that is constantly shaped by others’ expectations
C. The version of oneself that is emotionally distant and uninvolved
D. The partner that one wants to maintain in a relationship
Answer: A. The version of oneself that one wishes to become and present to others
271. Which of the following best represents “relational maintenance” in communication?
The actions individuals take to keep a relationship functional and satisfying
B. The desire to end a relationship that no longer meets needs
C. The avoidance of conflict by ignoring problems
D. The attempt to control or manipulate the other person in the relationship
Answer: A. The actions individuals take to keep a relationship functional and satisfying
272. “Conflict resolution” strategies in relational communication generally focus on:
Ignoring the issue to avoid confrontation
B. Increasing emotional distance to lessen tension
C. Finding ways to solve disagreements and strengthen the relationship
D. Always giving in to the other person’s demands
Answer: C. Finding ways to solve disagreements and strengthen the relationship
273. In relational communication, the concept of “perceived relational value” refers to:
The amount of time spent together
B. The degree to which one feels valued by their partner
C. The physical attractiveness of the partner
D. The compatibility of partners’ interests and goals
Answer: B. The degree to which one feels valued by their partner
274. The term “emotional flooding” in a relationship refers to:
Feeling overwhelmed by intense emotions during an argument
B. The tendency to avoid emotional responses to protect oneself
C. Focusing on positive emotions and ignoring negative feelings
D. The act of expressing extreme love for a partner
Answer: A. Feeling overwhelmed by intense emotions during an argument
275. “Relational satisfaction” in communication research is often measured by:
The frequency of physical affection
B. The level of happiness and contentment in a relationship
C. The amount of time spent apart
D. The financial success of the partners
Answer: B. The level of happiness and contentment in a relationship
276. In relational communication, the “dialectical tension” between autonomy and connection suggests that:
Individuals must either prioritize independence or interdependence
B. Couples should maintain a completely equal balance of control
C. Partners need to navigate between desiring both closeness and independence
D. Relationship satisfaction is based solely on one partner’s needs
Answer: C. Partners need to navigate between desiring both closeness and independence
277. “Relational aggression” refers to:
The use of verbal and emotional manipulation to harm others in a relationship
B. A healthy method of conflict resolution
C. Passive communication in response to disagreement
D. The act of protecting one’s partner from external threats
Answer: A. The use of verbal and emotional manipulation to harm others in a relationship
278. The “negotiation of meaning” in relational communication refers to:
How partners argue to assert control
B. The process of mutually creating and understanding messages in a relationship
C. The desire to avoid deep conversation with a partner
D. How individuals try to change their partner’s beliefs
Answer: B. The process of mutually creating and understanding messages in a relationship
279. In relational communication, “compromise” involves:
Giving up one’s own needs and desires without discussion
B. Each partner giving up something to meet in the middle
C. Ignoring one’s partner’s perspective for the sake of peace
D. One partner dominating the situation to achieve their desired outcome
Answer: B. Each partner giving up something to meet in the middle
280. Which of the following is an example of “co-rumination” in a relationship?
Talking about a difficult situation in a way that enhances emotional closeness
B. Sharing personal achievements and celebrating success together
C. Discussing problems only with a third party to avoid conflict
D. Ignoring emotional issues to focus on practical matters
Answer: A. Talking about a difficult situation in a way that enhances emotional closeness
281. The “four horsemen” theory, proposed by John Gottman, suggests that four behaviors predict the end of a relationship. These include all of the following EXCEPT:
Criticism
B. Contempt
C. Defensiveness
D. Validation
Answer: D. Validation
282. Which of the following behaviors is associated with the communication strategy of “active listening”?
Interrupting the speaker to express your thoughts
B. Maintaining eye contact and nodding to show understanding
C. Avoiding the speaker’s emotions to focus on facts
D. Speaking without pausing to ensure your message is received
Answer: B. Maintaining eye contact and nodding to show understanding
283. “Symmetrical communication” in relationships refers to:
One partner dominating the conversation
B. Equal power distribution and reciprocity in communication
C. Avoiding any form of disagreement
D. The emotional suppression of one partner’s feelings
Answer: B. Equal power distribution and reciprocity in communication
284. The “communication privacy management theory” focuses on:
The ability to control and manage one’s own personal information in relationships
B. The suppression of emotions to maintain privacy
C. The sharing of all information with one’s partner
D. Avoiding conflicts by keeping secrets
Answer: A. The ability to control and manage one’s own personal information in relationships
285. In the context of relational communication, “transactional analysis” emphasizes:
The examination of individual messages in isolation
B. The dynamic, ongoing interaction between individuals that shapes relationships
C. The static, one-sided nature of relational exchanges
D. The ways in which external factors such as media influence relationships
Answer: B. The dynamic, ongoing interaction between individuals that shapes relationships
286. “Attachment theory” in relational communication suggests that:
Relationship patterns are solely influenced by social and cultural factors
B. People’s early experiences with caregivers shape their relationship behaviors in adulthood
C. Attachment patterns do not affect romantic relationships
D. Attachment styles are fixed and cannot change throughout life
Answer: B. People’s early experiences with caregivers shape their relationship behaviors in adulthood
287. “Relational uncertainty” refers to:
The belief that a relationship is stable and unchanging
B. The confusion about the relationship’s future or commitment level
C. The avoidance of making decisions in a relationship
D. The certainty about the quality and future of a relationship
Answer: B. The confusion about the relationship’s future or commitment level
288. “Interpersonal communication competence” refers to:
The ability to manipulate others for personal gain
B. The ability to effectively communicate and manage relationships
C. The ability to avoid conflict and emotional involvement
D. The use of aggressive communication to dominate others
Answer: B. The ability to effectively communicate and manage relationships
289. In relational communication, “positive reinforcement” is used to:
Discourage desired behaviors through criticism
B. Encourage desired behaviors by offering rewards or praise
C. Avoid any communication about behaviors in the relationship
D. Maintain power imbalances between partners
Answer: B. Encourage desired behaviors by offering rewards or praise
290. The concept of “relational transgressions” refers to:
Positive events that strengthen relationships
B. Violations of relational norms or expectations that harm the relationship
C. The process of improving communication in relationships
D. The sharing of personal information with others
Answer: B. Violations of relational norms or expectations that harm the relationship