Advanced Pharmacology Practice Test
Which of the following factors can influence drug absorption?
A) Route of administration
B) Age of the patient
C) Patient’s ethnicity
D) All of the above
In the context of pharmacokinetics, what does “half-life” of a drug refer to?
A) The time it takes for a drug to reach its therapeutic effect
B) The time it takes for half of the drug to be eliminated from the body
C) The time it takes for a drug to reach a steady-state concentration
D) The time it takes for a drug to be absorbed into the bloodstream
Which of the following is NOT a primary route of drug metabolism?
A) Liver
B) Kidneys
C) Lungs
D) Small intestine
What is the primary organ involved in the excretion of most drugs?
A) Liver
B) Kidneys
C) Lungs
D) Skin
Which of the following physiological factors can affect drug metabolism?
A) Age
B) Renal function
C) Hepatic function
D) All of the above
How does renal insufficiency typically affect the pharmacokinetics of a drug?
A) It increases the rate of drug absorption
B) It slows the rate of drug metabolism
C) It reduces the rate of drug excretion
D) It accelerates drug elimination
Which of the following is a key factor in pharmacodynamics?
A) Drug absorption
B) Drug binding to receptor sites
C) Drug elimination
D) Drug distribution
In patients with hepatic insufficiency, drug elimination is typically: A) Unaffected
B) Increased
C) Decreased
D) Non-existent
Which of the following can cause drug interactions through altered pharmacokinetics?
A) Drugs that induce liver enzymes
B) Drugs that inhibit kidney function
C) Alterations in gastric pH
D) All of the above
Which of the following is a characteristic of drugs that are primarily metabolized by the liver?
A) They are excreted unchanged in the urine
B) They undergo phase I and phase II reactions
C) They are absorbed through the skin
D) They do not interact with proteins in the bloodstream
What is the role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug metabolism?
A) They inhibit drug absorption
B) They modify drugs to facilitate excretion
C) They bind drugs to plasma proteins
D) They reduce the pharmacological activity of drugs
How does pregnancy affect pharmacokinetics?
A) It decreases renal clearance
B) It increases hepatic enzyme activity
C) It alters the distribution of drugs due to increased plasma volume
D) It reduces drug absorption rates
Which of the following best describes the concept of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)?
A) Measuring the blood pressure of a patient on medication
B) Measuring the concentration of a drug in the blood to ensure it is within the therapeutic range
C) Estimating the amount of drug absorbed by the patient
D) Monitoring drug interactions with other medications
Which type of drug receptor interaction is typically involved in non-competitive antagonism?
A) The antagonist binds to the same site as the agonist
B) The antagonist binds to a different site and alters the receptor’s shape
C) The agonist binds to the receptor to activate it
D) The drug binds irreversibly to the receptor
What is the impact of cardiac dysfunction on drug pharmacodynamics?
A) It may enhance the effectiveness of drugs
B) It may alter the distribution of drugs
C) It has no impact on drugs
D) It may cause drug overdose by reducing drug clearance
Which of the following is an example of a drug that undergoes zero-order elimination?
A) Aspirin
B) Alcohol
C) Lidocaine
D) Morphine
Which of the following is most likely to cause a drug-drug interaction in terms of drug absorption?
A) A drug that decreases gastric pH
B) A drug that binds to plasma proteins
C) A drug that undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism
D) A drug that increases renal filtration
Which of the following conditions can increase the bioavailability of a drug?
A) Decreased liver function
B) Increased gastric motility
C) Increased hepatic metabolism
D) High plasma protein binding
What factor would most likely affect the pharmacokinetics of a drug in elderly patients?
A) Increased renal function
B) Decreased hepatic blood flow
C) Increased stomach acidity
D) Higher muscle mass
Which drug is most commonly used for treating gastrointestinal reflux disease (GERD)?
A) Metformin
B) Omeprazole
C) Lithium
D) Furosemide
Which of the following diseases would most likely require dosage adjustments due to altered drug metabolism?
A) Hypertension
B) Diabetes mellitus
C) Hepatic cirrhosis
D) Asthma
What is the clinical significance of the blood-brain barrier in drug therapy?
A) It enhances drug absorption in the brain
B) It prevents most drugs from crossing into the central nervous system
C) It facilitates drug distribution throughout the brain
D) It accelerates drug metabolism in the brain
Which of the following factors can alter the pharmacodynamics of a drug?
A) Changes in drug absorption rate
B) Genetic variations in receptors
C) Renal failure
D) Changes in drug distribution
How does hypertension impact drug metabolism?
A) It increases liver metabolism of drugs
B) It reduces renal clearance of drugs
C) It increases the rate of drug absorption
D) It does not significantly affect drug metabolism
Which of the following is a major consideration when prescribing drugs to a pregnant woman?
A) Pregnancy does not alter drug pharmacokinetics
B) Drug metabolism may be significantly altered
C) Drug distribution is unchanged
D) Only drugs with high protein binding should be used
Which of the following drug classes is most likely to cause toxicity in patients with renal insufficiency?
A) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
B) Benzodiazepines
C) Statins
D) Beta-blockers
What is the primary effect of a drug that acts as an agonist at a receptor?
A) It inhibits the normal receptor activity
B) It causes the receptor to undergo desensitization
C) It stimulates the receptor and enhances its normal activity
D) It blocks the receptor from binding other molecules
What is the clinical significance of a drug’s therapeutic index?
A) It defines the drug’s effectiveness in treating a condition
B) It represents the ratio of a drug’s lethal dose to its effective dose
C) It measures the time a drug remains in the body
D) It indicates the rate at which a drug is metabolized
Which of the following is an example of a drug that primarily exerts its effect via the sympathetic nervous system?
A) Epinephrine
B) Morphine
C) Diazepam
D) Acetaminophen
Which of the following is a characteristic of a drug with a narrow therapeutic index?
A) The drug is safe to administer with few monitoring requirements
B) Small changes in dose can lead to significant therapeutic effects or toxicity
C) The drug can be taken without regard to food
D) The drug has a long half-life and remains in the body for extended periods
Which of the following best describes the term “bioavailability”?
A) The percentage of the drug absorbed into the bloodstream after administration
B) The ability of a drug to pass through the blood-brain barrier
C) The process by which a drug is metabolized in the liver
D) The concentration of a drug that reaches its target site
Which factor would most likely reduce the bioavailability of an orally administered drug?
A) High first-pass metabolism in the liver
B) Increased drug absorption in the small intestine
C) Enhanced blood flow to the stomach
D) Increased gastric pH
Which of the following conditions is most likely to increase the volume of distribution (Vd) of a drug?
A) Dehydration
B) Renal failure
C) Obesity
D) Hepatic cirrhosis
What is the effect of a drug that is a potent CYP450 enzyme inhibitor?
A) It increases the metabolism of other drugs
B) It decreases the metabolism of other drugs
C) It has no effect on drug metabolism
D) It increases renal elimination of other drugs
Which of the following best defines the concept of “first-pass effect”?
A) The rate at which a drug reaches its target tissue
B) The metabolism of a drug by the liver before it reaches systemic circulation
C) The elimination of a drug by the kidneys
D) The rate at which a drug is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract
Which of the following would most likely lead to drug accumulation in the body?
A) Increased renal function
B) Increased hepatic metabolism
C) Decreased renal function
D) Increased drug clearance
Which of the following is a common drug interaction when two drugs are both highly protein-bound?
A) One drug may displace the other from protein-binding sites, increasing free drug levels
B) Both drugs will be metabolized more rapidly
C) Both drugs will be excreted more slowly
D) No significant drug interaction will occur
Which of the following is true regarding the use of drugs in pediatric patients?
A) Pediatric patients typically require higher drug doses than adults due to increased metabolic rate
B) Drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination are often different in children than in adults
C) Pediatric drug dosages are always based on weight, with no consideration for age
D) The blood-brain barrier in children is more permeable to drugs than in adults
Which of the following conditions can lead to drug toxicity in elderly patients?
A) Increased renal clearance of drugs
B) Decreased hepatic function
C) Higher body fat percentage
D) All of the above
Which of the following drugs is most likely to be contraindicated in patients with liver dysfunction?
A) Acetaminophen
B) Penicillin
C) Ciprofloxacin
D) Enalapril
What is the term for the relationship between the dose of a drug and its therapeutic effect?
A) Pharmacokinetics
B) Pharmacodynamics
C) Therapeutic index
D) Drug half-life
Which of the following best describes the action of an antagonist at a receptor site?
A) It mimics the effect of an endogenous substance
B) It blocks the receptor and prevents the action of an agonist
C) It activates the receptor to produce a physiological response
D) It increases the binding affinity of an agonist
Which of the following factors primarily determines the distribution of a drug in the body?
A) Blood flow to various tissues
B) The drug’s molecular weight
C) The drug’s solubility in lipids and water
D) All of the above
What effect does renal failure typically have on the pharmacokinetics of a drug?
