Cardiopulmonary Physiology and Monitoring Practice Quiz
Which of the following is the primary function of the respiratory system?
A) Regulate body temperature
B) Provide oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide
C) Regulate blood pressure
D) Produce red blood cells
The process of gas exchange in the lungs occurs in which of the following structures?
A) Alveoli
B) Bronchi
C) Trachea
D) Larynx
What is the main function of hemoglobin in the blood?
A) To carry nutrients
B) To transport oxygen
C) To carry white blood cells
D) To carry carbon dioxide only
Which of the following is responsible for the regulation of breathing in response to CO2 levels in the blood?
A) Medulla oblongata
B) Pons
C) Cerebellum
D) Hypothalamus
Which of the following factors does NOT directly influence pulmonary ventilation?
A) Lung compliance
B) Airway resistance
C) Blood pressure
D) Surface tension
The “shunt” in ventilation refers to:
A) Airflow in the lungs that does not reach alveoli for gas exchange
B) The process of gas exchange in alveoli
C) Blood flow in capillaries not participating in gas exchange
D) A measurement of pulmonary compliance
What is the effect of increased airway resistance on ventilation?
A) It increases tidal volume
B) It decreases inspiratory effort
C) It increases ventilation efficiency
D) It increases the work of breathing
The total volume of air the lungs can hold is called:
A) Tidal volume
B) Residual volume
C) Vital capacity
D) Total lung capacity
Which of the following best describes cardiac output?
A) The amount of blood in the heart at any given time
B) The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute
C) The volume of blood returned to the heart
D) The pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel walls
What primarily controls the rate and depth of breathing under normal conditions?
A) Pons
B) Medulla oblongata
C) Cerebral cortex
D) Vagus nerve
Which of the following would likely result in an increase in cardiac output?
A) Decreased heart rate
B) Decreased stroke volume
C) Increased blood volume
D) Increased vascular resistance
The Frank-Starling law of the heart states that:
A) The heart pumps more blood if the body needs more oxygen
B) The heart will pump a greater volume of blood when the heart muscle is stretched
C) Increased blood pressure leads to a decreased stroke volume
D) Increased heart rate leads to decreased stroke volume
Which part of the circulatory system has the greatest resistance to blood flow?
A) Veins
B) Capillaries
C) Arteries
D) Arterioles
The primary function of the circulatory system is to:
A) Regulate body temperature
B) Transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste products
C) Regulate the immune response
D) Control digestion
Which of the following is most responsible for the “lub-dub” heart sounds?
A) Blood flow through the heart
B) Contraction of the atria
C) Closure of heart valves
D) Opening of heart valves
The process of oxygen and carbon dioxide being exchanged between the blood and body tissues is known as:
A) Pulmonary ventilation
B) External respiration
C) Internal respiration
D) Gas diffusion
The primary function of the respiratory muscles is to:
A) Facilitate the flow of air into and out of the lungs
B) Carry oxygen to the tissues
C) Exchange gases in the alveoli
D) Regulate the pH of blood
The chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies respond to:
A) Blood pressure
B) Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels
C) Blood glucose levels
D) Hormonal changes
The normal range for blood pressure in adults is:
A) 90/60 mmHg to 120/80 mmHg
B) 120/80 mmHg to 140/90 mmHg
C) 100/70 mmHg to 130/90 mmHg
D) 130/90 mmHg to 160/100 mmHg
What is the role of surfactant in the lungs?
A) To help oxygen bind to hemoglobin
B) To reduce surface tension in the alveoli
C) To facilitate the exchange of gases
D) To protect the lungs from infections
The atrioventricular (AV) node is primarily responsible for:
A) Generating the action potential for heart contraction
B) The contraction of the atria
C) Delaying the action potential to allow ventricles to fill
D) Conducting electrical signals to the lungs
Which of the following best describes the role of the pulmonary arteries?
A) Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
B) Carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
C) Deliver oxygen to body tissues
D) Return deoxygenated blood to the heart
Which of the following factors has the most significant effect on oxygen delivery to tissues?
A) Hemoglobin concentration
B) The volume of blood
C) Respiratory rate
D) The partial pressure of oxygen
What is the purpose of cardiac monitoring?
A) To measure the strength of the heart’s electrical signals
B) To assess the heart’s rate, rhythm, and function
C) To assess blood pressure
D) To detect airflow obstructions
The process by which blood flow is redirected from one region of the body to another is called:
A) Cardiac output regulation
B) Vascular tone
C) Shunting
D) Vasodilation
The primary reason for increased respiratory rate during exercise is:
A) Increased oxygen demand by tissues
B) Decreased heart rate
C) Increased carbon dioxide production
D) Decreased oxygen demand by tissues
Which of the following best describes a physiological “baroreceptor” reflex?
A) A response to regulate blood pressure
B) A response to adjust heart rate
C) A reflex controlling lung compliance
D) A reflex to adjust blood oxygen levels
Which of the following is the most common method for monitoring heart rate?
A) Pulse oximetry
B) Electrocardiogram (ECG)
C) Blood pressure cuff
D) Spirometry
The blood vessels that are responsible for nutrient and gas exchange between blood and tissues are:
A) Arteries
B) Capillaries
C) Veins
D) Venules
Which of the following is the most accurate reflection of a person’s ventilatory function?
A) Pulse oximeter
B) Forced expiratory volume (FEV)
C) Blood pressure
D) Electrocardiogram (ECG)
The primary function of the left ventricle is to:
A) Pump oxygenated blood to the lungs
B) Pump deoxygenated blood to the body
C) Pump oxygenated blood to the body
D) Pump deoxygenated blood to the heart
The primary component of the pulmonary ventilation mechanism is:
A) Inhalation and exhalation
B) Gas exchange in alveoli
C) Regulation of the blood-brain barrier
D) Movement of oxygen through the blood
What is the most likely consequence of a decrease in lung compliance?
A) Increased ease of breathing
B) Decreased work of breathing
C) Increased work of breathing
D) Improved gas exchange
What is the role of the pulmonary veins?
A) Carry deoxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
B) Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
C) Carry oxygenated blood to the lungs
D) Carry deoxygenated blood to the body
The partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood is typically:
A) 40 mmHg
B) 60 mmHg
C) 80–100 mmHg
D) 120 mmHg
The cardiovascular response to increased physical activity includes:
A) A decrease in heart rate
B) A decrease in stroke volume
C) An increase in cardiac output
D) A decrease in blood flow to muscles
In the cardiovascular system, preload refers to:
A) The amount of blood returned to the heart
B) The force of contraction of the heart muscle
C) The pressure in the arteries
D) The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute
What is the function of the tricuspid valve?
