Chemistry for Nursing Professionals Practice Quiz
Which of the following is the basic unit of matter?
A) Molecule
B) Atom
C) Electron
D) Proton
What is the charge of a neutron?
A) Positive
B) Negative
C) Neutral
D) None
Which element is commonly used in the formation of organic compounds?
A) Oxygen
B) Carbon
C) Nitrogen
D) Helium
In a covalent bond, atoms share which type of particle?
A) Neutron
B) Electron
C) Proton
D) Photon
What is the pH of a neutral solution?
A) 0
B) 7
C) 14
D) 10
Which of the following is an example of an acid?
A) NaOH
B) HCl
C) NaCl
D) CH3OH
Which of the following is a characteristic of bases?
A) Sour taste
B) Turns red litmus paper blue
C) Produces H+ ions in water
D) None of the above
What is the atomic number of an element?
A) The number of protons
B) The number of electrons
C) The sum of protons and neutrons
D) The number of neutrons
Which of the following compounds is organic?
A) NaCl
B) CH3OH
C) H2O
D) NaOH
Which functional group is present in alcohols?
A) -OH
B) -COOH
C) -NH2
D) -CHO
Which of the following is an example of a strong acid?
A) CH3COOH
B) H2SO4
C) HCl
D) NaOH
What type of bond is formed when two atoms share electrons equally?
A) Polar covalent bond
B) Nonpolar covalent bond
C) Ionic bond
D) Metallic bond
Which of the following is a characteristic of an ionic bond?
A) Atoms share electrons equally
B) Atoms donate or accept electrons
C) The bond involves only nonmetals
D) None of the above
What is the primary role of a buffer in the body?
A) Increase pH levels
B) Prevent large changes in pH
C) Lower pH levels
D) Absorb acids only
Which of the following is a basic organic reaction type?
A) Substitution
B) Precipitation
C) Oxidation
D) Condensation
What is the molecular formula of methane?
A) C2H6
B) CH4
C) C3H8
D) C4H10
Which of the following molecules is a functional group found in carboxylic acids?
A) -OH
B) -COOH
C) -NH2
D) -CHO
Which of the following is an example of an alkene?
A) C2H6
B) C3H8
C) C2H4
D) CH4
Which of the following is NOT a property of acids?
A) They produce H+ ions in solution
B) They have a sour taste
C) They turn blue litmus paper red
D) They accept electrons in a reaction
What is the atomic mass of an element determined by?
A) The number of electrons
B) The number of neutrons
C) The number of protons and neutrons
D) The number of electrons and protons
Which of the following substances is used to neutralize acids in the body?
A) Hydrochloric acid
B) Bicarbonate ions
C) Sodium hydroxide
D) Oxygen
In which of the following reactions is energy released?
A) Endothermic reaction
B) Exothermic reaction
C) Synthesis reaction
D) Decomposition reaction
Which functional group is characteristic of aldehydes?
A) -OH
B) -COOH
C) -CHO
D) -NH2
What is the primary purpose of the laboratory component in this course?
A) To increase theoretical knowledge
B) To apply chemical concepts through hands-on experiments
C) To memorize chemical equations
D) To prepare for exams
Which of the following molecules has a triple bond?
A) Methane
B) Ethylene
C) Acetylene
D) Butane
Which property of water makes it a good solvent for many biological molecules?
A) Its nonpolar nature
B) Its ability to form hydrogen bonds
C) Its high viscosity
D) Its low density
Which of the following is the process of combining small molecules to form a larger one?
A) Hydrolysis
B) Condensation
C) Oxidation
D) Reduction
Which of the following compounds is used to neutralize excess acid in the stomach?
A) NaOH
B) Mg(OH)2
C) HCl
D) H2SO4
Which type of organic compound is characterized by a long hydrocarbon chain and a carboxyl group?
A) Alcohol
B) Carboxylic acid
C) Ketone
D) Ester
Which of the following best describes a chemical reaction in which one molecule loses electrons and another gains electrons?
A) Synthesis reaction
B) Decomposition reaction
C) Redox reaction
D) Precipitation reaction
31. What type of intermolecular force exists between water molecules?
A) Ionic bond
B) Hydrogen bond
C) Covalent bond
D) Van der Waals forces
32. Which of the following is an example of a disaccharide?
A) Glucose
B) Fructose
C) Sucrose
D) Cellulose
33. Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?
A) Enzymes increase the activation energy required for a reaction
B) Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy
C) Enzymes act as reactants in chemical reactions
D) Enzymes are permanently changed after a reaction
34. Which of the following statements about isotopes is true?
A) Isotopes have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
B) Isotopes have different atomic numbers but the same mass
C) Isotopes have different chemical properties
D) Isotopes are different elements with the same atomic number
35. What is the main component of hemoglobin that allows it to transport oxygen?
A) Copper
B) Iron
C) Calcium
D) Magnesium
36. Which of the following pH values represents an acidic solution?
A) 8.5
B) 7.0
C) 4.5
D) 10.2
37. Which type of reaction involves the breakdown of large molecules into smaller units?
A) Synthesis reaction
B) Decomposition reaction
C) Neutralization reaction
D) Precipitation reaction
38. What is the function of electrolytes in the body?
A) They help conduct electrical signals in nerves and muscles
B) They store genetic information
C) They act as enzymes to speed up reactions
D) They break down lipids in the digestive system
39. Which of the following is the chemical formula for bicarbonate, a key buffer in the body?
A) H2CO3
B) HCO3⁻
C) CO3²⁻
D) H2O2
40. What type of reaction occurs when an acid and a base combine to form water and a salt?
A) Decomposition
B) Redox
C) Neutralization
D) Polymerization
41. Which of the following is an important role of lipids in the human body?
A) Catalyzing biochemical reactions
B) Storing energy
C) Carrying oxygen in the blood
D) Acting as genetic material
42. What type of organic molecule is an enzyme?
A) Lipid
B) Protein
C) Carbohydrate
D) Nucleic acid
43. Which gas is produced when an acid reacts with a metal?
A) Oxygen
B) Nitrogen
C) Hydrogen
D) Carbon dioxide
44. What is the term for a solution that has a higher concentration of solutes outside the cell compared to inside?
A) Hypotonic
B) Hypertonic
C) Isotonic
D) Neutral
45. Which of the following is a polysaccharide that serves as a storage form of glucose in animals?
A) Cellulose
B) Starch
C) Glycogen
D) Fructose
46. What is the primary function of nucleic acids?
A) Energy storage
B) Structural support
C) Information storage and transfer
D) Enzyme activity
47. Which of the following functional groups is present in amino acids?
A) -OH and -CHO
B) -NH2 and -COOH
C) -COOH and -PO4
D) -SH and -NH2
48. Which of the following solutions has the highest hydrogen ion concentration?
A) pH 2
B) pH 5
C) pH 7
D) pH 10
49. Which type of lipid is the primary component of cell membranes?
A) Triglycerides
B) Steroids
C) Phospholipids
D) Waxes
50. Which of the following organic compounds acts as the main source of energy for cells?
A) Proteins
B) Carbohydrates
C) Nucleic acids
D) Lipids
51. Which of the following best describes osmosis?
A) The movement of solutes from high to low concentration
B) The movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane
C) The breakdown of molecules using water
D) The formation of large molecules from smaller ones
52. Which functional group is found in all amino acids?
A) Hydroxyl (-OH)
B) Carboxyl (-COOH)
C) Phosphate (-PO4)
D) Sulfhydryl (-SH)