A) It decreases the drug’s volume of distribution
B) It accelerates drug metabolism
C) It slows the drug’s elimination rate
D) It increases the drug’s bioavailability
Which of the following best defines “pharmacogenomics”?
A) The study of how drugs interact with food
B) The study of how genetic factors influence drug response
C) The study of how drugs affect the immune system
D) The study of how drugs are eliminated from the body
Which of the following drugs is most likely to be affected by the “first-pass effect”?
A) Oral morphine
B) Intravenous aspirin
C) Topical nitroglycerin
D) Inhaled albuterol
Which of the following medications is used to treat hyperkalemia (high potassium levels)?
A) Sodium bicarbonate
B) Potassium chloride
C) Calcium gluconate
D) Furosemide
What is the primary function of the blood-brain barrier in pharmacology?
A) To prevent drug absorption into the central nervous system
B) To facilitate the movement of drugs into the brain
C) To protect the brain from foreign substances and toxins
D) To promote the metabolism of drugs within the brain
Which of the following is a common side effect of opioid analgesics?
A) Constipation
B) Diarrhea
C) Hyperactivity
D) Increased urination
What is the term used to describe a drug’s ability to reach and maintain therapeutic levels in the bloodstream?
A) Bioavailability
B) Therapeutic index
C) Drug clearance
D) Drug efficacy
Which of the following is an example of a pharmacodynamic interaction?
A) One drug decreases the absorption of another drug
B) One drug alters the metabolism of another drug
C) One drug increases the effect of another drug by acting at the same receptor site
D) One drug increases the renal excretion of another drug
Which of the following is most likely to affect the pharmacokinetics of a drug during pregnancy?
A) Altered gastric pH
B) Increased cardiac output
C) Increased blood volume
D) All of the above
Which class of drugs is most commonly associated with causing photosensitivity?
A) Antibiotics
B) Antihypertensives
C) Antidepressants
D) Diuretics
Which of the following drugs is commonly used for the management of anxiety disorders?
A) Fluoxetine
B) Alprazolam
C) Clonidine
D) Gabapentin
What is the primary purpose of conducting a clinical drug trial in humans?
A) To determine the drug’s effectiveness and safety
B) To evaluate the price of the drug
C) To determine the manufacturing cost of the drug
D) To assess the drug’s environmental impact
Which of the following pharmacokinetic factors can influence drug clearance in elderly patients?
A) Decreased renal function
B) Increased hepatic metabolism
C) Increased drug absorption
D) Increased plasma protein binding
Which of the following is most commonly used to treat acute asthma attacks?
A) Salmeterol
B) Albuterol
C) Fluticasone
D) Montelukast
Which of the following best describes “non-competitive” antagonism?
A) The antagonist competes with the agonist for the same binding site
B) The antagonist binds to a different site on the receptor, preventing activation
C) The antagonist blocks the reuptake of neurotransmitters
D) The antagonist increases the activity of the agonist
Which drug class is commonly used for treating infections caused by gram-positive bacteria?
A) Beta-lactams
B) Antifungals
C) Antivirals
D) Corticosteroids
Which of the following types of drug interactions occurs when two drugs act at the same receptor site?
A) Pharmacokinetic interaction
B) Competitive antagonism
C) Pharmacodynamic interaction
D) Non-competitive antagonism
Which of the following is a key physiological change that occurs during pregnancy and may affect drug metabolism?
A) Decreased gastric pH
B) Increased plasma protein binding
C) Increased renal clearance
D) Decreased cardiac output
Which of the following drugs is commonly used in the treatment of hypertension associated with pregnancy?
A) Methyldopa
B) Lisinopril
C) Furosemide
D) Atenolol
Which of the following drug classes primarily works by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II?
A) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
B) Beta-blockers
C) Calcium channel blockers
D) Diuretics
Which of the following is an example of a Type I (IgE-mediated) allergic reaction to a drug?
A) Anaphylaxis
B) Hemolytic anemia
C) Drug-induced lupus
D) Rash
Which of the following drugs is commonly used to treat bacterial infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria?
A) Penicillin
B) Vancomycin
C) Ceftriaxone
D) Rifampin
Which of the following best describes the “half-life” of a drug?
A) The time it takes for the drug to reach maximum effect
B) The time it takes for the body to eliminate half of the drug
C) The time it takes for the drug to be absorbed into the bloodstream
D) The time it takes for the drug to be metabolized in the liver
Which of the following pharmacokinetic properties is typically altered in patients with hepatic dysfunction?
A) Distribution
B) Metabolism
C) Absorption
D) Excretion
What is the primary mechanism of action of benzodiazepines in treating anxiety?
A) Inhibition of serotonin reuptake
B) Activation of GABA receptors
C) Inhibition of dopamine receptors
D) Blockade of histamine receptors
Which of the following drugs can potentially cause an elevation in serum potassium levels?
A) Hydrochlorothiazide
B) Spironolactone
C) Furosemide
D) Atorvastatin
Which of the following medications is most commonly used in the treatment of hypothyroidism?
A) Levothyroxine
B) Methimazole
C) Propylthiouracil
D) Prednisone
Which of the following drug classes are often used as first-line treatment for depression?
A) Benzodiazepines
B) SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)
C) Antipsychotics
D) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
Which of the following drugs is most likely to cause a photosensitivity reaction?
A) Doxycycline
B) Metformin
C) Lisinopril
D) Prednisone
Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of calcium channel blockers?
A) Blockage of sodium channels in the heart
B) Inhibition of catecholamine release from sympathetic nerves
C) Inhibition of calcium ions from entering cardiac and smooth muscle cells
D) Decreased blood flow to the kidneys
Which of the following is the main therapeutic use of digoxin?
A) Arrhythmias and heart failure
B) Hyperlipidemia
C) Asthma
D) Hypertension
Which of the following statements best describes the pharmacodynamics of warfarin?
A) It acts as a direct thrombin inhibitor
B) It inhibits vitamin K-dependent clotting factor synthesis
C) It enhances platelet aggregation
D) It increases fibrinogen production
Which of the following is an important side effect of corticosteroids?
A) Hyperkalemia
B) Hypoglycemia
C) Osteoporosis
D) Hypotension
Which of the following types of drugs are commonly used to treat asthma by relaxing the bronchial smooth muscle?
A) Beta-2 agonists
B) H2 antagonists
C) ACE inhibitors
D) Calcium channel blockers
Which of the following is true about pharmacokinetic drug interactions?
A) They occur when one drug affects the absorption of another drug
B) They occur when one drug alters the pharmacodynamic response of another drug
C) They occur only in the liver
D) They have no impact on drug concentrations
Which of the following drugs is most commonly used to treat bacterial infections caused by staphylococcus aureus?
A) Vancomycin
B) Cephalexin
C) Amoxicillin
D) Tetracycline
What is the role of the P-glycoprotein pump in drug absorption?
A) It increases drug absorption by promoting diffusion across cell membranes
B) It transports drugs out of cells, limiting absorption and distribution
C) It metabolizes drugs in the liver
D) It aids in renal excretion of drugs
Which of the following medications is commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes by increasing insulin sensitivity?
A) Glipizide
B) Metformin
C) Pioglitazone
D) Insulin
Which of the following classes of drugs is associated with a risk of developing serotonin syndrome when taken in combination with other serotonergic drugs?
A) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
B) Beta blockers
C) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors)
D) Calcium channel blockers
Which of the following medications is most likely to cause a dry cough as a common side effect?
A) Lisinopril
B) Amlodipine
C) Metoprolol
D) Losartan
Which of the following is a major adverse effect of using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?
A) Liver damage
B) Gastrointestinal bleeding
C) Hypoglycemia
D) Increased heart rate
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of acetaminophen in relieving pain?
A) Inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymes in the brain
B) Blocking opioid receptors
C) Decreasing prostaglandin synthesis in peripheral tissues
D) Increasing the reuptake of serotonin
Which of the following is most commonly associated with the adverse effect of QT prolongation?
A) Ibuprofen
B) Azithromycin
C) Metformin
D) Prednisone
Which of the following is a typical effect of beta-blockers on the cardiovascular system?
A) Increased heart rate
B) Increased contractility
C) Decreased blood pressure
D) Decreased renal perfusion
Which of the following drugs is used in the treatment of opioid overdose?
A) Naloxone
B) Diazepam
C) Flumazenil
D) Atropine
Which of the following is a key consideration when prescribing medications for pediatric patients?
A) Pediatric patients require higher doses of drugs due to increased metabolism
B) Drug dosages are typically determined based on the child’s weight
C) Pediatric patients should avoid all medications until adolescence
D) All pediatric medications should be administered intravenously
Which of the following is true regarding the use of drugs in elderly patients?
A) Elderly patients typically have a higher renal clearance of drugs
B) Elderly patients are less sensitive to changes in drug half-life
C) Elderly patients may require lower doses of drugs due to reduced metabolic and excretory function
D) Elderly patients always require a higher dose of drugs due to decreased body fat
Which of the following is the primary mechanism of action of statins in lowering cholesterol?