A) Prevents backflow of blood into the right atrium
B) Prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle
C) Allows oxygenated blood to flow from the lungs to the heart
D) Allows deoxygenated blood to flow from the heart to the lungs
The ability of blood vessels to expand and contract in response to changes in blood pressure is called:
A) Vascular tone
B) Blood flow
C) Viscosity
D) Perfusion
Which of the following directly affects the viscosity of blood?
A) The heart rate
B) The oxygen content of the blood
C) The amount of red blood cells in the blood
D) The size of the blood vessels
The primary role of the right ventricle is to:
A) Pump oxygenated blood to the body
B) Pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs
C) Pump oxygenated blood to the lungs
D) Pump deoxygenated blood to the heart
What is the purpose of the QRS complex on an electrocardiogram (ECG)?
A) Atrial depolarization
B) Ventricular depolarization
C) Atrial repolarization
D) Ventricular repolarization
In which part of the circulatory system is blood flow velocity the lowest?
A) Arteries
B) Capillaries
C) Veins
D) Arterioles
The major buffer system in the blood is:
A) Bicarbonate buffer system
B) Hemoglobin buffer system
C) Phosphate buffer system
D) Protein buffer system
What is the effect of the vagus nerve on heart rate?
A) Increases heart rate
B) Decreases heart rate
C) Has no effect
D) Increases contractility
What does the “dicrotic notch” on an arterial pressure waveform represent?
A) The point of ventricular systole
B) The closure of the aortic valve
C) The opening of the mitral valve
D) The filling of the left atrium
What is the primary source of energy for cardiac muscle contraction?
A) Fatty acids
B) Glucose
C) Lactic acid
D) Oxygen
The “afterload” in cardiac function refers to:
A) The force the heart must overcome to eject blood
B) The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
C) The ability of the heart to fill during diastole
D) The contraction strength of the heart
The primary method by which oxygen is transported in the blood is:
A) Dissolved in plasma
B) Bound to hemoglobin
C) Combined with carbon dioxide
D) As bicarbonate ions
What does the term “ejection fraction” refer to in cardiology?
A) The percentage of blood in the ventricles ejected with each contraction
B) The amount of blood in the left atrium
C) The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle during diastole
D) The percentage of blood in the atria during systole
The primary factor determining systemic vascular resistance is:
A) Blood volume
B) Heart rate
C) Blood vessel diameter
D) Blood pressure
What is the primary purpose of pulmonary circulation?
A) To deliver oxygenated blood to the body
B) To remove carbon dioxide from the blood
C) To supply oxygen to the heart
D) To regulate blood pressure
Which of the following is a characteristic of the sinoatrial (SA) node?
A) It is the primary pacemaker of the heart
B) It is located in the left atrium
C) It generates electrical impulses for atrial contraction only
D) It slows the heart rate
The concept of “alveolar ventilation” refers to:
A) The volume of air entering the alveoli for gas exchange
B) The movement of air into and out of the lungs
C) The regulation of the amount of oxygen transported in the blood
D) The production of surfactant in the alveoli
Blood pressure is primarily determined by:
A) The stroke volume and heart rate
B) The amount of blood in the veins
C) The resistance in the venules
D) The amount of oxygen in the blood
The baroreceptor reflex helps regulate:
A) Heart rate and blood pressure
B) Respiratory rate and tidal volume
C) Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood
D) The pH of the blood
A decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) will:
A) Increase respiratory rate
B) Decrease heart rate
C) Increase stroke volume
D) Decrease cardiac output
What is the “circulatory shock” condition characterized by?
A) Increased blood pressure and heart rate
B) Inadequate blood flow to tissues and organs
C) Increased oxygen delivery to tissues
D) Increased fluid retention by kidneys
The driving force for blood flow through the cardiovascular system is:
A) The blood viscosity
B) The pressure difference between arteries and veins
C) The rate of heart contraction
D) The size of the capillaries
The term “stroke volume” refers to:
A) The total volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute
B) The volume of blood ejected by the heart with each beat
C) The volume of blood present in the atria
D) The volume of blood returned to the heart
Which of the following factors is most responsible for the vasoconstriction of blood vessels?
A) Increased oxygen levels in blood
B) Increased carbon dioxide levels in blood
C) Increased sympathetic nervous activity
D) Decreased blood pressure
In what part of the respiratory system does most gas exchange occur?
A) Bronchioles
B) Alveoli
C) Trachea
D) Larynx
The primary function of the pericardium is:
A) To supply oxygen to the heart
B) To prevent excessive expansion of the heart
C) To pump blood to the body
D) To stimulate heart contractions
The amount of blood pumped by the heart in one beat is known as:
A) Cardiac output
B) Stroke volume
C) Blood volume
D) Ejection fraction
The condition known as “hypoxia” refers to:
A) An abnormally low oxygen level in the blood
B) An abnormally high carbon dioxide level in the blood
C) A condition where there is too much oxygen in the blood
D) An increased heart rate due to lack of oxygen
Which of the following can cause a decrease in lung compliance?
A) Increased chest wall flexibility
B) Pulmonary edema
C) Increased lung elasticity
D) Decreased surfactant production
The term “central venous pressure” (CVP) is the pressure in which part of the circulatory system?
A) Right atrium
B) Left atrium
C) Pulmonary arteries
D) Aorta
A significant increase in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) can lead to:
A) Decreased blood pressure
B) Increased cardiac output
C) Increased afterload
D) Decreased heart rate
What type of blood vessel is primarily responsible for nutrient and gas exchange?
A) Arteries
B) Veins
C) Capillaries
D) Arterioles
The structure of the heart that prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium is the:
A) Tricuspid valve
B) Pulmonary valve
C) Aortic valve
D) Mitral valve
The main factor influencing the rate of diffusion of gases across the alveolar membrane is:
A) The size of the alveoli
B) The surface area of the alveolar-capillary membrane
C) The heart rate
D) The size of the capillaries
The heart’s ability to adjust its rate and force of contraction to accommodate changes in blood volume is known as:
A) Cardiac reserve
B) Preload
C) Afterload
D) Frank-Starling mechanism
Which of the following is a function of the lymphatic system?