53. Which property of water is most responsible for its ability to dissolve many substances?
A) High heat capacity
B) Polar nature
C) Low boiling point
D) High surface tension
54. Which of the following is NOT an organic molecule?
A) Glucose (C6H12O6)
B) Water (H2O)
C) Ethanol (C2H5OH)
D) Acetic acid (CH3COOH)
55. What happens when a protein is denatured?
A) It forms a new protein
B) It loses its shape and function
C) It breaks down into amino acids
D) It becomes more reactive
56. Which molecule serves as the primary genetic material in cells?
A) ATP
B) RNA
C) DNA
D) Proteins
57. What is the main role of hemoglobin in the body?
A) Transporting oxygen
B) Breaking down proteins
C) Storing energy
D) Acting as an enzyme
58. Which of the following is a key function of cholesterol in the body?
A) Storing energy
B) Strengthening cell membranes
C) Acting as an enzyme
D) Aiding digestion
59. What is the term for a reaction that absorbs heat?
A) Exothermic
B) Endothermic
C) Neutralization
D) Redox
60. What type of macromolecule are enzymes?
A) Proteins
B) Lipids
C) Carbohydrates
D) Nucleic acids
61. Which of the following best describes isotonic IV solutions?
A) They have a higher solute concentration than blood plasma
B) They have the same solute concentration as blood plasma
C) They have a lower solute concentration than blood plasma
D) They cause red blood cells to swell
62. Which element is essential for thyroid hormone production?
A) Iron
B) Iodine
C) Magnesium
D) Sodium
63. Which of the following is a property of hydrophobic molecules?
A) They dissolve easily in water
B) They repel water
C) They attract polar molecules
D) They have high solubility in blood plasma
64. Which of the following is an example of a polysaccharide?
A) Glucose
B) Sucrose
C) Starch
D) Fructose
65. What is the main function of ATP in cells?
A) Store genetic information
B) Speed up chemical reactions
C) Provide energy for cellular processes
D) Transport oxygen
66. Which blood pH level indicates acidosis?
A) 6.8
B) 7.0
C) 7.4
D) 7.6
67. Which part of an atom is involved in chemical bonding?
A) Neutrons
B) Protons
C) Electrons
D) Nucleus
68. Which type of reaction joins two monomers together to form a polymer?
A) Hydrolysis
B) Dehydration synthesis
C) Oxidation
D) Neutralization
69. What happens to red blood cells placed in a hypertonic solution?
A) They swell and burst
B) They shrink
C) They remain the same size
D) They become impermeable
70. Which of the following best describes the role of carbon dioxide in the body?
A) It provides energy for metabolism
B) It is a waste product of cellular respiration
C) It binds oxygen in red blood cells
D) It neutralizes acids in the blood
71. Which organ is primarily responsible for maintaining the acid-base balance in the body?
A) Liver
B) Kidneys
C) Heart
D) Stomach
72. Which of the following best describes an electrolyte?
A) A substance that dissolves in water to produce non-conductive molecules
B) A substance that releases ions in solution and conducts electricity
C) A molecule that acts as a hormone in the bloodstream
D) A lipid that helps store energy
73. Which of the following pH levels is considered neutral?
A) 5.5
B) 6.9
C) 7.0
D) 8.5
74. Which component of the blood acts as a buffer to help regulate pH?
A) Sodium chloride
B) Bicarbonate
C) Hemoglobin
D) Albumin
75. Which type of chemical bond involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another?
A) Covalent
B) Hydrogen
C) Ionic
D) Van der Waals
76. What is the primary function of plasma proteins in the blood?
A) Oxygen transport
B) Clot formation
C) Maintaining osmotic balance
D) Energy storage
77. Which organic macromolecule is the primary structural component of cell membranes?
A) Carbohydrates
B) Proteins
C) Phospholipids
D) Nucleic acids
78. Which of the following is an example of a weak acid commonly found in the human body?
A) Hydrochloric acid
B) Acetic acid
C) Sulfuric acid
D) Nitric acid
79. Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down carbohydrates in the digestive system?
A) Pepsin
B) Amylase
C) Lipase
D) Trypsin
80. What is the most abundant cation in extracellular fluid?
A) Potassium (K⁺)
B) Calcium (Ca²⁺)
C) Sodium (Na⁺)
D) Magnesium (Mg²⁺)
81. What is the primary function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
A) Transport of carbon dioxide
B) Breakdown of glucose
C) Transport of oxygen
D) Neutralization of acids
82. Which of the following best describes a saturated fatty acid?
A) Contains only single bonds between carbon atoms
B) Contains one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
C) Is a key component of nucleic acids
D) Contains a phosphate group
83. Which of the following is a symptom of metabolic acidosis?
A) Bradycardia
B) Alkaline urine
C) Increased respiratory rate
D) Increased blood pH
84. Which molecule is the primary energy source for cellular activities?
A) DNA
B) ATP
C) RNA
D) Cholesterol
85. Which type of solution has a lower solute concentration than the inside of a cell?
A) Isotonic
B) Hypertonic
C) Hypotonic
D) Neutral
86. Which organ is responsible for detoxifying chemicals and metabolizing drugs?
A) Kidneys
B) Liver
C) Pancreas
D) Spleen
87. Which gas is produced as a byproduct of cellular respiration?
A) Oxygen
B) Nitrogen
C) Carbon dioxide
D) Hydrogen
88. Which element is essential for muscle contraction and nerve function?
A) Calcium
B) Zinc
C) Iron
D) Copper
89. What is the term for the measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution?
A) Molarity
B) pH
C) Buffering capacity
D) Solubility
90. Which of the following best describes a hydrogen bond?
A) A bond between two metal atoms
B) A strong bond formed between carbon and hydrogen
C) A weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom
D) A bond resulting from the transfer of electrons
91. Which type of reaction occurs when a molecule loses electrons?
A) Reduction
B) Oxidation
C) Hydrolysis
D) Neutralization
92. Which of the following is the primary buffer system in the human body?
A) Phosphate buffer system
B) Protein buffer system
C) Bicarbonate buffer system
D) Sodium buffer system
93. Which organ regulates electrolyte balance in the body?
A) Lungs
B) Kidneys
C) Heart
D) Liver
94. Which term describes the breakdown of a compound using water?
A) Dehydration synthesis
B) Hydrolysis
C) Oxidation
D) Neutralization
95. What is the primary function of insulin in the body?
A) Increase blood glucose levels
B) Regulate sodium balance
C) Lower blood glucose levels
D) Transport oxygen
96. Which of the following is a characteristic of an exothermic reaction?
A) Absorbs heat
B) Releases heat
C) Requires activation energy
D) Forms complex molecules
97. Which element is essential for the formation of strong bones and teeth?
A) Iron
B) Calcium
C) Zinc
D) Iodine
98. Which macromolecule is the primary component of antibodies?
A) Carbohydrates
B) Proteins
C) Lipids
D) Nucleic acids
99. Which vitamin is necessary for calcium absorption in the body?
A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin C
C) Vitamin D
D) Vitamin K
100. Which type of bond holds the two strands of DNA together?
A) Ionic bonds
B) Covalent bonds
C) Hydrogen bonds
D) Peptide bonds
101. What is the major cation found inside cells?
A) Sodium (Na⁺)
B) Potassium (K⁺)
C) Calcium (Ca²⁺)
D) Magnesium (Mg²⁺)