A) Inhibition of cholesterol absorption in the intestines
B) Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase
C) Stimulation of bile acid synthesis
D) Enhancement of lipoprotein lipase activity
Which of the following drugs is most likely to cause a serious interaction when taken with grapefruit juice?
A) Amlodipine
B) Simvastatin
C) Omeprazole
D) Metformin
Which of the following is a common side effect of anticholinergic medications?
A) Diarrhea
B) Dry mouth
C) Hypotension
D) Bradycardia
Which of the following is the first-line treatment for a patient with acute anaphylaxis?
A) Antihistamines
B) Corticosteroids
C) Epinephrine
D) Intravenous fluids
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of beta-agonists in the treatment of asthma?
A) Decrease bronchial smooth muscle constriction
B) Increase mucous production in the airways
C) Block the effect of acetylcholine on the bronchial smooth muscle
D) Inhibit the release of histamine
Which of the following best describes the pharmacokinetics of drugs in patients with renal insufficiency?
A) Increased drug metabolism
B) Decreased drug elimination
C) Increased absorption of drugs
D) Decreased plasma protein binding
Which of the following is a common adverse effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?
A) Weight gain
B) Sexual dysfunction
C) Tachycardia
D) Hypertension
Which of the following is most likely to be used for managing seizures in a patient with epilepsy?
A) Gabapentin
B) Levetiracetam
C) Fluoxetine
D) Metoprolol
Which of the following medications is most commonly used in the acute management of atrial fibrillation?
A) Verapamil
B) Digoxin
C) Amiodarone
D) Furosemide
Which of the following is true about the pharmacokinetics of drugs in the elderly?
A) Elderly patients typically have an increased rate of drug metabolism
B) Elderly patients are less sensitive to the effects of drugs
C) Elderly patients may experience a longer half-life for certain drugs
D) Elderly patients generally require higher doses of medications due to reduced body fat
Which of the following is a common contraindication for the use of NSAIDs?
A) Liver cirrhosis
B) Chronic kidney disease
C) Gastrointestinal ulcers
D) All of the above
Which of the following is most likely to cause QT prolongation and increase the risk of torsades de pointes?
A) Furosemide
B) Erythromycin
C) Losartan
D) Amlodipine
Which of the following medications is used as a first-line treatment for type 1 diabetes?
A) Metformin
B) Insulin
C) Glipizide
D) Acarbose
Which of the following is a major adverse effect of the medication methotrexate?
A) Hepatotoxicity
B) Hypoglycemia
C) Hyperkalemia
D) Hypertension
Which of the following is the primary action of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)?
A) Block histamine receptors in the stomach
B) Inhibit the final step of gastric acid production
C) Increase bicarbonate secretion in the stomach
D) Stimulate gastric motility
Which of the following is the drug of choice for treating an acute gout flare-up?
A) Methotrexate
B) Allopurinol
C) Colchicine
D) Prednisone
Which of the following statements is true regarding the pharmacokinetics of drugs in obese patients?
A) Obese patients typically have a faster drug metabolism
B) The volume of distribution for lipophilic drugs is often increased in obese patients
C) Obese patients are less likely to experience drug toxicity
D) There is no effect of obesity on drug pharmacokinetics
Which of the following drugs is most commonly used to treat hyperthyroidism?
A) Levothyroxine
B) Propranolol
C) Methimazole
D) Prednisone
Which of the following pharmacokinetic properties is most affected by liver disease?
A) Absorption
B) Distribution
C) Metabolism
D) Excretion
Which of the following drugs is an example of a calcium channel blocker used to treat hypertension?
A) Atenolol
B) Amlodipine
C) Lisinopril
D) Furosemide
Which of the following is a key consideration when prescribing medications for a patient with chronic kidney disease?
A) Decreased drug absorption
B) Increased risk of drug toxicity due to decreased renal clearance
C) Increased drug metabolism in the liver
D) Increased renal excretion of drugs
Which of the following drugs is commonly used in the management of opioid withdrawal symptoms?
A) Methadone
B) Diazepam
C) Naloxone
D) Buprenorphine
Which of the following medications is used to treat schizophrenia by blocking dopamine receptors?
A) Haloperidol
B) Fluoxetine
C) Lithium
D) Diazepam
Which of the following is most likely to be prescribed for the prevention of thromboembolism following orthopedic surgery?
A) Warfarin
B) Heparin
C) Clopidogrel
D) Aspirin
Which of the following is the most common side effect of corticosteroid therapy?
A) Hypoglycemia
B) Weight loss
C) Hyperglycemia
D) Hair loss
Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of the drug enalapril (an ACE inhibitor)?
A) Hyperkalemia
B) Hypertension
C) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
D) Asthma
Which of the following is the primary effect of loop diuretics such as furosemide?
A) Decrease sodium and water retention in the kidneys
B) Increase potassium retention in the kidneys
C) Inhibit calcium absorption in the intestines
D) Decrease uric acid excretion
Which of the following medications is used to prevent the progression of Alzheimer’s disease?
A) Donepezil
B) Olanzapine
C) Gabapentin
D) Clonazepam
Which of the following best describes the action of the drug warfarin?
A) It inhibits the activity of factor Xa
B) It enhances the activity of thrombin
C) It prevents the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors
D) It inhibits platelet aggregation
Which of the following drugs is typically used as a first-line treatment for Parkinson’s disease?
A) Levodopa
B) Valproic acid
C) Lithium
D) Fluoxetine
Which of the following is the most appropriate first-line treatment for hyperlipidemia?
A) Statins
B) Niacin
C) Fibrates
D) Ezetimibe
Which of the following drugs is an opioid antagonist used in the treatment of opioid overdose?
A) Naloxone
B) Methadone
C) Buprenorphine
D) Codeine
Which of the following is an adverse effect commonly associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors?
A) Hyperkalemia
B) Hypoglycemia
C) Bradycardia
D) Diarrhea
Which of the following medications is used to treat depression by increasing serotonin and norepinephrine levels in the brain?
A) Sertraline
B) Duloxetine
C) Amitriptyline
D) Fluphenazine
Which of the following medications is a common treatment for peptic ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori infection?
A) Antacids
B) Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
C) Antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin, clarithromycin)
D) Antihistamines
Which of the following is an example of a monoclonal antibody used in cancer therapy?
A) Rituximab
B) Acetaminophen
C) Celecoxib
D) Diazepam
Which of the following is a potential side effect of long-term corticosteroid therapy?
A) Osteoporosis
B) Hypokalemia
C) Renal failure
D) Hypercalcemia
Which of the following drugs is an example of a non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker used to treat hypertension?
A) Amlodipine
B) Verapamil
C) Losartan
D) Hydrochlorothiazide
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of metformin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes?
A) Increase insulin secretion from the pancreas
B) Decrease glucose production in the liver
C) Enhance glucose absorption in the intestines
D) Increase insulin sensitivity in the liver only
Which of the following medications is most appropriate for the treatment of severe anxiety in a patient with a history of substance abuse?
A) Lorazepam
B) Buspirone
C) Diazepam
D) Clonazepam
Which of the following drugs is commonly used to treat heart failure by inhibiting the enzyme neprilysin?
A) Lisinopril
B) Sacubitril/valsartan
C) Carvedilol
D) Spironolactone
Which of the following is a common side effect of lithium therapy in patients with bipolar disorder?
A) Weight loss
B) Tremors
C) Hypoglycemia
D) Tachycardia
Which of the following drugs is used to prevent thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation?
A) Warfarin
B) Clopidogrel
C) Rivaroxaban
D) Heparin
Which of the following pharmacokinetic properties does not typically change with aging?
A) Absorption
B) Distribution
C) Metabolism
D) Excretion
Which of the following is a potential complication of using the anticoagulant warfarin?
A) Hypertension
B) Hyperglycemia
C) Bleeding
D) Hypokalemia
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of antiplatelet drugs such as clopidogrel?
A) Inhibit thrombin activity
B) Inhibit platelet aggregation
C) Increase fibrinogen levels
D) Increase platelet production
Which of the following is an adverse effect of the medication isoniazid used in the treatment of tuberculosis?
A) Hepatotoxicity
B) Hypotension
C) Hypertension
D) Weight loss
Which of the following medications is used to treat hypothyroidism?
A) Levothyroxine
B) Methimazole
C) Propylthiouracil
D) Hydrocortisone
Which of the following is the most common adverse effect of the medication spironolactone?
A) Hyperkalemia
B) Hypoglycemia
C) Hypokalemia
D) Hypercalcemia
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)?
A) Increase bicarbonate secretion in the stomach
B) Block the histamine H2 receptors in the stomach
C) Inhibit the final step in gastric acid production
D) Neutralize stomach acid
Which of the following is a contraindication for using NSAIDs in patients?
A) Diabetes
B) Asthma
C) Active peptic ulcer disease
D) Hypertension
Which of the following medications is typically used to treat an acute asthma attack?