A) Oxygen transport to tissues
B) Filtering and removing toxins from the blood
C) Regulation of body temperature
D) Maintaining blood glucose levels
The primary determinant of oxygen delivery to tissues is:
A) Cardiac output
B) Blood pH
C) Blood pressure
D) Hemoglobin concentration
Which of the following is NOT a direct function of the kidneys in cardiovascular regulation?
A) Regulating blood volume
B) Regulating blood pressure
C) Regulating blood oxygen content
D) Regulating electrolyte balance
The “Q” in the QRS complex of an ECG refers to:
A) The initiation of the action potential in the atria
B) The depolarization of the atria
C) The depolarization of the ventricles
D) The repolarization of the ventricles
The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body via:
A) Pulmonary veins
B) Pulmonary arteries
C) Superior and inferior vena cava
D) Coronary sinus
The major factor that determines the vascular tone is:
A) Blood viscosity
B) The size of the blood vessels
C) The sympathetic nervous system
D) Blood pressure
The “S2” heart sound corresponds to:
A) The closing of the mitral and tricuspid valves
B) The closing of the aortic and pulmonary valves
C) The contraction of the atria
D) The contraction of the ventricles
What is the most accurate method to monitor the oxygen saturation of blood?
A) Electrocardiogram (ECG)
B) Pulse oximeter
C) Arterial blood gas (ABG)
D) Echocardiogram
Which of the following best describes the “T wave” on an electrocardiogram (ECG)?
A) Ventricular depolarization
B) Atrial depolarization
C) Ventricular repolarization
D) Atrial repolarization
The physiological mechanism that compensates for low blood pressure by increasing heart rate is:
A) The chemoreceptor reflex
B) The baroreceptor reflex
C) The Frank-Starling law
D) The vagal reflex
The pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) is used to estimate:
A) Left atrial pressure
B) Right atrial pressure
C) Pulmonary artery pressure
D) Systolic blood pressure
The majority of carbon dioxide in the blood is transported in the form of:
A) Bound to hemoglobin
B) Dissolved in plasma
C) As bicarbonate ions
D) As carbamino compounds
A decrease in blood pH (acidosis) will most likely cause:
A) A decrease in respiratory rate
B) An increase in respiratory rate
C) A decrease in heart rate
D) A decrease in blood pressure
The term “systolic pressure” refers to:
A) The pressure in the arteries when the heart is relaxed
B) The pressure in the arteries during ventricular contraction
C) The pressure in the veins
D) The pressure in the capillaries during gas exchange
The normal range for respiratory rate in a healthy adult at rest is:
A) 8–12 breaths per minute
B) 12–20 breaths per minute
C) 20–30 breaths per minute
D) 30–40 breaths per minute
What is the primary purpose of the intercalated discs in cardiac muscle tissue?
A) To allow electrical impulses to pass quickly between cardiac cells
B) To contract and relax the heart
C) To store calcium ions
D) To supply oxygen to the heart muscle
Which of the following best describes the “diastolic phase” of the cardiac cycle?
A) The phase during which the heart contracts
B) The phase during which the heart relaxes and fills with blood
C) The phase during which blood is pumped out of the ventricles
D) The phase when the atria contract
Which of the following is the most effective way to monitor long-term cardiovascular health?
A) Echocardiogram
B) Electrocardiogram (ECG)
C) Blood pressure monitoring
D) Pulse oximetry
What does the term “cardiac output” refer to?
A) The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute
B) The volume of blood pumped by the heart per beat
C) The pressure generated by the left ventricle
D) The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
The main function of the diaphragm in breathing is:
A) To regulate the amount of air exhaled
B) To increase the volume of the thoracic cavity during inspiration
C) To transport oxygen to the lungs
D) To pump blood to the heart
Which of the following is the primary stimulus for the regulation of breathing?
A) Low oxygen levels in the blood
B) High carbon dioxide levels in the blood
C) Low nitrogen levels in the blood
D) High oxygen levels in the blood
In the pulmonary circulation, oxygenated blood is carried from the lungs to the heart by the:
A) Pulmonary arteries
B) Pulmonary veins
C) Superior vena cava
D) Aorta
The atrioventricular (AV) node:
A) Conducts the electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles
B) Is located in the left ventricle
C) Initiates the contraction of the ventricles
D) Is responsible for the “P wave” on the ECG
The main site of gas exchange in the lungs occurs in the:
A) Alveolar ducts
B) Alveoli
C) Bronchioles
D) Trachea
Which of the following factors primarily determines the rate of diffusion of gases across the alveolar membrane?
A) Temperature of the body
B) Thickness of the alveolar-capillary membrane
C) Blood volume
D) Heart rate
The function of surfactant in the lungs is to:
A) Increase the surface area for gas exchange
B) Reduce the surface tension in the alveoli
C) Stimulate the contraction of the diaphragm
D) Increase oxygen uptake
The “T wave” on an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents:
A) Atrial depolarization
B) Ventricular depolarization
C) Ventricular repolarization
D) Atrial repolarization
What is the effect of acetylcholine on the heart?
A) It increases heart rate
B) It decreases heart rate
C) It increases blood pressure
D) It causes vasodilation
Which of the following increases the afterload on the heart?
A) Increased heart rate
B) Decreased blood volume
C) Increased systemic vascular resistance
D) Increased stroke volume
The main function of the left atrium is to:
A) Pump deoxygenated blood into the left ventricle
B) Pump oxygenated blood into the left ventricle
C) Pump deoxygenated blood into the right ventricle
D) Pump oxygenated blood into the right atrium
The “Frank-Starling law” of the heart states that:
A) The heart rate is inversely proportional to the stroke volume
B) The more the heart muscle is stretched during filling, the greater the force of contraction
C) The strength of the heart’s contraction is determined solely by sympathetic input
D) The heart rate increases with decreasing blood pressure
The normal range of systolic blood pressure in a healthy adult is:
A) 80–100 mmHg
B) 100–120 mmHg
C) 120–140 mmHg
D) 140–160 mmHg
The effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the heart is:
A) Decreases heart rate and contractility
B) Increases heart rate and contractility
C) Decreases stroke volume
D) Increases blood pressure and decreases heart rate
The function of the vena cavae is to:
A) Return oxygenated blood to the heart
B) Return deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart
C) Carry oxygenated blood to the lungs
D) Carry deoxygenated blood from the lungs
Which of the following factors increases heart rate?
A) Increased parasympathetic activity
B) Increased sympathetic activity
C) Increased blood oxygen levels
D) Increased blood carbon dioxide levels
What is the function of the aortic valve?