102. Which of the following substances acts as a catalyst in biological reactions?
A) Lipids
B) Enzymes
C) Carbohydrates
D) Nucleic acids
103. Which molecule is the primary carrier of genetic information?
A) RNA
B) ATP
C) DNA
D) Protein
104. Which of the following is an example of a strong acid?
A) Acetic acid
B) Hydrochloric acid
C) Carbonic acid
D) Citric acid
105. Which metabolic process generates the most ATP?
A) Glycolysis
B) Krebs cycle
C) Electron transport chain
D) Fermentation
106. Which of the following is the primary structural component of connective tissues?
A) Hemoglobin
B) Collagen
C) Myosin
D) Keratin
107. Which organ plays a major role in blood pH regulation?
A) Pancreas
B) Lungs
C) Spleen
D) Small intestine
108. Which of the following is an essential trace element required for oxygen transport in the blood?
A) Zinc
B) Magnesium
C) Iron
D) Copper
109. Which of the following is the most abundant protein in the human body?
A) Actin
B) Hemoglobin
C) Collagen
D) Albumin
110. What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump in cells?
A) Maintain electrical balance
B) Produce ATP
C) Transport glucose
D) Regulate blood pH
111. What type of bond forms between two amino acids in a protein?
A) Hydrogen bond
B) Ionic bond
C) Peptide bond
D) Covalent bond
112. Which of the following is an example of a disaccharide?
A) Glucose
B) Fructose
C) Sucrose
D) Glycogen
113. Which part of the cell is responsible for producing ATP?
A) Nucleus
B) Mitochondria
C) Ribosomes
D) Endoplasmic reticulum
114. Which element is a key component of hemoglobin and helps transport oxygen?
A) Magnesium
B) Iron
C) Calcium
D) Sodium
115. Which of the following is a characteristic of lipids?
A) They are soluble in water
B) They serve as enzymes in chemical reactions
C) They are hydrophobic
D) They are composed of amino acids
116. Which type of organic molecule includes enzymes?
A) Lipids
B) Proteins
C) Carbohydrates
D) Nucleic acids
117. Which gas is essential for cellular respiration?
A) Oxygen
B) Carbon dioxide
C) Nitrogen
D) Hydrogen
118. Which of the following is the most common anion in extracellular fluid?
A) Chloride (Cl⁻)
B) Phosphate (PO₄³⁻)
C) Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻)
D) Sulfate (SO₄²⁻)
119. Which type of reaction occurs when an acid and a base react to form water and a salt?
A) Oxidation-reduction
B) Hydrolysis
C) Neutralization
D) Dehydration synthesis
120. What is the primary function of nucleic acids in the body?
A) Energy storage
B) Enzyme catalysis
C) Genetic information storage and transfer
D) Structural support
121. Which of the following is a key characteristic of covalent bonds?
A) They involve the transfer of electrons
B) They involve the sharing of electrons
C) They occur only between metals
D) They do not form molecules
122. Which pH level is considered highly alkaline (basic)?
A) 3.5
B) 6.8
C) 7.4
D) 12.0
123. Which of the following is an example of an essential amino acid?
A) Glutamine
B) Alanine
C) Lysine
D) Aspartic acid
124. Which of the following is a major component of bile, aiding in fat digestion?
A) Hemoglobin
B) Cholesterol
C) Bile salts
D) Enzymes
125. Which vitamin plays a crucial role in blood clotting?
A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin C
C) Vitamin K
D) Vitamin D
126. Which term describes the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration?
A) Active transport
B) Diffusion
C) Osmosis
D) Filtration
127. Which type of biomolecule serves as the primary long-term energy storage in the body?
A) Carbohydrates
B) Proteins
C) Lipids
D) Nucleic acids
128. Which part of an atom determines its chemical reactivity?
A) Protons
B) Neutrons
C) Electrons
D) Nucleus
129. What is the primary function of the large intestine in maintaining electrolyte balance?
A) Absorbing water and electrolytes
B) Digesting proteins
C) Producing digestive enzymes
D) Storing bile
130. Which of the following is a major intracellular buffer that helps regulate pH?
A) Bicarbonate
B) Hemoglobin
C) Phosphate
D) Chloride
131. Which property of water allows it to dissolve many substances?
A) High density
B) Polarity
C) Low boiling point
D) Lack of hydrogen bonding
132. Which of the following is a major function of proteins in the human body?
A) Energy storage
B) Catalyzing biochemical reactions
C) Insulation
D) Forming cell membranes
133. Which of the following lipids is an important precursor for steroid hormones?
A) Triglycerides
B) Phospholipids
C) Cholesterol
D) Glycolipids
134. Which of the following describes an enzyme?
A) A protein that speeds up chemical reactions
B) A carbohydrate that stores energy
C) A lipid that acts as a messenger
D) A nucleic acid that carries genetic information
135. Which of the following best describes osmosis?
A) The movement of solutes across a membrane
B) The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane
C) The movement of ions against a concentration gradient
D) The movement of gases in the lungs
136. Which type of bond is found between the phosphate and sugar backbone in DNA?
A) Hydrogen bond
B) Ionic bond
C) Phosphodiester bond
D) Peptide bond
137. Which of the following elements is essential for thyroid hormone production?
A) Iron
B) Calcium
C) Iodine
D) Potassium
138. Which type of reaction builds macromolecules by removing water?
A) Hydrolysis
B) Neutralization
C) Dehydration synthesis
D) Oxidation
139. Which type of macromolecule contains genetic information?
A) Proteins
B) Lipids
C) Carbohydrates
D) Nucleic acids
140. Which of the following is the primary function of hemoglobin?
A) Digestion of proteins
B) Transport of oxygen
C) Blood clotting
D) Production of antibodies
141. Which of the following is considered a trace element in the human body?
A) Oxygen
B) Carbon
C) Iron
D) Hydrogen
142. What happens to enzyme activity when the pH is significantly altered?
A) Enzyme activity increases indefinitely
B) Enzyme activity remains unchanged
C) The enzyme denatures and loses function
D) The enzyme becomes more effective
143. Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the body?
A) Acting as enzymes
B) Storing genetic information
C) Providing structural support
D) Transporting molecules
144. Which gas is produced as a byproduct of metabolism and must be eliminated by the respiratory system?
A) Oxygen
B) Nitrogen
C) Carbon dioxide
D) Hydrogen
145. Which type of biomolecule is involved in immune response?
A) Carbohydrates
B) Lipids
C) Proteins
D) Nucleic acids
146. Which of the following elements plays a key role in nerve impulse transmission?
A) Sodium
B) Iron
C) Chlorine
D) Phosphorus
147. Which type of reaction occurs when complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones, releasing energy?
A) Anabolic
B) Catabolic
C) Neutralization
D) Dehydration synthesis
148. Which of the following macromolecules contains peptide bonds?
A) Lipids
B) Carbohydrates
C) Proteins
D) Nucleic acids
149. Which organ is primarily responsible for maintaining blood glucose levels?
A) Heart
B) Lungs
C) Liver
D) Kidneys
150. Which of the following ions is crucial for muscle contraction?
A) Sodium
B) Chloride
C) Calcium
D) Magnesium
151. What is the normal pH range of human blood?
A) 6.8 – 7.0
B) 7.35 – 7.45
C) 7.8 – 8.2
D) 6.0 – 6.5
152. Which of the following substances is an example of a strong base?
A) Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
B) Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
C) Acetic acid (CH₃COOH)
D) Ammonia (NH₃)
153. Which type of bond is formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another?
A) Covalent bond
B) Hydrogen bond
C) Ionic bond
D) Peptide bond
154. Which macromolecule serves as the main energy source for cells?
A) Proteins
B) Lipids
C) Carbohydrates
D) Nucleic acids
155. Which of the following is a function of the kidney in regulating blood chemistry?
A) Producing white blood cells
B) Synthesizing proteins
C) Filtering metabolic waste
D) Producing digestive enzymes
156. Which functional group is found in amino acids and gives them their acidic properties?
A) Hydroxyl (-OH)
B) Carboxyl (-COOH)
C) Amine (-NH₂)
D) Phosphate (-PO₄³⁻)