A) Albuterol
B) Fluticasone
C) Montelukast
D) Theophylline
Which of the following is a major adverse effect of long-term use of oral corticosteroids?
A) Osteoporosis
B) Hypotension
C) Tachycardia
D) Weight gain
Which of the following drugs is used to prevent or treat deep vein thrombosis in patients after surgery?
A) Warfarin
B) Enoxaparin
C) Rivaroxaban
D) All of the above
Which of the following is a characteristic of the pharmacokinetics of oral medications in geriatric patients?
A) Increased gastric acid secretion
B) Decreased first-pass metabolism
C) Increased renal clearance
D) Decreased liver size and blood flow
Which of the following is a common side effect of the antidepressant drug bupropion?
A) Sexual dysfunction
B) Insomnia
C) Weight gain
D) Sedation
Which of the following is the primary target of thiazide diuretics in the kidneys?
A) Proximal convoluted tubule
B) Loop of Henle
C) Distal convoluted tubule
D) Collecting ducts
Which of the following medications is used in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to reduce inflammation?
A) Salmeterol
B) Ipratropium
C) Fluticasone
D) Montelukast
Which of the following is a known drug interaction of warfarin?
A) Increase in vitamin K-rich foods
B) Use with NSAIDs
C) Use with proton pump inhibitors
D) Both A and B
Which of the following is a typical adverse effect of antihistamines in elderly patients?
A) Constipation
B) Sedation
C) Insomnia
D) Hyperactivity
Which of the following is the primary function of the enzyme cytochrome P450 in drug metabolism?
A) Hydrolysis of drugs
B) Conjugation of drugs
C) Oxidation of drugs
D) Reduction of drugs
Which of the following medications is contraindicated in pregnancy due to its teratogenic effects on the fetus?
A) Folic acid
B) Lisinopril
C) Aspirin
D) Calcium supplements
Which of the following best describes the pharmacokinetic process of drug absorption?
A) The process by which a drug is broken down into its metabolites
B) The process by which a drug is eliminated from the body
C) The movement of a drug from its site of administration into the bloodstream
D) The binding of a drug to plasma proteins
Which of the following drugs is used to treat acute gout attacks by inhibiting microtubule polymerization?
A) Colchicine
B) Allopurinol
C) Probenecid
D) Prednisone
Which of the following is a key difference between first-generation and second-generation antihistamines?
A) First-generation antihistamines are non-sedating, while second-generation antihistamines are sedating.
B) Second-generation antihistamines are less likely to cross the blood-brain barrier compared to first-generation antihistamines.
C) Second-generation antihistamines are less effective for treating allergic reactions than first-generation antihistamines.
D) First-generation antihistamines are used for motion sickness, while second-generation antihistamines are not.
Which of the following drugs is most commonly used to treat opioid withdrawal symptoms?
A) Naloxone
B) Methadone
C) Buprenorphine
D) Naltrexone
Which of the following is the primary action of beta-blockers in treating cardiovascular conditions?
A) Increase heart rate
B) Decrease heart rate and blood pressure
C) Increase cardiac output
D) Cause vasodilation
Which of the following drugs can increase the risk of lithium toxicity?
A) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
B) Beta-blockers
C) Diuretics
D) All of the above
Which of the following medications is most commonly used for the treatment of chronic asthma?
A) Albuterol
B) Prednisone
C) Montelukast
D) Ipratropium
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) like omeprazole?
A) Inhibit the release of histamine from mast cells
B) Block the H2 receptors in parietal cells
C) Inhibit the proton pump in the stomach lining, reducing acid production
D) Neutralize stomach acid
Which of the following is a significant adverse effect of the drug warfarin?
A) Hyperkalemia
B) Bleeding and hemorrhage
C) Hypertension
D) Hyperglycemia
Which of the following medications is used to treat the hyperkalemia associated with acute renal failure?
A) Sodium bicarbonate
B) Calcium gluconate
C) Glucose and insulin
D) All of the above
Which of the following is a major side effect of the drug digoxin in patients with heart failure?
A) Hypokalemia
B) Digoxin toxicity leading to arrhythmias
C) Weight gain
D) Hypertension
Which of the following drugs is an antagonist of dopamine receptors and is used to treat schizophrenia?
A) Clozapine
B) Haloperidol
C) Fluoxetine
D) Lorazepam
Which of the following drugs is used to treat acute bacterial infections by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis?
A) Amoxicillin
B) Azithromycin
C) Ciprofloxacin
D) Clindamycin
Which of the following drugs is a calcium channel blocker used to treat hypertension and angina?
A) Amlodipine
B) Lisinopril
C) Hydrochlorothiazide
D) Atenolol
Which of the following drugs is commonly used as an adjunct therapy to treat depression by increasing norepinephrine and serotonin levels?
A) Bupropion
B) Duloxetine
C) Amitriptyline
D) Fluvoxamine
Which of the following best describes the pharmacokinetic process of drug excretion?
A) The process by which a drug is absorbed into the bloodstream
B) The process by which the drug is broken down by liver enzymes
C) The removal of the drug or its metabolites from the body, mainly through the kidneys
D) The binding of a drug to plasma proteins in the bloodstream
Which of the following medications is used to treat anxiety disorders by increasing serotonin activity in the brain?
A) Alprazolam
B) Buspirone
C) Lorazepam
D) Clonazepam
Which of the following is a potential side effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?
A) Weight gain
B) Sexual dysfunction
C) Sedation
D) Tachycardia
Which of the following is the primary action of the drug metformin in the management of type 2 diabetes?
A) Stimulate insulin release from the pancreas
B) Decrease hepatic glucose production
C) Increase insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscles
D) Decrease glucose absorption in the intestines
Which of the following medications is commonly prescribed for the treatment of hypertension and works by inhibiting the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)?
A) Losartan
B) Enalapril
C) Verapamil
D) Hydrochlorothiazide
Which of the following drugs is used to treat fungal infections by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis in the cell membrane?
A) Fluconazole
B) Acyclovir
C) Cephalexin
D) Doxycycline
Which of the following is a major concern when prescribing benzodiazepines to elderly patients?
A) Sedation and increased risk of falls
B) Hypertension
C) Liver toxicity
D) Dehydration
Which of the following drugs is commonly used to treat hyperthyroidism by inhibiting thyroid hormone synthesis?
A) Levothyroxine
B) Propylthiouracil
C) Methimazole
D) Iodine-131
Which of the following is a common side effect of corticosteroids, especially with long-term use?
A) Hyperglycemia
B) Hyperkalemia
C) Hypotension
D) Hypocalcemia
Which of the following medications is most commonly used for the treatment of hypertension associated with heart failure?
A) Beta-blockers
B) Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
C) Calcium channel blockers
D) Thiazide diuretics
Which of the following is a contraindication for using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?
A) Asthma
B) Hypertension
C) Active gastrointestinal bleeding
D) Chronic kidney disease
Which of the following drugs is most appropriate for managing acute anxiety attacks in the short term?
A) Clonazepam
B) Buspirone
C) Fluoxetine
D) Venlafaxine
Which of the following medications is used to treat osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoclast activity?
A) Alendronate
B) Raloxifene
C) Methotrexate
D) Prednisone
Which of the following is a common side effect of the drug clopidogrel, an antiplatelet agent?
A) Thrombocytosis
B) Gastric irritation and bleeding
C) Hypertension
D) Hyperkalemia
Which of the following drugs is commonly used to treat peptic ulcers by neutralizing stomach acid?
A) Ranitidine
B) Omeprazole
C) Calcium carbonate
D) Metoclopramide
Which of the following drugs inhibits the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase to reduce cholesterol levels?
A) Furosemide
B) Atorvastatin
C) Simvastatin
D) Metformin
Which of the following drugs is a common treatment for opioid-induced constipation?
A) Naloxegol
B) Diphenoxylate
C) Loperamide
D) Lactulose
Which of the following is a key characteristic of the drug nitroglycerin used in the treatment of angina?
A) Vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure
B) Decrease heart rate by inhibiting beta receptors
C) Vasodilation to reduce myocardial oxygen demand
D) Increases myocardial contractility
Which of the following is a potential complication of using corticosteroids long-term in pediatric patients?
A) Growth suppression
B) Osteoporosis
C) Cushing’s syndrome
D) All of the above
Which of the following is a common adverse effect of the antidiabetic drug glibenclamide (glyburide)?
A) Hypoglycemia
B) Hyperglycemia
C) Weight loss
D) Hyperkalemia
Which of the following drugs can be used to reverse an opioid overdose?
A) Naloxone
B) Naltrexone
C) Buprenorphine
D) Methadone
Which of the following classes of drugs is commonly used to treat depression by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine?
A) SSRIs
B) SNRIs
C) Tricyclic antidepressants
D) MAO inhibitors
Which of the following drugs is most commonly used for the management of bipolar disorder?
A) Lithium
B) Fluoxetine
C) Gabapentin
D) Risperidone
Which of the following is a primary action of diuretics used in the treatment of hypertension?