A) Prevents backflow of blood into the right atrium
B) Prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium
C) Prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle
D) Prevents backflow of blood into the aorta
Which of the following directly affects the compliance of the lungs?
A) Lung volume
B) Chest wall flexibility
C) Surface tension in the alveoli
D) All of the above
The primary regulator of systemic blood pressure is:
A) The heart rate
B) The diameter of blood vessels
C) The volume of blood in circulation
D) The resistance of the veins
The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the:
A) Pulmonary arteries
B) Pulmonary veins
C) Aorta
D) Right atrium
Which of the following is true about the conduction system of the heart?
A) The sinoatrial (SA) node sets the pace of the heart rate
B) The atrioventricular (AV) node generates electrical impulses
C) The Purkinje fibers initiate the electrical impulse
D) The bundle branches initiate the contraction of the atria
Which of the following conditions can lead to a decreased heart rate?
A) Increased sympathetic stimulation
B) Decreased parasympathetic stimulation
C) Increased parasympathetic stimulation
D) Increased blood pressure
The primary purpose of the coronary arteries is to:
A) Transport oxygenated blood to the lungs
B) Deliver oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
C) Carry deoxygenated blood from the heart
D) Pump blood into the systemic circulation
The “dicrotic notch” in an arterial waveform is associated with:
A) The opening of the mitral valve
B) The closing of the aortic valve
C) The contraction of the atria
D) The relaxation of the ventricles
What is the role of the lymphatic system in the cardiopulmonary system?
A) To filter carbon dioxide from the blood
B) To remove excess fluid from tissues and return it to the bloodstream
C) To transport oxygen to the heart
D) To regulate heart rate
Which of the following best describes the role of baroreceptors in regulating blood pressure?
A) They sense changes in blood oxygen levels and adjust heart rate
B) They detect changes in blood pressure and adjust vessel constriction
C) They regulate the volume of blood in circulation
D) They increase blood pressure during exercise
The primary function of the pulmonary arteries is to:
A) Carry oxygenated blood to the lungs
B) Carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs
C) Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
D) Carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the body
The pH of the blood is primarily regulated by:
A) The kidneys
B) The heart
C) The lungs
D) The liver
The primary function of hemoglobin in the blood is to:
A) Transport carbon dioxide
B) Transport oxygen
C) Regulate blood pH
D) Carry nutrients to the tissues
The “P wave” in an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents:
A) Ventricular depolarization
B) Atrial depolarization
C) Ventricular repolarization
D) Atrial repolarization
What is the primary function of the pulmonary surfactant?
A) It facilitates oxygen transport across the alveolar membrane
B) It maintains the structural integrity of the alveoli by reducing surface tension
C) It enhances the diffusion of carbon dioxide in the lungs
D) It increases blood flow to the lungs
Which of the following is most responsible for regulating the rate and depth of breathing under normal conditions?
A) Oxygen receptors in the carotid body
B) Chemoreceptors in the medulla
C) Stretch receptors in the lungs
D) Baroreceptors in the aorta
The volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation is called:
A) Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
B) Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
C) Tidal volume (TV)
D) Residual volume (RV)
The main function of the atria is to:
A) Pump blood to the lungs
B) Pump blood to the body
C) Receive blood from the body and lungs
D) Regulate blood pressure
Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels. It is primarily determined by:
A) The amount of blood pumped by the heart and the resistance in the blood vessels
B) The oxygen levels in the blood
C) The elasticity of the veins
D) The volume of blood in the venules
The primary effect of the hormone aldosterone on the cardiovascular system is:
A) Decreasing blood pressure by dilating blood vessels
B) Increasing blood pressure by retaining sodium and water
C) Decreasing heart rate
D) Increasing heart rate by stimulating the SA node
The left ventricle is primarily responsible for:
A) Pumping oxygenated blood to the lungs
B) Pumping oxygenated blood to the body
C) Pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs
D) Pumping deoxygenated blood to the body
The coronary circulation is responsible for providing blood to the:
A) Aorta
B) Lungs
C) Heart muscle
D) Brain
The aortic valve prevents backflow of blood into the:
A) Left atrium
B) Left ventricle
C) Right atrium
D) Right ventricle
The “afterload” in cardiovascular physiology refers to:
A) The amount of blood the heart pumps per minute
B) The resistance the left ventricle must overcome to pump blood into the aorta
C) The volume of blood in the ventricles after systole
D) The volume of blood in the heart before contraction
The “preload” in cardiovascular physiology refers to:
A) The pressure in the ventricles during systole
B) The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
C) The resistance to blood flow in the arteries
D) The volume of blood in the atria
Which of the following conditions causes an increase in heart rate?
A) Increased parasympathetic stimulation
B) Decreased sympathetic stimulation
C) Increased sympathetic stimulation
D) Decreased blood pressure
A heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute is referred to as:
A) Tachycardia
B) Arrhythmia
C) Bradycardia
D) Palpitations
The primary function of the ventricles is to:
A) Receive blood from the body and lungs
B) Regulate blood pressure
C) Pump blood to the body and lungs
D) Maintain the electrical rhythm of the heart
The “QRS complex” on an ECG represents:
A) Atrial depolarization
B) Ventricular depolarization
C) Ventricular repolarization
D) Atrial repolarization
The primary cause of “hypertension” is:
A) Decreased blood volume
B) Increased sympathetic stimulation
C) Narrowing of blood vessels and increased vascular resistance
D) Increased heart rate
The primary function of the right ventricle is to:
A) Pump oxygenated blood to the body
B) Pump oxygenated blood to the lungs
C) Pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs
D) Pump deoxygenated blood to the body
A decrease in blood pH (acidosis) typically leads to:
A) A decrease in heart rate
B) An increase in respiratory rate
C) A decrease in blood pressure
D) A decrease in blood oxygen levels
The “diastolic pressure” refers to:
A) The pressure in the arteries during ventricular contraction
B) The pressure in the arteries during ventricular relaxation
C) The pressure in the veins during systole
D) The pressure in the arteries when the atria contract
Which of the following best describes the function of the bundle of His?