157. Which of the following is NOT a property of water?
A) High heat capacity
B) Solvent for polar substances
C) Nonpolar molecule
D) Expands when frozen
158. Which buffer system is most important for maintaining blood pH?
A) Phosphate buffer system
B) Protein buffer system
C) Bicarbonate buffer system
D) Sulfate buffer system
159. Which type of reaction involves the gain of electrons?
A) Oxidation
B) Reduction
C) Hydrolysis
D) Dehydration synthesis
160. Which component of an amino acid determines its unique properties?
A) Carboxyl group
B) Hydrogen atom
C) R group (side chain)
D) Amino group
161. What is the primary role of phospholipids in the body?
A) Long-term energy storage
B) Forming cell membranes
C) Acting as enzymes
D) Transporting oxygen
162. Which type of reaction combines two molecules by removing water?
A) Hydrolysis
B) Neutralization
C) Dehydration synthesis
D) Oxidation
163. Which of the following is the most abundant cation in extracellular fluid?
A) Potassium (K⁺)
B) Sodium (Na⁺)
C) Calcium (Ca²⁺)
D) Magnesium (Mg²⁺)
164. What is the primary role of ATP in cells?
A) Store genetic information
B) Catalyze reactions
C) Transport oxygen
D) Provide energy
165. Which vitamin acts as a coenzyme in cellular respiration?
A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin C
C) Vitamin B (B-complex)
D) Vitamin K
166. Which of the following molecules contains the genetic blueprint for life?
A) ATP
B) DNA
C) RNA
D) Proteins
167. Which element is necessary for nerve impulse conduction?
A) Chlorine
B) Iodine
C) Sodium
D) Iron
168. Which type of lipid is most important in forming cell membranes?
A) Triglycerides
B) Phospholipids
C) Steroids
D) Waxes
169. Which organ is responsible for detoxifying chemicals in the body?
A) Kidneys
B) Liver
C) Lungs
D) Stomach
170. Which of the following statements about enzymes is TRUE?
A) Enzymes slow down chemical reactions
B) Enzymes are consumed in reactions
C) Enzymes lower activation energy
D) Enzymes can function in extreme temperatures
171. Which type of molecule is the primary structural component of cell membranes?
A) Carbohydrates
B) Proteins
C) Lipids
D) Nucleic acids
172. What is the role of hemoglobin in the body?
A) Digestion of lipids
B) Transport of oxygen
C) Production of ATP
D) Immune response
173. Which type of reaction is responsible for breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones?
A) Anabolic reaction
B) Hydrolysis reaction
C) Dehydration synthesis
D) Neutralization reaction
174. Which of the following best describes a hydrogen bond?
A) A bond where electrons are transferred
B) A bond between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom
C) A bond between metal ions
D) A type of covalent bond
175. Which macromolecule stores genetic information?
A) Lipids
B) Proteins
C) Nucleic acids
D) Carbohydrates
176. Which of the following is an example of an electrolyte?
A) Glucose
B) Sodium chloride
C) Lipids
D) Proteins
177. Which ion is most important in maintaining acid-base balance in the body?
A) Sodium (Na⁺)
B) Hydrogen (H⁺)
C) Chloride (Cl⁻)
D) Calcium (Ca²⁺)
178. What is the primary function of insulin?
A) To break down proteins
B) To regulate blood glucose levels
C) To store calcium in bones
D) To digest lipids
179. Which of the following is NOT a function of lipids?
A) Long-term energy storage
B) Insulation
C) Acting as enzymes
D) Forming cell membranes
180. Which element is a key component of ATP, DNA, and RNA?
A) Calcium
B) Phosphorus
C) Magnesium
D) Potassium
181. What happens to an enzyme when it is exposed to extreme temperatures?
A) It becomes more effective
B) It denatures and loses function
C) It speeds up reactions indefinitely
D) It forms covalent bonds with substrates
182. Which organ plays the most significant role in detoxifying the blood?
A) Kidneys
B) Liver
C) Lungs
D) Pancreas
183. What type of biomolecule is responsible for catalyzing biochemical reactions?
A) Lipids
B) Proteins
C) Carbohydrates
D) Nucleic acids
184. Which molecule acts as the primary energy currency of the cell?
A) DNA
B) RNA
C) ATP
D) Glucose
185. What is the primary function of bile in digestion?
A) To digest proteins
B) To emulsify fats
C) To break down carbohydrates
D) To produce hydrochloric acid
186. Which of the following is a major cation inside cells?
A) Sodium (Na⁺)
B) Potassium (K⁺)
C) Chloride (Cl⁻)
D) Calcium (Ca²⁺)
187. What is the main buffer system used to maintain blood pH?
A) Phosphate buffer system
B) Hemoglobin buffer system
C) Bicarbonate buffer system
D) Sulfate buffer system
188. Which of the following is an essential fatty acid?
A) Oleic acid
B) Linoleic acid
C) Palmitic acid
D) Stearic acid
189. What is the role of the pancreas in blood sugar regulation?
A) It produces bile
B) It produces insulin and glucagon
C) It breaks down carbohydrates
D) It stores glycogen
190. Which of the following best describes homeostasis?
A) The breakdown of macromolecules
B) The process of forming new molecules
C) The maintenance of a stable internal environment
D) The formation of ATP in mitochondria
191. Which of the following best describes an acid?
A) A substance that donates hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in solution
B) A substance that donates protons (H⁺) in solution
C) A substance that maintains pH balance
D) A substance that accepts protons (H⁺)
192. Which biomolecule serves as a quick source of energy?
A) Lipids
B) Proteins
C) Nucleic acids
D) Carbohydrates
193. Which element is most abundant in the human body by mass?
A) Carbon
B) Oxygen
C) Hydrogen
D) Calcium
194. What is the primary function of red blood cells?
A) Transport oxygen
B) Produce antibodies
C) Secrete digestive enzymes
D) Store calcium
195. Which of the following is an example of a disaccharide?
A) Glucose
B) Fructose
C) Sucrose
D) Cellulose
196. Which organ produces the majority of plasma proteins?
A) Heart
B) Liver
C) Kidneys
D) Pancreas
197. Which of the following describes an exothermic reaction?
A) A reaction that absorbs heat
B) A reaction that releases heat
C) A reaction that forms new atoms
D) A reaction that occurs only in living organisms
198. Which type of bond forms between two amino acids in a protein?
A) Hydrogen bond
B) Ionic bond
C) Peptide bond
D) Covalent bond
199. Which organelle is responsible for producing ATP?
A) Nucleus
B) Mitochondria
C) Ribosome
D) Golgi apparatus
200. Which gas is produced as a byproduct of cellular respiration?
A) Oxygen
B) Carbon dioxide
C) Hydrogen
D) Nitrogen
201. Which type of lipid is the main component of cell membranes?
A) Steroids
B) Phospholipids
C) Triglycerides
D) Waxes
202. Which vitamin is necessary for calcium absorption?
A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin B12
C) Vitamin C
D) Vitamin D
203. Which of the following is considered a weak acid?
A) Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
B) Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄)
C) Acetic acid (CH₃COOH)
D) Nitric acid (HNO₃)
204. Which macromolecule is primarily responsible for the immune response?
A) Lipids
B) Carbohydrates
C) Proteins
D) Nucleic acids
205. Which part of the cell is responsible for protein synthesis?
A) Nucleus
B) Ribosome
C) Lysosome
D) Golgi apparatus
206. Which of the following ions plays a crucial role in muscle contraction?
A) Sodium (Na⁺)
B) Potassium (K⁺)
C) Calcium (Ca²⁺)
D) Magnesium (Mg²⁺)
207. Which type of molecule is insulin?
A) Carbohydrate
B) Lipid
C) Protein
D) Nucleic acid
208. What is the normal osmolarity of human blood plasma?
A) 50 – 100 mOsm/L
B) 275 – 295 mOsm/L
C) 400 – 500 mOsm/L
D) 600 – 700 mOsm/L
209. What is the main function of the sodium-potassium pump in cells?
A) To break down glucose
B) To transport oxygen
C) To maintain cell membrane potential
D) To store energy
210. Which of the following best describes an oxidation reaction?
A) A reaction that involves gaining electrons
B) A reaction that involves losing electrons
C) A reaction that creates water molecules
D) A reaction that absorbs energy
211. Which of the following substances is the universal solvent in biological systems?
A) Oxygen
B) Water
C) Glucose
D) Carbon dioxide
212. Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the body?