A) Increase renal sodium and water excretion
B) Decrease heart rate
C) Block beta-adrenergic receptors
D) Vasoconstriction of blood vessels
Which of the following is the most appropriate use of the drug methotrexate in oncology?
A) It acts as a growth factor inhibitor for cancer cells.
B) It inhibits the synthesis of nucleotides, stopping DNA replication in cancer cells.
C) It strengthens the immune system to prevent metastasis.
D) It blocks the proliferation of cancer cells by increasing oxidative stress.
Which of the following is a common side effect of the drug levothyroxine used for hypothyroidism?
A) Weight gain
B) Increased heart rate and palpitations
C) Hypoglycemia
D) Dry skin
Which of the following is a common adverse effect of the antipsychotic drug olanzapine?
A) Weight gain and metabolic syndrome
B) Extrapyramidal symptoms
C) Hypotension
D) Tachycardia
Which of the following drugs is most likely to cause a drug-induced lupus erythematosus-like syndrome?
A) Hydralazine
B) Levothyroxine
C) Lorazepam
D) Metformin
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of the anticoagulant rivaroxaban?
A) Inhibition of thrombin
B) Inhibition of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors
C) Direct inhibition of factor Xa
D) Inhibition of fibrinogen
Which of the following is an appropriate clinical use for the drug ciprofloxacin?
A) Treatment of respiratory infections
B) Treatment of fungal infections
C) Treatment of viral infections
D) Treatment of hypertension
Which of the following drugs is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) used to treat anxiety and depression?
A) Venlafaxine
B) Fluoxetine
C) Amitriptyline
D) Bupropion
Which of the following agents is used as an antidote for heparin overdose?
A) Vitamin K
B) Protamine sulfate
C) Naloxone
D) Phytonadione
Which of the following drugs is commonly prescribed for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection?
A) Metronidazole
B) Ciprofloxacin
C) Amoxicillin
D) All of the above
Which of the following drugs is an anticholinergic used to treat motion sickness and nausea?
A) Scopolamine
B) Diphenhydramine
C) Ondansetron
D) Metoclopramide
Which of the following is a common side effect of the drug sildenafil, used to treat erectile dysfunction?
A) Bradycardia
B) Nasal congestion
C) Diarrhea
D) Dehydration
Which of the following medications is most appropriate for the acute treatment of status epilepticus?
A) Phenytoin
B) Lorazepam
C) Carbamazepine
D) Gabapentin
Which of the following drugs inhibits the reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the kidneys and is used to treat edema and hypertension?
A) Furosemide
B) Hydrochlorothiazide
C) Spironolactone
D) Mannitol
Which of the following is the most common adverse effect of the immunosuppressant drug cyclosporine?
A) Nephrotoxicity
B) Hepatotoxicity
C) Weight gain
D) Hair loss
Which of the following drugs is used to treat schizophrenia by blocking both dopamine and serotonin receptors?
A) Olanzapine
B) Haloperidol
C) Clozapine
D) Aripiprazole
Which of the following is the primary use of the drug albuterol in clinical practice?
A) To relieve asthma symptoms by bronchodilation
B) To treat chronic bronchitis by thinning mucus
C) To treat sinus congestion
D) To lower blood pressure
Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of the drug atorvastatin in a patient with hyperlipidemia?
A) Pregnancy
B) Hypertension
C) Diabetes mellitus
D) Liver disease
Which of the following drugs can increase the risk of serotonin syndrome when used concurrently with SSRIs?
A) Tricyclic antidepressants
B) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
C) Benzodiazepines
D) Beta-blockers
Which of the following is an appropriate therapeutic use of the drug propranolol?
A) To treat tachycardia associated with hyperthyroidism
B) To treat asthma exacerbations
C) To treat hypertension associated with fluid retention
D) To treat pain associated with osteoarthritis
Which of the following drugs is most commonly used to treat hyperkalemia by promoting the excretion of potassium in the kidneys?
A) Furosemide
B) Spironolactone
C) Potassium chloride
D) Sodium polystyrene sulfonate
Which of the following is the primary mechanism of action of the drug warfarin in the treatment of thrombosis?
A) Inhibition of factor Xa
B) Inhibition of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors
C) Direct thrombin inhibition
D) Platelet aggregation inhibition
Which of the following drugs is used to treat Type 2 diabetes by increasing insulin sensitivity?
A) Metformin
B) Insulin glargine
C) Glimepiride
D) Sitagliptin
Which of the following medications is most likely to cause QT interval prolongation on an ECG?
A) Amiodarone
B) Metoprolol
C) Enalapril
D) Lisinopril
Which of the following medications is used as a first-line treatment for allergic rhinitis?
A) Loratadine
B) Diphenhydramine
C) Fluticasone
D) Pseudoephedrine
Which of the following drugs is a common treatment for opioid-induced hyperalgesia?
A) Naloxone
B) Methadone
C) Gabapentin
D) Ketamine
Which of the following is an appropriate use of the drug enoxaparin?
A) Treatment of acute myocardial infarction
B) Treatment of hypertension
C) Treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis
D) Prevention and treatment of deep vein thrombosis
Which of the following is a common adverse effect of the drug digoxin, used in the treatment of heart failure?
A) Tachycardia
B) Hyperkalemia
C) Nausea and vomiting
D) Hypotension
Which of the following drugs is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting tumor necrosis factor (TNF)?
A) Methotrexate
B) Adalimumab
C) Prednisone
D) Hydroxychloroquine
Which of the following is an appropriate indication for the use of the antiepileptic drug phenytoin?
A) Acute migraine prophylaxis
B) Treatment of generalized tonic-clonic seizures
C) Management of bipolar disorder
D) Treatment of acute anxiety
Which of the following drugs is a first-line treatment for the prevention of asthma attacks in children?
A) Albuterol
B) Fluticasone
C) Theophylline
D) Ipratropium
Which of the following drugs is a common treatment for Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis?
A) Prednisone
B) Methotrexate
C) Azathioprine
D) Mesalamine
Which of the following drugs is classified as a calcium channel blocker and is commonly used to treat hypertension and angina?
A) Amlodipine
B) Atenolol
C) Captopril
D) Lisinopril
Which of the following drugs is used to treat hyperthyroidism by inhibiting thyroid hormone synthesis?
A) Methimazole
B) Levothyroxine
C) Liothyronine
D) Propylthiouracil
Which of the following medications is used to treat acute gout attacks by inhibiting xanthine oxidase?
A) Allopurinol
B) Colchicine
C) Methotrexate
D) Hydroxychloroquine
Which of the following drugs is contraindicated in patients with a history of anaphylaxis to peanuts or soy products?
A) Epinephrine
B) Albuterol
C) Propofol
D) Diphenhydramine
Which of the following medications is used to treat insomnia by acting as a GABA agonist?
A) Diazepam
B) Zolpidem
C) Buspirone
D) Lorazepam
Which of the following drugs is commonly used to treat active tuberculosis?
A) Rifampin
B) Amoxicillin
C) Metronidazole
D) Ciprofloxacin
Which of the following is a common adverse effect of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine?
A) Sexual dysfunction
B) Weight gain
C) Increased appetite
D) Hypertension
Which of the following drugs is a prokinetic agent used to treat gastrointestinal motility disorders like gastroparesis?
A) Metoclopramide
B) Ondansetron
C) Dicyclomine
D) Famotidine
Which of the following drugs is commonly used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?
A) Vancomycin
B) Amoxicillin
C) Ciprofloxacin
D) Azithromycin
Which of the following medications is used to reverse the effects of benzodiazepine overdose?
A) Flumazenil
B) Naloxone
C) Atropine
D) Activated charcoal
Which of the following drugs is commonly used for the management of type 1 diabetes mellitus by providing exogenous insulin?
A) Insulin glargine
B) Metformin
C) Pioglitazone
D) Glipizide
Which of the following is a primary therapeutic use of the drug methotrexate in oncology?
A) Inhibition of tumor cell DNA replication
B) Blockage of estrogen receptors in breast cancer
C) Inhibition of growth factor receptors in non-small cell lung cancer
D) Inhibition of angiogenesis in metastatic cancer
Which of the following drugs is most commonly used for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease?
A) Levodopa
B) Fluoxetine
C) Gabapentin
D) Sertraline
Which of the following medications is most effective in treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by reducing inflammation?
A) Fluticasone
B) Salmeterol
C) Ipratropium
D) Theophylline
Which of the following is an adverse effect of long-term use of oral corticosteroids?
A) Osteoporosis
B) Hyperkalemia
C) Hyperglycemia
D) Hypotension
Which of the following drugs is used in the treatment of anaphylaxis by providing rapid bronchodilation and vasoconstriction?
A) Epinephrine
B) Albuterol
C) Diphenhydramine
D) Prednisone
Which of the following is a primary use for the drug omeprazole in clinical practice?
A) To treat peptic ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
B) To treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
C) To treat hypertension
D) To manage insulin resistance in Type 2 diabetes
Which of the following medications is used for the treatment of acute asthma exacerbations by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle?