A) It stimulates the atria to contract
B) It conducts electrical impulses from the AV node to the ventricles
C) It initiates the contraction of the ventricles
D) It generates the P wave on the ECG
The ability of blood vessels to constrict and dilate is primarily controlled by:
A) The nervous system
B) The cardiovascular system
C) The respiratory system
D) The endocrine system
The primary function of the right atrium is to:
A) Pump oxygenated blood to the lungs
B) Pump deoxygenated blood to the body
C) Receive deoxygenated blood from the body
D) Pump oxygenated blood to the body
The term “systemic circulation” refers to the circulation of blood from the:
A) Left ventricle to the lungs
B) Right ventricle to the lungs
C) Left ventricle to the body
D) Right atrium to the body
The “vagal tone” refers to:
A) The effect of parasympathetic stimulation on heart rate
B) The effect of sympathetic stimulation on blood pressure
C) The effect of sympathetic stimulation on heart rate
D) The effect of parasympathetic stimulation on blood pressure
The “cardiac cycle” refers to:
A) The contraction and relaxation of the ventricles
B) The contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers during one complete heartbeat
C) The pumping of blood into the lungs
D) The exchange of gases in the alveoli
The “duty cycle” of the lungs refers to:
A) The duration of inhalation compared to exhalation
B) The number of breaths per minute
C) The volume of air taken in with each breath
D) The amount of oxygen transported to tissues
What is the effect of increasing blood viscosity on blood flow?
A) It increases blood flow
B) It decreases blood flow
C) It has no effect on blood flow
D) It increases the stroke volume of the heart
Which of the following is a common cause of “hypoxemia”?
A) Low atmospheric pressure
B) High blood pressure
C) Decreased lung surface area for gas exchange
D) Increased hemoglobin concentration
The “sinoatrial (SA) node” in the heart is responsible for:
A) Regulating blood flow to the lungs
B) Initiating the electrical impulses that set the pace of the heart
C) Generating the “QRS” complex on the ECG
D) Closing the heart valves
Which of the following is true about the role of the lymphatic system in the cardiovascular system?
A) It removes excess carbon dioxide from tissues
B) It circulates blood throughout the body
C) It transports oxygenated blood to the tissues
D) It returns excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream
The main function of the tricuspid valve is to:
A) Prevent backflow of blood into the left atrium
B) Prevent backflow of blood into the right atrium
C) Prevent backflow of blood into the left ventricle
D) Prevent backflow of blood into the right ventricle
The primary role of hemoglobin in the blood is to:
A) Regulate pH balance
B) Carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues
C) Prevent blood clotting
D) Transport carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs
The major function of the respiratory system is to:
A) Regulate blood pressure
B) Transport oxygen to tissues and remove carbon dioxide
C) Control blood volume
D) Circulate blood throughout the body
What is the effect of a decrease in blood volume on cardiac output?
A) It increases cardiac output
B) It decreases cardiac output
C) It has no effect on cardiac output
D) It initially increases and then decreases cardiac output
What does the term “stroke volume” refer to?
A) The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute
B) The amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
C) The volume of blood pumped by the heart per beat
D) The volume of air breathed in and out per minute
Which of the following conditions can lead to increased pulmonary vascular resistance?
A) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
B) Decreased blood pressure
C) Increased cardiac output
D) Increased oxygen levels in the blood
The “S1” heart sound is associated with the closing of the:
A) Pulmonary valve and aortic valve
B) Aortic valve and mitral valve
C) Mitral valve and tricuspid valve
D) Tricuspid valve and pulmonary valve
Which of the following is the main regulatory mechanism that controls blood pressure?
A) Renin-angiotensin system
B) Respiratory system
C) Skeletal muscle contraction
D) Parasympathetic nervous system
In the circulatory system, the primary role of the veins is to:
A) Transport oxygenated blood to the lungs
B) Transport deoxygenated blood to the heart
C) Pump blood to the systemic circulation
D) Exchange gases between the blood and tissues
The coronary sinus drains blood from the:
A) Left ventricle
B) Right ventricle
C) Heart muscle (myocardium)
D) Right atrium
Atrial fibrillation is characterized by:
A) Rapid and irregular contraction of the atria
B) Prolonged ventricular contraction
C) Rapid and irregular contraction of the ventricles
D) Complete absence of electrical activity
Which of the following is most directly responsible for regulating the pH of the blood?
A) Kidneys
B) Lungs
C) Liver
D) Heart
The primary site for the exchange of gases in the lungs is:
A) Bronchioles
B) Alveoli
C) Pulmonary veins
D) Pulmonary arteries
The “Frank-Starling mechanism” explains that:
A) The heart rate decreases with increased venous return
B) The more the heart muscle is stretched during filling, the greater the force of contraction
C) Increased blood pressure causes decreased heart rate
D) Heart contractility is independent of blood volume
The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration is known as:
A) Tidal volume (TV)
B) Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
C) Residual volume (RV)
D) Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
The correct sequence of blood flow through the heart is:
A) Right atrium → Left atrium → Right ventricle → Left ventricle
B) Right atrium → Left ventricle → Right ventricle → Left atrium
C) Left atrium → Right atrium → Left ventricle → Right ventricle
D) Right atrium → Right ventricle → Left atrium → Left ventricle
Which of the following factors decreases blood flow to a tissue?
A) Increased vessel diameter
B) Increased vessel length
C) Decreased blood viscosity
D) Increased blood volume
The “QT interval” on an ECG represents:
A) The time for atrial depolarization
B) The time for ventricular depolarization and repolarization
C) The time for ventricular depolarization only
D) The time for atrial repolarization
The term “oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve” refers to:
A) The relationship between blood pH and oxygen binding
B) The relationship between temperature and hemoglobin oxygen binding
C) The relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the percent of oxygen bound to hemoglobin
D) The amount of oxygen dissolved in plasma
The primary role of the pericardium is to:
A) Pump blood through the heart
B) Protect the heart and reduce friction between heart layers
C) Produce red blood cells
D) Control the electrical impulses in the heart
The right side of the heart pumps blood to the:
A) Body
B) Brain
C) Lungs
D) Kidneys
The body’s natural anticoagulant is:
A) Fibrin
B) Thrombin
C) Heparin
D) Plasmin
The left coronary artery branches into the:
A) Pulmonary artery and aorta
B) Left anterior descending artery and circumflex artery
C) Right coronary artery and subclavian artery
D) Aortic arch and carotid artery
The primary function of the alveolar capillaries is to:
A) Transport oxygen to the lungs
B) Facilitate gas exchange between blood and alveoli
C) Regulate blood pressure in the lungs
D) Control the amount of air entering the lungs
The heart’s electrical impulse normally originates in the:
A) Atrioventricular (AV) node
B) Sinoatrial (SA) node
C) Bundle of His
D) Purkinje fibers
Atherosclerosis leads to:
A) Decreased blood flow due to narrowing and hardening of arteries
B) Increased blood flow due to expansion of the arteries
C) A decrease in blood pressure
D) Increased cardiac output
The condition characterized by decreased oxygen levels in the blood is called:
A) Hypoxia
B) Hypercapnia
C) Anemia
D) Hypoxemia
The “vagus nerve” is primarily involved in:
A) Increasing heart rate
B) Decreasing heart rate
C) Increasing blood pressure
D) Regulating ventilation rate
The “mean arterial pressure” (MAP) is a measure of:
A) The pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole
B) The average blood pressure in the arteries during a single cardiac cycle
C) The pressure in the veins during diastole
D) The pressure generated by the left ventricle
What is the primary role of the trachea in the respiratory system?