A) Structural support
B) Enzyme catalysis
C) Energy storage
D) Hormone regulation
213. Which of the following is a major extracellular anion?
A) Sodium (Na⁺)
B) Potassium (K⁺)
C) Chloride (Cl⁻)
D) Calcium (Ca²⁺)
214. Which pH value represents a neutral solution?
A) 0
B) 7
C) 10
D) 14
215. Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down starch into maltose?
A) Pepsin
B) Amylase
C) Lipase
D) Trypsin
216. What type of macromolecule is DNA?
A) Protein
B) Lipid
C) Carbohydrate
D) Nucleic acid
217. Which of the following best describes a buffer?
A) A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction
B) A substance that maintains pH stability
C) A substance that breaks down proteins
D) A substance that increases acidity
218. Which gas is required for aerobic cellular respiration?
A) Oxygen
B) Carbon dioxide
C) Nitrogen
D) Hydrogen
219. Which element is the primary component of organic molecules?
A) Oxygen
B) Hydrogen
C) Carbon
D) Nitrogen
220. What is the storage form of glucose in animals?
A) Starch
B) Cellulose
C) Glycogen
D) Sucrose
221. Which type of chemical reaction results in the formation of water and a salt?
A) Hydrolysis
B) Neutralization
C) Oxidation
D) Dehydration synthesis
222. Which organ is the primary site of detoxification of drugs and toxins?
A) Kidney
B) Liver
C) Spleen
D) Pancreas
223. Which molecule carries genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes?
A) DNA
B) tRNA
C) mRNA
D) rRNA
224. Which process produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose?
A) Glycolysis
B) Fermentation
C) Citric acid cycle
D) Electron transport chain
225. Which of the following is an example of a steroid hormone?
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Estrogen
D) Amylase
226. What is the primary function of white blood cells?
A) Transport oxygen
B) Fight infections
C) Store energy
D) Maintain pH balance
227. Which of the following best describes diffusion?
A) Movement of water across a membrane
B) Movement of molecules from high to low concentration
C) Movement of molecules against a concentration gradient
D) Transport of molecules via ATP
228. What is the role of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
A) Catalyze reactions
B) Transport oxygen
C) Produce ATP
D) Digest food
229. Which type of bond holds complementary DNA strands together?
A) Covalent bonds
B) Hydrogen bonds
C) Ionic bonds
D) Peptide bonds
230. Which of the following is an example of an essential amino acid?
A) Glycine
B) Alanine
C) Leucine
D) Serine
231. Which of the following is the most abundant element in the Earth’s crust?
A) Iron
B) Oxygen
C) Silicon
D) Carbon
232. Which of the following substances is a common buffer used in blood?
A) Sodium chloride
B) Bicarbonate
C) Sodium hydroxide
D) Ammonia
233. Which of the following is NOT a type of chemical bond?
A) Ionic bond
B) Covalent bond
C) Hydrogen bond
D) Thermal bond
234. Which type of molecule is hemoglobin?
A) Carbohydrate
B) Lipid
C) Protein
D) Nucleic acid
235. Which of the following is an example of an organic compound?
A) Water
B) Sodium chloride
C) Glucose
D) Calcium carbonate
236. Which of the following compounds is responsible for the acidic pH of the stomach?
A) Hydrochloric acid
B) Acetic acid
C) Sulfuric acid
D) Nitric acid
237. Which of the following is the main energy currency of the cell?
A) ATP
B) DNA
C) Glucose
D) NADH
238. Which vitamin is essential for the proper functioning of vision?
A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin D
C) Vitamin C
D) Vitamin K
239. Which element is a key component of thyroid hormones?
A) Calcium
B) Iodine
C) Iron
D) Potassium
240. What is the role of ribosomes in cells?
A) Produce energy
B) Synthesize proteins
C) Replicate DNA
D) Transport materials
241. Which of the following is an example of a polysaccharide?
A) Glucose
B) Sucrose
C) Cellulose
D) Fructose
242. Which process involves the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without the use of energy?
A) Active transport
B) Diffusion
C) Endocytosis
D) Osmosis
243. Which of the following is a major function of the kidneys?
A) Synthesizing hormones
B) Detoxifying substances
C) Maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance
D) Producing bile
244. Which organelle is responsible for modifying and packaging proteins for secretion?
A) Golgi apparatus
B) Mitochondria
C) Endoplasmic reticulum
D) Nucleus
245. Which molecule is responsible for carrying amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?
A) mRNA
B) tRNA
C) rRNA
D) DNA
246. Which of the following is an example of a saturated fat?
A) Olive oil
B) Fish oil
C) Butter
D) Avocado oil
247. Which of the following best describes a dehydration synthesis reaction?
A) A reaction where water is absorbed
B) A reaction where water is released
C) A reaction where no water is involved
D) A reaction that breaks down polymers
248. Which element is the central atom in a chlorophyll molecule?
A) Oxygen
B) Magnesium
C) Nitrogen
D) Iron
249. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of enzymes?
A) They speed up chemical reactions
B) They are consumed in the reaction
C) They are highly specific to substrates
D) They are proteins
250. Which of the following is an example of a base?
A) Hydrochloric acid
B) Ammonia
C) Carbonic acid
D) Citric acid
251. Which of the following molecules is a source of long-term energy storage?
A) Carbohydrates
B) Proteins
C) Lipids
D) Nucleic acids
252. Which of the following substances increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed?
A) Catalyst
B) Solvent
C) Reactant
D) Product
253. Which of the following is NOT an example of a trace element in the body?
A) Iron
B) Zinc
C) Potassium
D) Copper
254. Which of the following is the most acidic substance?
A) Lemon juice (pH 2)
B) Vinegar (pH 4)
C) Blood (pH 7)
D) Ammonia (pH 11)
255. Which of the following is the main structural component of plant cell walls?
A) Cellulose
B) Chitin
C) Starch
D) Glycogen
256. Which of the following molecules is primarily responsible for the storage of genetic information?
A) RNA
B) DNA
C) Protein
D) Lipids
257. Which of the following substances is classified as a nucleic acid?
A) Glucose
B) Insulin
C) DNA
D) Cholesterol
258. What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
A) Protein synthesis
B) Lipid synthesis
C) ATP production
D) Detoxification
259. Which element is found in the amino group of amino acids?
A) Oxygen
B) Carbon
C) Nitrogen
D) Hydrogen
260. Which of the following is a characteristic of an anabolic reaction?
A) It breaks down complex molecules
B) It releases energy
C) It requires energy
D) It produces ATP
261. Which organ system is primarily responsible for regulating the body’s pH balance?
A) Circulatory system
B) Digestive system
C) Respiratory system
D) Excretory system
262. Which of the following molecules is involved in the process of cellular respiration to produce ATP?
A) Oxygen
B) Water
C) Glucose
D) Carbon dioxide
263. Which of the following is a function of the liver?
A) Detoxification of harmful substances
B) Production of red blood cells
C) Regulation of blood pressure
D) Storage of glycogen
264. Which of the following is a characteristic of a saturated fatty acid?
A) It contains one or more double bonds
B) It is usually liquid at room temperature
C) It has the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
D) It contains trans bonds
265. Which molecule is the primary carrier of genetic information in cells?
A) mRNA
B) DNA
C) rRNA
D) tRNA
266. Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus?