A) Montelukast
B) Albuterol
C) Beclomethasone
D) Theophylline
Which of the following drugs is commonly used in the treatment of hypertension by inhibiting the enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)?
A) Losartan
B) Lisinopril
C) Amlodipine
D) Hydrochlorothiazide
Which of the following drugs is used to treat type 2 diabetes by increasing insulin secretion from the pancreas?
A) Metformin
B) Glimepiride
C) Exenatide
D) Sitagliptin
Which of the following drugs can cause a “cheese effect” when consumed with tyramine-rich foods, leading to hypertensive crisis?
A) Levothyroxine
B) Phenelzine
C) Metoclopramide
D) Propranolol
Which of the following medications is most effective in the management of bipolar disorder by stabilizing mood swings?
A) Lithium
B) Fluoxetine
C) Clonazepam
D) Risperidone
Which of the following medications is used to prevent and treat osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoclast-mediated bone resorption?
A) Alendronate
B) Methotrexate
C) Glucocorticoids
D) Dexamethasone
Which of the following drugs is commonly used to treat acute gout attacks by inhibiting microtubule polymerization?
A) Prednisone
B) Colchicine
C) Allopurinol
D) Probenecid
Which of the following medications is used for the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy?
A) Ondansetron
B) Metoclopramide
C) Diphenhydramine
D) Lorazepam
Which of the following is the primary action of the antihypertensive drug clonidine?
A) Peripheral vasodilation
B) Central alpha-2 adrenergic agonism
C) Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
D) Inhibition of calcium channels
Which of the following drugs is used for the treatment of alcohol dependence by inhibiting alcohol dehydrogenase?
A) Disulfiram
B) Naltrexone
C) Acamprosate
D) Baclofen
Which of the following is an appropriate use of the drug sildenafil?
A) To treat erectile dysfunction
B) To treat hypertension
C) To manage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
D) To treat anxiety disorders
Which of the following drugs is used to treat an acute migraine headache by acting as a 5-HT1 agonist?
A) Sumatriptan
B) Amitriptyline
C) Propranolol
D) Clonidine
Which of the following drugs is contraindicated for use in patients with asthma due to its potential to induce bronchospasm?
A) Metoprolol
B) Prazosin
C) Lisinopril
D) Propanolol
Which of the following medications is used for the treatment of a hyperlipidemia by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase?
A) Fenofibrate
B) Atorvastatin
C) Gemfibrozil
D) Ezetimibe
Which of the following drugs is commonly used to treat peptic ulcers by reducing gastric acid production through H2-receptor antagonism?
A) Famotidine
B) Esomeprazole
C) Omeprazole
D) Ranitidine
Which of the following is the most common adverse effect of the drug phenytoin?
A) Gingival hyperplasia
B) Liver toxicity
C) Hyperkalemia
D) Hyperglycemia
Which of the following drugs is used to treat severe infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
A) Ciprofloxacin
B) Vancomycin
C) Azithromycin
D) Cephalexin
Which of the following medications is used to manage type 1 diabetes mellitus by mimicking the body’s natural insulin secretion?
A) Insulin lispro
B) Metformin
C) Glipizide
D) Pioglitazone
Which of the following drugs is used to treat acute allergic reactions by antagonizing histamine at H1 receptors?
A) Diphenhydramine
B) Loratadine
C) Cetirizine
D) All of the above
Which of the following drugs is most appropriate for the management of an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
A) Albuterol
B) Beclomethasone
C) Ipratropium
D) Fluticasone
Which of the following medications is commonly prescribed for the management of hypertension in pregnant women?
A) Lisinopril
B) Methyldopa
C) Atenolol
D) Furosemide
Which of the following drugs is used for the treatment of opioid overdose by reversing the effects of opioid toxicity?
A) Naloxone
B) Naltrexone
C) Buprenorphine
D) Methadone
Which of the following drugs is commonly used to treat anxiety disorders by increasing serotonin and norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft?
A) Fluoxetine
B) Sertraline
C) Venlafaxine
D) Diazepam
Which of the following drugs is used to treat bacterial vaginosis caused by Gardnerella vaginalis?
A) Metronidazole
B) Clindamycin
C) Azithromycin
D) Doxycycline
Which of the following medications is used for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by increasing the levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain?
A) Methylphenidate
B) Guanfacine
C) Amphetamine
D) All of the above
Which of the following drugs is contraindicated in patients with a history of peptic ulcers due to its gastrointestinal bleeding risk?
A) Ibuprofen
B) Acetaminophen
C) Naproxen
D) All of the above
Which of the following drugs is used to treat the pain and inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes?
A) Methotrexate
B) Ibuprofen
C) Prednisone
D) Celecoxib
Which of the following drugs is most likely to cause drowsiness as a side effect due to its central sedative properties?
A) Diphenhydramine
B) Loratadine
C) Cetirizine
D) Fexofenadine
Which of the following drugs is primarily used for the management of hypothyroidism by replacing deficient thyroid hormone?
A) Liothyronine
B) Levothyroxine
C) Propylthiouracil
D) Methimazole
Which of the following medications is most effective in preventing the recurrence of myocardial infarction?
A) Aspirin
B) Clopidogrel
C) Warfarin
D) Heparin
Which of the following is a potential side effect of the drug prednisone when used for prolonged periods?
A) Weight loss
B) Hyperglycemia
C) Hypotension
D) Hair loss
Which of the following drugs is commonly prescribed for the treatment of hyperthyroidism by inhibiting thyroid hormone synthesis?
A) Methimazole
B) Levothyroxine
C) Radioactive iodine
D) Propylthiouracil
Which of the following drugs is used in the treatment of malaria by inhibiting the parasite’s ability to degrade hemoglobin?
A) Chloroquine
B) Mefloquine
C) Quinine
D) Atovaquone
Which of the following drugs is a selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) used in the treatment of major depressive disorder?
A) Sertraline
B) Venlafaxine
C) Paroxetine
D) Amitriptyline
Which of the following is the primary mechanism of action of the opioid antagonist naloxone?
A) Inhibition of opioid receptors
B) Inhibition of dopamine reuptake
C) Stimulation of serotonin receptors
D) Inhibition of cyclooxygenase
Which of the following drugs is primarily used for the prevention and treatment of iron-deficiency anemia?
A) Epoetin alfa
B) Ferrous sulfate
C) Cyanocobalamin
D) Folic acid
Which of the following classes of drugs is primarily used to manage asthma by relaxing bronchial smooth muscles?
A) Corticosteroids
B) Beta-2 agonists
C) Leukotriene inhibitors
D) Anticholinergics
Which of the following medications is used to treat an acute episode of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation by reducing inflammation in the airways?
A) Methylprednisolone
B) Ipratropium
C) Salmeterol
D) Tiotropium
Which of the following drugs is an example of a selective COX-2 inhibitor used to reduce pain and inflammation?
A) Acetaminophen
B) Ibuprofen
C) Celecoxib
D) Naproxen
Which of the following drugs is used to treat an overdose of anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin)?
A) Vitamin K
B) Heparin
C) Protamine sulfate
D) Plasminogen
Which of the following medications is most commonly used for the management of acute anxiety or panic attacks?
A) Lorazepam
B) Fluoxetine
C) Clonazepam
D) Buspirone
Which of the following drugs is used to treat seizures by enhancing the effects of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)?
A) Phenytoin
B) Valproic acid
C) Gabapentin
D) Lamotrigine
Which of the following medications is used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease to increase dopamine availability in the brain?
A) Levodopa
B) Selegiline
C) Bromocriptine
D) Pramipexole
Which of the following drugs is commonly used to treat tuberculosis by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis?
A) Rifampin
B) Isoniazid
C) Amikacin
D) Streptomycin
Which of the following drugs is used to manage the symptoms of acute gout attacks by inhibiting the migration of leukocytes to inflamed areas?
A) Colchicine
B) Allopurinol
C) Prednisone
D) Ibuprofen
Which of the following drugs is used to prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) by inhibiting factor Xa?
A) Heparin
B) Dabigatran
C) Warfarin
D) Rivaroxaban
Which of the following drugs is used to treat viral infections, including herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus?
A) Oseltamivir
B) Acyclovir
C) Ribavirin
D) Amantadine
Which of the following drugs is commonly used to treat bipolar disorder by stabilizing mood swings and preventing manic episodes?
A) Lithium
B) Valproate
C) Lamotrigine
D) Risperidone
Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of the drug digoxin in the management of heart failure?
A) Hypokalemia
B) Hyperkalemia
C) Visual disturbances
D) Weight gain
Which of the following drugs is used to treat peptic ulcers by inhibiting gastric acid secretion via H+/K+ ATPase inhibition?
A) Ranitidine
B) Omeprazole
C) Misoprostol
D) Sucralfate
Which of the following medications is commonly prescribed for the treatment of schizophrenia by blocking dopamine receptors?