A) Exchange gases between the blood and lungs
B) Filter and moisten incoming air
C) Transport oxygen to the tissues
D) Control the airflow into the lungs
The pulmonary circulation carries blood from the heart to the:
A) Body
B) Lungs
C) Kidneys
D) Brain
The “venous return” refers to:
A) The blood returning to the heart through the arteries
B) The volume of blood returning to the right atrium
C) The amount of oxygen carried by venous blood
D) The force exerted by the heart on the arterial walls
Which of the following factors primarily determines the resistance in blood vessels?
A) Blood viscosity
B) Blood pressure
C) Vessel length
D) All of the above
Which of the following causes vasodilation?
A) Increased sympathetic stimulation
B) Increased parasympathetic stimulation
C) Increased blood viscosity
D) Increased blood pressure
The pulmonary arteries carry blood that is:
A) Oxygenated
B) Deoxygenated
C) Both oxygenated and deoxygenated
D) Neutral in oxygen content
The “inspiratory reserve volume” refers to:
A) The volume of air normally exhaled after a normal breath
B) The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal breath
C) The amount of air left in the lungs after forced expiration
D) The volume of air exhaled in a forced breath
The “cardiovascular center” is located in the:
A) Cerebellum
B) Brainstem
C) Spinal cord
D) Hypothalamus
The volume of blood that the heart pumps in one minute is called:
A) Stroke volume
B) Cardiac output
C) Heart rate
D) Blood volume
The “blood-brain barrier” primarily functions to:
A) Facilitate the exchange of gases between blood and brain cells
B) Regulate the passage of substances between the blood and the brain
C) Control the heart rate
D) Prevent the movement of blood from the brain to the body
The “dicrotic notch” on a pressure waveform is associated with the closure of the:
A) Aortic valve
B) Pulmonary valve
C) Mitral valve
D) Tricuspid valve
Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system?
A) Oxygen transport to tissues
B) Removal of carbon dioxide
C) Maintenance of blood pH
D) Regulation of blood flow
The “fick principle” is used to calculate:
A) Cardiac output
B) Stroke volume
C) Blood pressure
D) Heart rate
Which of the following hormones increases heart rate and force of contraction?
A) Insulin
B) Epinephrine
C) Cortisol
D) Aldosterone
The “respiratory rate” refers to:
A) The amount of air taken in during each breath
B) The total amount of oxygen in the blood
C) The number of breaths taken per minute
D) The amount of air exhaled during expiration
In the ECG, the “T wave” represents:
A) Atrial depolarization
B) Ventricular depolarization
C) Ventricular repolarization
D) Atrial repolarization
Which of the following is primarily responsible for the transport of oxygen in the blood?
A) Plasma proteins
B) Red blood cells (hemoglobin)
C) White blood cells
D) Platelets
The “respiratory zone” includes all of the following EXCEPT:
A) Bronchioles
B) Alveoli
C) Respiratory bronchioles
D) Trachea
The “interventricular septum” separates the:
A) Right atrium and left atrium
B) Left ventricle and right ventricle
C) Right ventricle and left atrium
D) Right atrium and right ventricle
The “left ventricular end-diastolic volume” (LVEDV) is important for determining:
A) Cardiac output
B) Stroke volume
C) Heart rate
D) Arterial pressure
The “baroreceptors” in the aorta and carotid sinus primarily monitor:
A) Blood pH
B) Blood glucose levels
C) Blood pressure
D) Oxygen levels in the blood
The “chemoreceptors” in the carotid and aortic bodies primarily monitor:
A) Blood pressure
B) Blood glucose levels
C) Blood pH and oxygen levels
D) Heart rate
In the event of a decrease in blood oxygen levels, the body compensates by:
A) Decreasing respiratory rate
B) Increasing heart rate
C) Decreasing cardiac output
D) Increasing blood pressure
Which of the following structures is responsible for filtering, warming, and humidifying the air?
A) Alveoli
B) Bronchi
C) Trachea
D) Nasal passages
The “left atrium” receives blood from the:
A) Lungs
B) Body
C) Right ventricle
D) Right atrium
The “aortic arch” gives rise to which of the following arteries?
A) Pulmonary arteries
B) Subclavian and carotid arteries
C) Renal arteries
D) Coronary arteries
The “myocardial ischemia” is characterized by:
A) Decreased blood flow to the heart muscle
B) Increased oxygen supply to the heart muscle
C) Decreased heart rate
D) Decreased stroke volume
Which of the following is the main factor in regulating the release of oxygen from hemoglobin to tissues?
A) Partial pressure of oxygen in tissues
B) Blood pH and temperature
C) Hemoglobin concentration
D) Oxygen saturation in arteries
The “arterioles” primarily regulate:
A) Oxygen transport
B) Heart rate
C) Blood flow and pressure
D) Carbon dioxide levels
The “right ventricle” pumps blood to the:
A) Lungs
B) Body
C) Heart muscle
D) Brain
The primary purpose of the “cardiac conduction system” is to:
A) Pump blood into the arteries
B) Initiate and coordinate heart contractions
C) Increase the heart rate during exercise
D) Regulate blood pressure
Which of the following best describes “alveolar ventilation”?
A) The volume of air that reaches the alveoli for gas exchange
B) The volume of air ventilated per minute
C) The amount of oxygen delivered to tissues
D) The volume of air exchanged during forced expiration
The major component responsible for the “elastic recoil” of the lungs is:
A) Surfactant
B) Elastic fibers in the alveolar walls
C) Respiratory muscles
D) Pleural fluid
What is the primary function of the pulmonary surfactant?
A) Prevents the alveoli from collapsing
B) Increases oxygen exchange
C) Regulates blood flow in the lungs
D) Facilitates gas diffusion across the alveolar membrane
The “Bohr effect” refers to the:
A) Increased oxygen binding to hemoglobin with higher pH
B) Decreased oxygen binding to hemoglobin with increased carbon dioxide or decreased pH
C) Increased oxygen binding to hemoglobin with increased temperature
D) Decreased oxygen binding to hemoglobin with increased temperature
Which of the following mechanisms helps to maintain the efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs?