A) Protein synthesis
B) Protein modification and packaging
C) Lipid storage
D) Energy production
267. Which of the following molecules is responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood?
A) Hemoglobin
B) Albumin
C) Insulin
D) Myosin
268. Which of the following is a function of the pancreas?
A) Produces insulin
B) Detoxifies alcohol
C) Filters waste from the blood
D) Stores bile
269. Which of the following is a major extracellular cation?
A) Sodium
B) Potassium
C) Calcium
D) Chloride
270. Which of the following types of reactions involves the addition of water to break down a compound?
A) Hydrolysis
B) Condensation
C) Dehydration synthesis
D) Oxidation
271. Which of the following is an example of a disaccharide?
A) Glucose
B) Lactose
C) Fructose
D) Sucrose
272. Which part of the cell is responsible for energy production?
A) Nucleus
B) Mitochondria
C) Endoplasmic reticulum
D) Golgi apparatus
273. What is the pH of a neutral solution at 25°C?
A) 0
B) 7
C) 10
D) 14
274. Which of the following best describes an enzyme?
A) A type of carbohydrate
B) A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction
C) A lipid that stores energy
D) A mineral that helps in oxygen transport
275. Which of the following is a function of potassium in the body?
A) Regulation of blood sugar
B) Maintenance of fluid balance and nerve function
C) Detoxification of toxins
D) Formation of red blood cells
276. Which of the following is a function of the lymphatic system?
A) Regulation of blood glucose levels
B) Transport of oxygen to tissues
C) Immune response and removal of excess fluid
D) Production of red blood cells
277. Which of the following is a feature of an exergonic reaction?
A) Energy is absorbed
B) Energy is released
C) No energy change occurs
D) It is a reversible reaction
278. Which of the following best describes a catabolic process?
A) Building larger molecules from smaller ones
B) Breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones
C) Storing energy in molecules
D) Synthesizing proteins
279. Which of the following molecules is the primary form of stored energy in humans?
A) Glucose
B) Fat
C) Protein
D) Nucleic acids
280. Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps for cellular respiration?
A) Glycolysis → Citric acid cycle → Electron transport chain
B) Glycolysis → Electron transport chain → Citric acid cycle
C) Citric acid cycle → Glycolysis → Electron transport chain
D) Electron transport chain → Glycolysis → Citric acid cycle
281. Which of the following types of molecules are enzymes made from?
A) Carbohydrates
B) Proteins
C) Lipids
D) Nucleic acids
282. Which of the following elements is found in proteins but not in carbohydrates or lipids?
A) Carbon
B) Hydrogen
C) Nitrogen
D) Oxygen
283. Which of the following processes is responsible for the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane?
A) Active transport
B) Diffusion
C) Osmosis
D) Facilitated diffusion
284. Which of the following is a function of the small intestine?
A) Absorption of nutrients
B) Production of bile
C) Storage of glycogen
D) Filtration of waste products
285. Which type of bond is formed when two atoms share electrons?
A) Ionic bond
B) Covalent bond
C) Hydrogen bond
D) Metallic bond
286. Which of the following is NOT a function of lipids in the body?
A) Long-term energy storage
B) Hormone production
C) Catalyzing chemical reactions
D) Insulation and protection of organs
287. Which organ is primarily responsible for filtering waste products from the blood?
A) Liver
B) Heart
C) Kidney
D) Lungs
288. Which of the following is an example of a polysaccharide?
A) Glucose
B) Sucrose
C) Starch
D) Fructose
289. Which of the following is the role of insulin in the body?
A) To raise blood sugar levels
B) To break down glycogen into glucose
C) To lower blood sugar levels
D) To promote protein synthesis
290. Which of the following describes the function of ribosomes in a cell?
A) Protein synthesis
B) Energy production
C) DNA replication
D) Packaging of proteins
291. Which of the following is the primary function of red blood cells?
A) Oxygen transport
B) Immune defense
C) Blood clotting
D) Nutrient absorption
292. Which of the following is a property of acids?
A) They have a bitter taste
B) They turn litmus paper blue
C) They are proton donors
D) They feel slippery
293. Which of the following molecules is primarily responsible for protein synthesis in cells?
A) mRNA
B) tRNA
C) rRNA
D) DNA
294. Which of the following is the function of the pancreas in digestion?
A) Secretion of digestive enzymes and insulin
B) Storage of bile
C) Absorption of nutrients
D) Filtration of blood
295. Which of the following molecules is the major component of the plasma membrane?
A) Proteins
B) Nucleic acids
C) Phospholipids
D) Carbohydrates
296. Which of the following best describes a dehydration synthesis reaction?
A) A reaction that releases water
B) A reaction that forms a covalent bond by removing water
C) A reaction that breaks down large molecules into smaller ones
D) A reaction that does not involve water
297. Which of the following is the main function of the digestive system?
A) Regulation of blood sugar levels
B) Breakdown of food and absorption of nutrients
C) Detoxification of harmful substances
D) Production of red blood cells
298. Which of the following is the most common sugar used by cells for energy?
A) Glucose
B) Fructose
C) Lactose
D) Sucrose
299. Which of the following is a characteristic of an anabolic reaction?
A) It releases energy
B) It requires energy
C) It breaks down molecules
D) It produces ATP
300. Which of the following is an example of a nonpolar molecule?
A) Water
B) Oxygen
C) Sodium chloride
D) Ammonia
301. Which of the following is a major function of the skeletal system?
A) Production of red blood cells
B) Regulation of body temperature
C) Production of hormones
D) Absorption of nutrients
302. Which type of bond is formed when electrons are shared between atoms?
A) Ionic bond
B) Covalent bond
C) Hydrogen bond
D) Van der Waals interaction
303. Which of the following is the function of the lymphatic system?
A) Transport of oxygen to tissues
B) Detoxification of blood
C) Immune response and removal of excess fluid
D) Regulation of heart rate
304. Which of the following is a characteristic of lipids?
A) They are soluble in water
B) They are a major source of short-term energy
C) They contain a large amount of carbon and hydrogen
D) They are composed of amino acids
305. Which of the following is the correct order of protein structure levels?
A) Primary → Tertiary → Secondary → Quaternary
B) Primary → Secondary → Tertiary → Quaternary
C) Secondary → Primary → Tertiary → Quaternary
D) Secondary → Quaternary → Primary → Tertiary
306. Which of the following is a type of lipid found in cell membranes?
A) Cholesterol
B) Glucose
C) Glycogen
D) Starch
307. Which of the following is the primary function of the immune system?
A) Breakdown of food
B) Production of red blood cells
C) Defense against pathogens
D) Regulation of body temperature
308. Which of the following molecules is used by the body to store and transport energy?
A) ATP
B) DNA
C) Insulin
D) Hemoglobin
309. Which of the following is the main function of the kidneys?
A) Filter waste from the blood and regulate water balance
B) Produce bile for digestion
C) Produce insulin to regulate blood sugar
D) Regulate body temperature
310. Which of the following is an example of a base?
A) Hydrochloric acid
B) Sodium hydroxide
C) Nitric acid
D) Citric acid
fill-in-the-blank format
311. The basic unit of matter is the __________.
tom
312. The number of protons in an atom is called the __________.
tomic number
313. In a chemical bond, atoms share electrons in a __________ bond.
ovalent
314. __________ is the process by which cells generate ATP by converting glucose into pyruvate.
Answer: Glycolysis
315. The __________ is the part of the cell that contains the genetic material.
Answer: nucleus
316. A solution with a pH less than 7 is considered __________.
cidic
317. A __________ bond occurs when one atom donates an electron to another atom.
Answer: ionic
318. The process of removing water to form a bond between two molecules is called __________ synthesis.
ehydration
319. The function of the __________ in the body is to store and transport oxygen.
Answer: hemoglobin
320. The __________ is responsible for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients in the digestive system.