A) Clozapine
B) Haloperidol
C) Risperidone
D) Olanzapine
Which of the following drugs is used in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by reducing mucus production and bronchoconstriction?
A) Fluticasone
B) Tiotropium
C) Ipratropium
D) Theophylline
Which of the following drugs is most likely to cause hyperkalemia as an adverse effect?
A) Furosemide
B) Spironolactone
C) Hydrochlorothiazide
D) Chlorthalidone
Which of the following drugs is used to treat tuberculosis by inhibiting bacterial RNA synthesis?
A) Isoniazid
B) Rifampin
C) Pyrazinamide
D) Ethambutol
Which of the following drugs is used in the management of osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoclast activity?
A) Bisphosphonates
B) Denosumab
C) Teriparatide
D) Calcitonin
Which of the following is the primary pharmacologic mechanism of action of beta-blockers?
A) Inhibition of calcium influx into cells
B) Blockade of adrenergic beta receptors
C) Vasodilation through nitric oxide release
D) Inhibition of sodium-potassium ATPase
Which of the following drugs is used to treat anxiety disorders by increasing the levels of serotonin in the brain?
A) Sertraline
B) Buspirone
C) Lorazepam
D) Clonazepam
Which of the following medications is commonly prescribed for the management of hyperlipidemia by inhibiting cholesterol absorption in the small intestine?
A) Ezetimibe
B) Simvastatin
C) Fenofibrate
D) Atorvastatin
Which of the following drugs is used to treat opioid addiction by acting as a partial agonist at opioid receptors?
A) Methadone
B) Buprenorphine
C) Naloxone
D) Naltrexone
Which of the following is a common side effect of the drug amlodipine, a calcium channel blocker used for hypertension?
A) Peripheral edema
B) Constipation
C) Bradycardia
D) Diarrhea
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of the drug warfarin in preventing thromboembolic events?
A) Inhibition of vitamin K epoxide reductase
B) Inhibition of platelet aggregation
C) Direct inhibition of factor Xa
D) Inhibition of thrombin
Which of the following is the primary action of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in the treatment of hypertension?
A) Vasoconstriction
B) Inhibition of aldosterone secretion
C) Inhibition of renin release
D) Vasodilation through inhibition of angiotensin II formation
Which of the following is the most common side effect of statins, used to manage hypercholesterolemia?
A) Myopathy
B) Hypertension
C) Constipation
D) Diarrhea
Which of the following drugs is primarily used to treat fungal infections by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis?
A) Fluconazole
B) Griseofulvin
C) Amphotericin B
D) Clindamycin
Which of the following is a potential complication associated with the use of glucocorticoids for prolonged periods?
A) Hyperkalemia
B) Osteoporosis
C) Hypoglycemia
D) Hypertension
Which of the following drugs is used to reverse the effects of heparin overdose?
A) Vitamin K
B) Protamine sulfate
C) Dabigatran
D) Tranexamic acid
Which of the following medications is used as a first-line treatment for hypertension in pregnant women?
A) Lisinopril
B) Methyldopa
C) Amlodipine
D) Losartan
Which of the following drugs is used in the treatment of acute gout by inhibiting the production of uric acid?
A) Allopurinol
B) Colchicine
C) Prednisone
D) Probenecid
Which of the following classes of drugs is primarily used to manage asthma by inhibiting the effects of leukotrienes?
A) Beta-2 agonists
B) Leukotriene modifiers
C) Anticholinergics
D) Mast cell stabilizers
Which of the following drugs is used to manage anaphylaxis by rapidly reversing the effects of histamine?
A) Diphenhydramine
B) Epinephrine
C) Hydrocortisone
D) Loratadine
Which of the following drugs is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) used in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
A) Ranitidine
B) Omeprazole
C) Misoprostol
D) Famotidine
Which of the following medications is used to manage Type 2 diabetes by increasing insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues?
A) Metformin
B) Glipizide
C) Pioglitazone
D) Liraglutide
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of the drug acetaminophen in relieving pain?
A) Inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)
B) Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in the CNS
C) Blockade of opioid receptors
D) Inhibition of serotonin reuptake
Which of the following drugs is used to treat hypertension by directly dilating blood vessels and reducing systemic vascular resistance?
A) Losartan
B) Hydralazine
C) Amlodipine
D) Lisinopril
Which of the following drugs is used to treat severe hyperkalemia by shifting potassium into cells?
A) Sodium bicarbonate
B) Calcium gluconate
C) Insulin with glucose
D) Furosemide
Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of thiazide diuretics?
A) Hypercalcemia
B) Hyperkalemia
C) Renal failure
D) Hyperglycemia
Which of the following drugs is used to treat erectile dysfunction by inhibiting the enzyme phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5)?
A) Sildenafil
B) Tadalafil
C) Vardenafil
D) All of the above
Which of the following medications is used to treat hyperthyroidism by inhibiting the conversion of T4 to T3 in peripheral tissues?
A) Methimazole
B) Propylthiouracil
C) Levothyroxine
D) Radioactive iodine
Which of the following is a common side effect of antipsychotic medications, particularly first-generation drugs?
A) Tardive dyskinesia
B) Hypotension
C) Sedation
D) Constipation
Which of the following is the most common side effect of corticosteroids used for asthma management?
A) Osteoporosis
B) Weight loss
C) Tachycardia
D) Oral thrush
Which of the following drugs is used to reduce the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation by inhibiting factor Xa?
A) Dabigatran
B) Warfarin
C) Apixaban
D) Rivaroxaban
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of the drug warfarin in preventing blood clot formation?
A) Direct inhibition of thrombin
B) Inhibition of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors
C) Inhibition of factor Xa
D) Inhibition of platelet aggregation
Which of the following drugs is used in the treatment of opioid overdose to reverse respiratory depression?
A) Naloxone
B) Naltrexone
C) Methadone
D) Buprenorphine
Which of the following drugs is used to treat Alzheimer’s disease by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase to increase acetylcholine levels in the brain?
A) Donepezil
B) Memantine
C) Rivastigmine
D) Galantamine
Which of the following is the primary side effect of the drug amiodarone in the management of arrhythmias?
A) Pulmonary toxicity
B) Liver toxicity
C) Hyperkalemia
D) Sedation
Which of the following drugs is commonly used to treat hypertension in patients with heart failure by blocking the effects of aldosterone?
A) Losartan
B) Spironolactone
C) Lisinopril
D) Amlodipine
Which of the following drugs is used to treat peptic ulcers by coating the ulcer site and protecting it from stomach acid?
A) Omeprazole
B) Sucralfate
C) Ranitidine
D) Misoprostol
Which of the following medications is commonly prescribed to treat chronic pain due to neuropathy by stabilizing hyperactive nerves?
A) Gabapentin
B) Acetaminophen
C) Diclofenac
D) Tramadol
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of the drug sildenafil in treating erectile dysfunction?
A) Inhibition of PDE5
B) Vasoconstriction of arteries
C) Increase in nitric oxide production
D) Blockade of serotonin receptors
Which of the following drugs is used to manage acute migraine attacks by constricting cranial blood vessels?
A) Sumatriptan
B) Ibuprofen
C) Acetaminophen
D) Naproxen
Which of the following drugs is used to treat hypertension and heart failure by blocking the effects of angiotensin II?
A) Enalapril
B) Lisinopril
C) Valsartan
D) Losartan
Which of the following is the primary effect of beta-blockers in the treatment of hypertension?
A) Increase in heart rate
B) Vasodilation
C) Decrease in heart rate and contractility
D) Decrease in blood volume
Which of the following medications is used as a first-line treatment for Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
A) Insulin
B) Metformin
C) Glipizide
D) Pioglitazone
Which of the following drugs is used to manage hyperthyroidism by inhibiting thyroid peroxidase, preventing the synthesis of thyroid hormones?
A) Methimazole
B) Levothyroxine
C) Propylthiouracil
D) Iodine-131
Which of the following is a potential side effect of prolonged use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)?
A) Peptic ulcers
B) Osteoporosis
C) Hypertension
D) Hyperkalemia
Which of the following drugs is most effective in treating acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by providing bronchodilation?
A) Albuterol
B) Fluticasone
C) Theophylline
D) Ipratropium
Which of the following medications is used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease by increasing dopamine levels in the brain?
A) Levodopa
B) Memantine
C) Donepezil
D) Selegiline
Which of the following drugs is a commonly used selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) for the treatment of depression?
A) Sertraline
B) Mirtazapine
C) Duloxetine
D) Bupropion
Which of the following is the main action of calcium channel blockers in the treatment of hypertension?
A) Decrease cardiac output
B) Increase vasodilation
C) Inhibit aldosterone production
D) Increase heart rate
Which of the following drugs is used in the treatment of opioid overdose to reverse respiratory depression?
A) Naloxone
B) Methadone
C) Buprenorphine
D) Naltrexone
Which of the following is the most common adverse effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?