A) The respiratory membrane is thick to facilitate diffusion
B) Alveoli are small, preventing excessive airflow
C) Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse passively across the alveolar membrane
D) The volume of air in the lungs is maintained constant
The “right atrium” receives deoxygenated blood from the:
A) Lungs
B) Left ventricle
C) Body (via superior and inferior vena cava)
D) Coronary veins
The primary regulator of the “sinoatrial (SA) node” activity is:
A) Blood volume
B) Autonomic nervous system
C) Cardiac output
D) Arterial pressure
In the cardiovascular system, the “venous return” refers to:
A) Blood flow from the heart to the lungs
B) Blood flow from the body to the heart
C) Blood flow from arteries to veins
D) Blood flow from the kidneys to the heart
The “baroreceptor reflex” helps to regulate:
A) Blood oxygen levels
B) Heart rate and blood pressure
C) Breathing rate
D) Body temperature
Which of the following is true about the structure of the left ventricle compared to the right ventricle?
A) The left ventricle has thinner walls than the right ventricle
B) The left ventricle pumps blood to the lungs
C) The left ventricle has a thicker muscular wall
D) The left ventricle has a smaller volume capacity than the right ventricle
The “Frank-Starling law” explains the relationship between:
A) Stroke volume and heart rate
B) Blood pressure and blood flow
C) Blood volume and blood pressure
D) End-diastolic volume and stroke volume
The “systolic blood pressure” is measured during:
A) Ventricular contraction
B) Ventricular relaxation
C) Atrial contraction
D) Atrial relaxation
The “dorsal respiratory group” (DRG) is primarily responsible for:
A) Increasing heart rate during exercise
B) Coordinating the rhythm of breathing
C) Regulating blood pressure
D) Detecting changes in blood oxygen levels
The “anatomical dead space” refers to:
A) The volume of air that participates in gas exchange
B) The volume of air that does not participate in gas exchange
C) The volume of blood circulating through the lungs
D) The area of the lungs where oxygen is absorbed
The “ventilation-perfusion ratio” (V/Q ratio) is important in determining:
A) The efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs
B) The effectiveness of the circulatory system
C) The strength of heart contractions
D) The rate of metabolic reactions in tissues
The “aortic valve” closes at the beginning of:
A) Diastole
B) Systole
C) Atrial contraction
D) Ventricular contraction
The “cardiac cycle” includes:
A) Only ventricular systole
B) Only atrial diastole
C) Systole and diastole of both the atria and ventricles
D) Only the flow of blood through the veins
The “atria” contract to:
A) Pump blood directly into the pulmonary circulation
B) Increase ventricular filling
C) Empty completely before the ventricles contract
D) Pump blood into the systemic circulation
“Hypercapnia” refers to:
A) Low levels of carbon dioxide in the blood
B) High levels of carbon dioxide in the blood
C) Low levels of oxygen in the blood
D) High levels of oxygen in the blood
“Hypoventilation” leads to:
A) Decreased levels of oxygen and increased levels of carbon dioxide
B) Decreased levels of carbon dioxide and increased levels of oxygen
C) Increased levels of oxygen and decreased levels of carbon dioxide
D) Decreased blood pressure
The “right coronary artery” supplies blood to:
A) Left ventricle
B) Right ventricle and atrium
C) Left atrium
D) Pulmonary arteries
The “cardiac conduction system” begins with the electrical impulse in the:
A) AV node
B) Bundle of His
C) Purkinje fibers
D) SA node
The “QRS complex” in an ECG represents:
A) Atrial depolarization
B) Ventricular repolarization
C) Ventricular depolarization
D) Atrial repolarization
The “pulmonary veins” carry blood that is:
A) Oxygenated
B) Deoxygenated
C) Both oxygenated and deoxygenated
D) Neutral in oxygen content
“Hypertension” is defined as a persistent systolic blood pressure greater than:
A) 120 mmHg
B) 140 mmHg
C) 160 mmHg
D) 180 mmHg
The “coronary sinus” returns deoxygenated blood from the:
A) Left ventricle
B) Heart muscle (myocardium)
C) Right atrium
D) Lungs
The “vagus nerve” primarily affects the:
A) Increase in heart rate
B) Decrease in heart rate
C) Increase in blood pressure
D) Decrease in blood pressure
The “preload” refers to:
A) The pressure in the arteries during systole
B) The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
C) The force of contraction in the heart
D) The rate of blood flow through the arteries
The “T wave” on an ECG corresponds to:
A) Ventricular depolarization
B) Ventricular repolarization
C) Atrial depolarization
D) Atrial repolarization
Which of the following best describes “hyperventilation”?
A) Breathing at a normal rate and depth
B) Breathing that exceeds the body’s metabolic demands, leading to excessive oxygen intake
C) Breathing at a slower rate than normal
D) Breathing that results in increased carbon dioxide levels
The “cardiac output” is influenced by:
A) Stroke volume and heart rate
B) Arterial pressure and blood volume
C) Blood oxygen content and lung function
D) Venous return and heart contractility
The “V/Q ratio” is ideal when it is:
A) Zero
B) Equal to 1
C) Less than 1
D) Greater than 1
The “diastolic blood pressure” represents:
A) The pressure in the arteries during ventricular contraction
B) The pressure in the arteries during ventricular relaxation
C) The pressure in the veins during systole
D) The pressure in the lungs during gas exchange
The “venous pressure” is typically:
A) Higher than arterial pressure
B) Lower than arterial pressure
C) Equal to arterial pressure
D) Fluctuating between high and low throughout the cardiac cycle
Which of the following factors increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood?