Answer: small intestine
321. In the structure of DNA, __________ pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine.
denine
322. The __________ system is responsible for fighting infections and removing waste products from the body.
Answer: lymphatic
323. The primary function of the __________ is to produce bile and detoxify harmful substances in the body.
Answer: liver
324. The molecule responsible for carrying genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosome is __________.
Answer: mRNA
325. The process of __________ occurs when an enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction.
atalysis
326. The __________ system regulates the body’s pH by balancing acids and bases.
Answer: respiratory
327. The __________ is the structure in the cell where proteins are synthesized.
Answer: ribosome
328. A __________ solution has the same concentration of solutes as the inside of a cell.
Answer: isotonic
329. __________ are the building blocks of proteins, composed of amino acids.
Answer: Polypeptides
330. The process of __________ refers to the splitting of a water molecule to release energy in cellular respiration.
Answer: hydrolysis
331. The primary function of __________ is to regulate the balance of water and electrolytes in the body.
Answer: kidneys
332. __________ is the process by which oxygen and glucose are used to produce ATP in the mitochondria.
ellular respiration
333. The outermost electrons in an atom are called __________ electrons.
Answer: valence
334. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being considered __________.
Answer: neutral
335. __________ are molecules that help increase the rate of chemical reactions without being consumed in the process.
Answer: Enzymes
336. __________ are the types of bonds that form between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen.
Answer: Hydrogen bonds
337. A __________ fatty acid contains at least one double bond between carbon atoms.
Answer: unsaturated
338. The process of __________ is used by cells to move molecules from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration, using energy.
ctive transport
339. A __________ is a substance that donates a proton (H+) in an aqueous solution.
cid
340. The __________ is responsible for packaging and modifying proteins and lipids for transport in the cell.
Answer: Golgi apparatus
341. The __________ is a type of nucleic acid that carries the genetic instructions used in growth and functioning.
NA
342. The process of __________ is the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate in the absence of oxygen.
naerobic respiration
343. A __________ solution has a higher concentration of solutes compared to the inside of a cell.
Answer: hypertonic
344. The __________ is a protein structure that helps with the synthesis of proteins within the cell.
Answer: ribosome
345. In a/an __________ reaction, a molecule is broken down by adding water.
Answer: hydrolysis
346. The __________ is the site of protein synthesis in the cell, found in both the cytoplasm and attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Answer: ribosome
347. The __________ membrane is responsible for controlling the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
Answer: plasma
348. __________ are specialized proteins that speed up the rate of biochemical reactions in the body.
Answer: Enzymes
349. In an atom, the __________ carry a negative charge and are found orbiting around the nucleus.
Answer: electrons
350. The __________ cycle is part of cellular respiration and involves the complete oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water.
itric acid
351. __________ are the basic building blocks of proteins.
mino acids
352. The __________ is the organ responsible for detoxifying harmful substances in the body.
Answer: liver
353. A __________ reaction involves the addition of water to break down a compound.
Answer: hydrolysis
354. __________ is the process by which cells use oxygen to break down glucose and produce ATP.
ellular respiration
355. The process of __________ helps maintain homeostasis by regulating the amount of water and solutes in the blood.
Answer: osmoregulation
356. The energy needed for active transport is usually provided by __________.
TP
357. The four major types of macromolecules in living organisms are carbohydrates, lipids, __________, and nucleic acids.
Answer: proteins
358. In the human body, __________ are responsible for the transport of oxygen in the blood.
Answer: red blood cells
359. The __________ is the organ that produces insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels.
Answer: pancreas
360. A __________ is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and inhibits its activity.
Answer: inhibitor
361. __________ are chemical messengers that help regulate physiological processes in the body.
Answer: Hormones
362. The __________ is the part of the cell that is responsible for packaging and distributing proteins and lipids.
Answer: Golgi apparatus
363. The __________ is the structure that surrounds and protects the cell and regulates what enters and exits.
Answer: plasma membrane
364. __________ is a type of passive transport where molecules move through a membrane from a region of high concentration to low concentration.
iffusion
365. The __________ is responsible for storing genetic information in cells.
NA
366. __________ molecules are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio and serve as a primary energy source.
arbohydrate
367. The __________ is a cell structure involved in protein synthesis and may be free-floating or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Answer: ribosome
368. The breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen is called __________.
Answer: fermentation
369. The __________ is the part of the cell that contains the majority of the cell’s genetic material.
Answer: nucleus
370. The __________ system is responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing waste products.
irculatory
371. The __________ system helps regulate body temperature, eliminate waste, and protect the body from pathogens.
Answer: integumentary
372. The __________ bond is formed by the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Answer: ionic
373. __________ are molecules that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process.
Answer: Enzymes
374. The __________ cycle is part of cellular respiration where glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide and water.
itric acid
375. __________ is a type of protein that binds to and transports oxygen in muscle tissue.
Answer: Myoglobin
376. The __________ is the energy molecule that cells use for most of their metabolic functions.
TP
377. The __________ is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis in the cell.
Answer: nucleolus
378. In a __________ bond, electrons are shared equally between atoms.
Answer: nonpolar covalent
379. The process of __________ refers to the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.
Answer: osmosis
380. The __________ is the part of the brain responsible for regulating heart rate and breathing.
Answer: medulla oblongata
381. __________ is the movement of ions across a cell membrane using energy from ATP.
ctive transport
382. The __________ in the cell converts light energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis.
hloroplast
383. The __________ is the part of the cell responsible for controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Answer: plasma membrane
384. In an __________ reaction, a larger molecule is broken down into smaller molecules by adding water.
Answer: hydrolysis
385. The __________ is a cellular structure where proteins are synthesized.
Answer: ribosome
386. The __________ is responsible for the synthesis and modification of proteins and lipids in the cell.
Answer: endoplasmic reticulum
387. The __________ is responsible for regulating the internal balance of the body, including the regulation of temperature, pH, and ion concentrations.
Answer: homeostasis
388. The primary function of the __________ is to transport oxygen throughout the body.
Answer: red blood cell
389. __________ are molecules that can act as both acids and bases.
mphoteric
390. The __________ is the type of muscle responsible for voluntary movements in the body.
Answer: skeletal muscle
391. The process of __________ involves the movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration without the use of energy.
iffusion
392. __________ is the process by which cells convert glucose into energy in the form of ATP in the presence of oxygen.
erobic respiration
393. The __________ system is responsible for the production of hormones that regulate body functions.
Answer: endocrine
394. In a/an __________ reaction, smaller molecules are combined to form a larger molecule, usually with the release of water.
ehydration synthesis
395. The __________ is the part of the brain responsible for higher cognitive functions like thinking, learning, and memory.
erebrum
396. __________ are organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms and are an important source of energy for living organisms.
arbohydrates
397. The __________ is the organ responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and producing urine.
Answer: kidney
398. The __________ membrane surrounds the cell and regulates the entry and exit of substances.
Answer: plasma
399. The __________ is the organ in the digestive system that absorbs most of the nutrients from food.
Answer: small intestine
400. A __________ solution has a lower concentration of solutes compared to the inside of a cell.
Answer: hypotonic
401. The __________ is the part of the cell that contains the genetic material in the form of DNA.
Answer: nucleus
402. __________ are molecules that carry genetic information in the form of sequences of nucleotides.
NA
403. The __________ is the part of the cell that produces ATP through cellular respiration.
Answer: mitochondrion
404. The __________ is a cell structure that is involved in the synthesis of lipids and steroids.
Answer: smooth endoplasmic reticulum
405. The __________ reaction is responsible for the breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen to produce energy.