A) Gastrointestinal bleeding
B) Hypertension
C) Hyperglycemia
D) Weight gain
Which of the following drugs is a commonly used antiepileptic medication for the management of generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
A) Phenytoin
B) Lamotrigine
C) Levetiracetam
D) Valproic acid
Which of the following medications is used to treat anxiety disorders by increasing the levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)?
A) Diazepam
B) Buspirone
C) Clonidine
D) Propranolol
Which of the following is the most common side effect of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)?
A) Hyperkalemia
B) Angioedema
C) Hypotension
D) Cough
Which of the following drugs is used to treat chronic constipation by increasing peristalsis?
A) Docusate sodium
B) Bisacodyl
C) Loperamide
D) Metoclopramide
Which of the following drugs is used in the management of acute migraine attacks by constricting cranial blood vessels and inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators?
A) Sumatriptan
B) Ibuprofen
C) Dexamethasone
D) Acetaminophen
Which of the following medications is used to treat bipolar disorder by stabilizing mood and preventing manic episodes?
A) Lithium
B) Carbamazepine
C) Lamotrigine
D) Valproate
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of warfarin in preventing blood clot formation?
A) Inhibition of thrombin
B) Inhibition of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors
C) Inhibition of platelet aggregation
D) Inhibition of factor Xa
Which of the following drugs is commonly used to prevent organ rejection in transplant recipients by inhibiting T-cell activation?
A) Tacrolimus
B) Mycophenolate mofetil
C) Azathioprine
D) Prednisone
Which of the following is a potential side effect of corticosteroid use in the management of asthma?
A) Osteoporosis
B) Hypotension
C) Tachycardia
D) Weight loss
Which of the following drugs is used to treat bacterial infections by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis?
A) Amoxicillin
B) Azithromycin
C) Ciprofloxacin
D) Clindamycin
Which of the following drugs is commonly prescribed to reduce blood cholesterol levels by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase?
A) Atorvastatin
B) Simvastatin
C) Rosuvastatin
D) All of the above
Which of the following medications is used to prevent the recurrence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) by inhibiting factor Xa?
A) Warfarin
B) Rivaroxaban
C) Heparin
D) Dabigatran
Which of the following is the primary action of levothyroxine in the treatment of hypothyroidism?
A) Increases thyroid hormone production
B) Replaces deficient thyroid hormones
C) Inhibits the conversion of T4 to T3
D) Stimulates the pituitary gland to release TSH
Which of the following drugs is used to manage pain by binding to opioid receptors in the central nervous system?
A) Morphine
B) Acetaminophen
C) Ibuprofen
D) Gabapentin
Which of the following drugs is used in the treatment of tuberculosis by inhibiting mycobacterial cell wall synthesis?
A) Rifampin
B) Isoniazid
C) Ethambutol
D) Pyrazinamide
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of digoxin in the management of heart failure?
A) Inhibition of angiotensin II
B) Inhibition of sodium-potassium ATPase pump
C) Blocking of beta-adrenergic receptors
D) Inhibition of calcium channels
Which of the following drugs is used to treat acute exacerbations of multiple sclerosis by suppressing immune system activity?
A) Prednisone
B) Interferon-beta
C) Mitoxantrone
D) Baclofen
Which of the following drugs is used to treat moderate to severe hypertension by acting as a centrally acting alpha-2 agonist?
A) Clonidine
B) Prazosin
C) Amlodipine
D) Losartan
Which of the following medications is used to treat allergic rhinitis by inhibiting the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators?
A) Diphenhydramine
B) Loratadine
C) Fluticasone
D) Montelukast
Which of the following drugs is used in the treatment of anxiety disorders by enhancing serotonin activity in the brain?
A) Fluoxetine
B) Clonazepam
C) Amitriptyline
D) Sertraline
Which of the following drugs is used to reduce the severity of an acute asthma attack by acting as a short-acting beta-agonist?
A) Albuterol
B) Fluticasone
C) Montelukast
D) Salmeterol
Which of the following drugs can cause the “red man syndrome” when administered too rapidly via IV infusion?
A) Vancomycin
B) Rifampin
C) Ceftriaxone
D) Amoxicillin
Which of the following is the most common side effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?
A) Drowsiness
B) Weight gain
C) Sexual dysfunction
D) Dry mouth
Which of the following medications is commonly used in the treatment of acute gout attacks by inhibiting the inflammatory response to uric acid crystals?
A) Colchicine
B) Allopurinol
C) Prednisone
D) Ibuprofen
Which of the following classes of drugs is most commonly used to manage hyperlipidemia by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase?
A) Statins
B) Fibrates
C) Bile acid sequestrants
D) Niacin
Which of the following medications is commonly used in the management of chronic pain associated with nerve injury, such as diabetic neuropathy?
A) Gabapentin
B) Acetaminophen
C) Morphine
D) Naproxen
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of clopidogrel in preventing cardiovascular events?
A) Inhibition of platelet aggregation
B) Inhibition of thrombin
C) Inhibition of cyclooxygenase
D) Inhibition of factor Xa
Which of the following drugs is commonly used as a first-line treatment for depression by increasing the levels of serotonin in the brain?
A) Sertraline
B) Bupropion
C) Amitriptyline
D) Fluoxetine
Which of the following is a common side effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors?
A) Persistent cough
B) Hyperkalemia
C) Weight loss
D) Hypoglycemia
Which of the following medications is used to treat an acute myocardial infarction (MI) by inhibiting platelet aggregation and preventing further clot formation?
A) Aspirin
B) Lisinopril
C) Diltiazem
D) Furosemide
Which of the following drugs is commonly used for the treatment of epilepsy by inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels in neurons?
A) Phenytoin
B) Diazepam
C) Lamotrigine
D) Gabapentin
Which of the following drugs is used to treat Helicobacter pylori infection by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis?
A) Amoxicillin
B) Ciprofloxacin
C) Metronidazole
D) Tetracycline
Which of the following drugs is used to treat the symptoms of allergic rhinitis by blocking histamine receptors?
A) Cetirizine
B) Diphenhydramine
C) Loratadine
D) All of the above
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of metformin in managing Type 2 diabetes?
A) Increases insulin sensitivity
B) Increases insulin production
C) Inhibits glucose absorption
D) Reduces glucagon secretion
Which of the following drugs is a commonly used treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by reducing inflammation and bronchoconstriction?
A) Fluticasone
B) Albuterol
C) Ipratropium
D) Montelukast
Which of the following medications is used in the treatment of hypertension by inhibiting the action of aldosterone, thus reducing sodium and water retention?
A) Spironolactone
B) Lisinopril
C) Amlodipine
D) Hydralazine
Which of the following drugs is used to treat opioid addiction by acting as a partial agonist at the mu-opioid receptor?
A) Methadone
B) Buprenorphine
C) Naloxone
D) Naltrexone
Which of the following is a common side effect of oral corticosteroid therapy?
A) Hyperglycemia
B) Hypokalemia
C) Constipation
D) Jaundice
Which of the following medications is used to treat fungal infections by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane?
A) Fluconazole
B) Griseofulvin
C) Terbinafine
D) Clotrimazole
Which of the following drugs is used in the management of rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting tumor necrosis factor (TNF)?
A) Methotrexate
B) Etanercept
C) Prednisone
D) Hydroxychloroquine
Which of the following medications is used to treat bacterial infections by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis?
A) Tetracycline
B) Ciprofloxacin
C) Rifampin
D) Penicillin
Which of the following drugs is used to manage anxiety by enhancing the effects of GABA at the GABA-A receptor?
A) Lorazepam
B) Buspirone
C) Clonazepam
D) Both A and C
Which of the following drugs is commonly used in the treatment of schizophrenia by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain?
A) Clozapine
B) Lithium
C) Olanzapine
D) Quetiapine
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of lisinopril in the management of hypertension?
A) Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
B) Inhibition of calcium channels
C) Blocking of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors
D) Inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system
Which of the following is a major adverse effect of high-dose corticosteroid therapy in the management of asthma?
A) Cataracts
B) Diarrhea
C) Elevated potassium levels
D) Weight loss
Which of the following drugs is commonly used to treat rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase and decreasing purine synthesis?
A) Methotrexate
B) Hydroxychloroquine
C) Sulfasalazine
D) Azathioprine
Which of the following drugs is used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus by inhibiting the reabsorption of glucose in the renal tubules?
A) Canagliflozin
B) Metformin
C) Insulin glargine
D) Liraglutide
Which of the following drugs is used to treat the symptoms of menopause by supplementing estrogen levels?
A) Conjugated estrogen
B) Progesterone
C) Testosterone
D) GnRH analogs
Which of the following is the primary mechanism of action of acetaminophen in relieving pain?
A) Inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) in the brain
B) Inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) in peripheral tissues
C) Inhibition of substance P release
D) Blockade of serotonin receptors
Which of the following medications is used for the treatment of acute bacterial infections by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase?
A) Ciprofloxacin
B) Amoxicillin
C) Cephalexin
D) Azithromycin