Answer: fermentation
406. __________ are proteins that act as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions.
Answer: Enzymes
407. The process of __________ occurs when a cell engulfs a solid particle to form a vacuole.
Answer: phagocytosis
408. __________ are substances that help stabilize pH by neutralizing acids or bases.
uffers
409. The __________ is the organ responsible for producing bile, which helps in the digestion of fats.
Answer: liver
True & False
410. The atomic number of an element is determined by the number of protons in the nucleus.
Answer: True
411. An ionic bond forms when electrons are shared equally between two atoms.
Answer: False (Ionic bonds form when electrons are transferred, not shared equally.)
412. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being considered neutral.
Answer: True
413. All molecules with covalent bonds are polar.
Answer: False (Only molecules with unequal sharing of electrons are polar.)
414. In a hypertonic solution, water moves into the cell.
Answer: False (Water moves out of the cell in a hypertonic solution.)
415. The function of the ribosomes is to synthesize proteins.
Answer: True
416. Acids are substances that accept hydrogen ions in a solution.
Answer: False (Acids donate hydrogen ions, while bases accept them.)
417. Proteins are made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
Answer: True
418. The mitochondria are responsible for protein synthesis in the cell.
Answer: False (Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.)
419. ATP is the primary energy carrier in cells.
Answer: True
420. The process of osmosis involves the movement of water molecules from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration.
Answer: True
421. The liver is responsible for storing oxygen in the body.
Answer: False (Hemoglobin, not the liver, stores oxygen.)
422. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required.
Answer: True
423. The process of glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria of the cell.
Answer: False (Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.)
424. Hemoglobin is a protein that helps carry oxygen in red blood cells.
Answer: True
425. A base has a pH greater than 7.
Answer: True
426. The process of active transport requires energy in the form of ATP.
Answer: True
427. In a chemical reaction, the products are found on the left side of the chemical equation.
Answer: False (The products are on the right side.)
428. Water is a good solvent because it is polar and can dissolve many different substances.
Answer: True
429. In an endothermic reaction, energy is released to the surroundings.
Answer: False (In an endothermic reaction, energy is absorbed from the surroundings.)
430. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons.
Answer: True
431. A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.
Answer: True
432. The pH of a neutral solution is 14.
Answer: False (The pH of a neutral solution is 7.)
433. Molecules that are hydrophilic are water-loving and can dissolve in water.
Answer: True
434. DNA contains the sugar ribose.
Answer: False (DNA contains deoxyribose, not ribose.)
435. The pancreas produces insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels.
Answer: True
436. In a hypotonic solution, water moves out of the cell.
Answer: False (Water moves into the cell in a hypotonic solution.)
437. The endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for synthesizing lipids and proteins.
Answer: True
438. A molecule is nonpolar if it has an even distribution of electrons.
Answer: True
439. Enzymes are not affected by changes in temperature or pH.
Answer: False (Enzymes can be affected by changes in temperature and pH.)
440. In an isotonic solution, the concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside the cell.
Answer: True
441. Proteins are composed of nucleotides.
Answer: False (Proteins are composed of amino acids.)
442. The mitochondria are often referred to as the “powerhouses” of the cell because they produce ATP.
Answer: True
443. The Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins and lipids for transport.
Answer: True
444. Acids have a pH greater than 7.
Answer: False (Acids have a pH less than 7.)
445. A chemical bond in which electrons are shared equally is called a polar covalent bond.
Answer: False (A nonpolar covalent bond is formed when electrons are shared equally.)
446. Osmosis involves the movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane.
Answer: True
447. The process of fermentation produces ATP in the absence of oxygen.
Answer: True
448. The atomic mass of an element is the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.
Answer: True
449. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is an example of a compound formed by covalent bonds.
Answer: False (Sodium chloride is formed by ionic bonds.)
450. Cholesterol is an example of a steroid, which is a type of lipid.
Answer: True
451. In a solution, the solvent is the substance that is dissolved.
Answer: False (The solvent is the substance that dissolves the solute.)
452. The cell membrane is primarily composed of proteins and carbohydrates.
Answer: False (The cell membrane is primarily composed of lipids and proteins.)
453. Cations are positively charged ions.
Answer: True
454. An oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction involves the transfer of electrons between molecules.
Answer: True
455. Inorganic compounds typically contain carbon atoms.
Answer: False (Inorganic compounds generally do not contain carbon.)
456. The primary role of hemoglobin in red blood cells is to transport oxygen.
Answer: True
457. Enzymes are always active at their maximum rate regardless of environmental factors like temperature and pH.
Answer: False (Enzymes have optimal conditions and may not work effectively outside those conditions.)
458. Lipids serve as an important source of long-term energy storage.
Answer: True
459. The sodium-potassium pump is a form of active transport that moves sodium ions into the cell and potassium ions out of the cell.
Answer: False (The sodium-potassium pump moves sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell.)
460. The atomic number of an element is determined by the number of neutrons in its nucleus.
Answer: False (The atomic number is determined by the number of protons.)
461. The process of transcription involves making a copy of DNA into RNA.
Answer: True
462. The electron transport chain occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.
Answer: False (The electron transport chain occurs in the mitochondria.)
463. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
Answer: True
464. Hydrogen bonds are stronger than covalent bonds.
Answer: False (Covalent bonds are stronger than hydrogen bonds.)
465. The Krebs cycle occurs during anaerobic respiration.
Answer: False (The Krebs cycle occurs during aerobic respiration.)
466. A buffer helps to maintain the pH of a solution by neutralizing acids and bases.
Answer: True
467. Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscles when oxygen is present.
Answer: False (Lactic acid fermentation occurs when oxygen is absent.)
468. Acids taste sour and are capable of donating protons.
Answer: True
469. The nucleus is surrounded by a double-layered membrane called the nuclear envelope.
Answer: True
470. Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different numbers of electrons.
Answer: False (Isotopes have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.)
471. Acids release hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution.
Answer: False (Acids release hydrogen ions (H+) in solution.)
472. A molecule with polar covalent bonds is always polar.
Answer: False (A molecule can be nonpolar even if it has polar covalent bonds if the shape is symmetrical.)
473. The atomic mass of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
Answer: True
474. Saturated fats have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.
Answer: False (Saturated fats have no double bonds between carbon atoms.)
475. The process of mitosis results in the formation of two identical daughter cells.
Answer: True
476. The hydrogen atom has one proton and one electron, but no neutrons.
Answer: True
477. The process of diffusion requires energy in the form of ATP.
Answer: False (Diffusion is a passive process and does not require energy.)
478. An atom’s mass number is the total number of protons and electrons in the atom.
Answer: False (The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.)
479. A solution with a pH of 8 is acidic.
Answer: False (A pH of 8 is slightly basic.)
480. The process of translation involves using RNA to synthesize proteins.
Answer: True
481. Cholesterol is a type of carbohydrate that is found in cell membranes.
Answer: False (Cholesterol is a type of lipid.)
482. The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the synthesis and transport of proteins.
Answer: True
483. In cellular respiration, glucose is oxidized to produce energy.
Answer: True
484. A base donates protons (H+) to a solution.
Answer: False (A base accepts protons (H+).)
485. The human body can produce all 20 amino acids on its own.
Answer: False (The body can only produce 11 amino acids; the others must be obtained from food.)
486. The atomic structure of an element determines its chemical properties.
Answer: True
487. All enzymes are proteins, but not all proteins are enzymes.
Answer: True
488. The primary role of the mitochondria is to synthesize lipids.
Answer: False (The primary role of mitochondria is to produce ATP through cellular respiration.)
489. A hydrogen bond is a weak bond that forms between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.
Answer: True
490. The chemical symbol for potassium is K.
Answer: True