A) Decreased hemoglobin levels
B) Increased carbon dioxide levels
C) Increased hemoglobin levels
D) Increased blood pressure
The “aortic valve” prevents backflow of blood into the:
A) Left ventricle
B) Left atrium
C) Pulmonary artery
D) Right ventricle
The “pulmonary capillaries” are primarily responsible for:
A) Oxygenating blood coming from the systemic circulation
B) Deoxygenating blood coming from the right side of the heart
C) Gas exchange between blood and alveoli
D) Filtering blood from the heart
The “right atrium” receives blood from the:
A) Pulmonary veins
B) Coronary sinus and superior and inferior vena cava
C) Left ventricle
D) Pulmonary arteries
“Atrial fibrillation” is characterized by:
A) A regular rhythm of atrial contractions
B) Rapid, disorganized electrical impulses in the atria
C) Complete absence of electrical activity in the atria
D) Contraction of the ventricles at a slow rate
The “cardiovascular drift” refers to:
A) The increase in stroke volume during exercise
B) The decrease in heart rate during long-term exercise
C) The increase in heart rate during prolonged exercise, despite constant workload
D) The decrease in blood pressure during exercise
“Pulmonary edema” results from:
A) Decreased oxygen levels in the blood
B) Fluid accumulation in the alveoli and interstitial spaces of the lungs
C) Increased blood flow to the lungs
D) Decreased cardiac output to the lungs
The “liver” plays a role in regulating blood pressure by:
A) Secreting hormones that constrict blood vessels
B) Synthesizing clotting factors
C) Filtering blood and storing excess glucose
D) Producing hemoglobin
The “S2” heart sound is associated with the closure of the:
A) Aortic and pulmonary valves
B) Mitral and tricuspid valves
C) Aortic and mitral valves
D) Pulmonary and tricuspid valves
The “Frank-Starling law” of the heart explains the relationship between:
A) Blood pressure and heart rate
B) Stroke volume and heart rate
C) The end-diastolic volume and the force of contraction
D) Blood flow and blood vessel diameter
The “mean arterial pressure” (MAP) is calculated using:
A) The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures
B) The sum of systolic and diastolic pressures divided by two
C) The diastolic pressure plus one-third of the pulse pressure
D) The systolic pressure plus one-third of the pulse pressure
The “baroreceptor reflex” is triggered by:
A) A drop in blood oxygen levels
B) A change in blood pressure
C) Increased body temperature
D) Decreased venous return
The “right ventricular preload” increases when there is:
A) Decreased blood volume
B) Increased venous return
C) Decreased arterial pressure
D) Increased heart rate
Which of the following is an effect of the “parasympathetic nervous system”?
A) Increased heart rate
B) Decreased heart rate
C) Vasoconstriction of blood vessels
D) Increased blood pressure
The “renal control of blood pressure” is primarily mediated by:
A) The release of renin by the kidneys
B) The sympathetic nervous system
C) The vagus nerve
D) The adrenal glands
The “sinoatrial (SA) node” is located in the:
A) Left ventricle
B) Right atrium
C) Right ventricle
D) Left atrium
The “systolic ejection period” occurs during which phase of the cardiac cycle?
A) Atrial contraction
B) Ventricular contraction
C) Ventricular relaxation
D) Atrial relaxation
The “left atrium” receives oxygenated blood from the:
A) Right ventricle
B) Pulmonary veins
C) Aorta
D) Coronary arteries
The “P wave” in an ECG represents:
A) Ventricular depolarization
B) Atrial depolarization
C) Ventricular repolarization
D) Atrial repolarization
“Aortic stenosis” refers to:
A) Narrowing of the aortic valve
B) Narrowing of the pulmonary valve
C) Inability of the left ventricle to contract properly
D) Increased blood pressure in the pulmonary artery
The “pulse pressure” is the difference between:
A) Systolic and diastolic blood pressures
B) Diastolic and mean arterial pressures
C) Systolic and mean arterial pressures
D) Diastolic and heart rate
The “coronary arteries” supply blood to:
A) The brain
B) The lungs
C) The heart muscle
D) The liver
The “epicardium” is the outermost layer of the:
A) Heart
B) Lung
C) Blood vessels
D) Alveoli
The “cardiopulmonary resuscitation” (CPR) technique is primarily used to:
A) Stimulate the heart to beat again after it stops
B) Improve blood flow to the brain
C) Remove foreign bodies from the airway
D) Improve lung ventilation
The “venous return” to the heart is primarily influenced by:
A) Blood pressure in the arteries
B) The pumping action of the heart
C) The movement of skeletal muscles and the respiratory pump
D) The resistance in the pulmonary circulation
The “main pulmonary artery” carries blood from the:
A) Right atrium to the lungs
B) Right ventricle to the lungs
C) Left atrium to the lungs
D) Left ventricle to the lungs
Which of the following conditions is characterized by excessive fluid accumulation in the pleural space?
A) Pneumothorax
B) Pleural effusion
C) Asthma
D) Pulmonary embolism
The “arterial oxygen content” is primarily influenced by:
A) Hemoglobin concentration and the partial pressure of oxygen
B) The amount of carbon dioxide in the blood
C) The rate of blood flow through the lungs
D) The oxygen demand of tissues
The “conducting zone” of the respiratory system includes:
A) Alveoli
B) Bronchi and bronchioles
C) Capillaries
D) Pulmonary veins
The “oxygen dissociation curve” shifts to the right when:
A) There is an increase in pH
B) There is a decrease in temperature
C) There is an increase in carbon dioxide or temperature
D) Hemoglobin affinity for oxygen increases
The “peripheral chemoreceptors” respond to changes in:
A) Blood pH and carbon dioxide levels
B) Blood oxygen levels only
C) Heart rate
D) Blood pressure
The “diastolic filling time” of the heart is:
A) Shorter during exercise
B) Longer during exercise
C) Unchanged during exercise
D) Decreased at rest
The “left ventricle” pumps oxygenated blood into the:
A) Pulmonary artery
B) Aorta
C) Pulmonary veins
D) Coronary arteries
The “respiratory membrane” consists of:
A) The alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium
B) The alveolar and bronchial epithelium
C) The diaphragm and pleura
D) The intercostal muscles and alveoli
“Central chemoreceptors” primarily monitor:
A) Oxygen levels in the blood
B) Carbon dioxide levels in the cerebrospinal fluid
C) Blood pressure
D) Hemoglobin saturation levels
The “diaphragm” plays a primary role in:
A) Regulating gas exchange in the alveoli
B) Inhalation and exhalation by changing the volume of the thoracic cavity
C) Circulating oxygenated blood to tissues
D) Preventing fluid buildup in the lungs
“Baroreceptors” in the carotid sinus and aortic arch help to:
A) Detect changes in blood pressure
B) Regulate the contraction of the diaphragm
C) Monitor blood oxygen levels
D) Control lung ventilation rate
“Decreased lung compliance” leads to:
A) Increased ease of lung inflation
B) Difficulty in lung inflation
C) Increased gas exchange efficiency
D) Increased lung volume
The “pericardium” is the:
A) Inner lining of the heart
B) Outer membrane that surrounds and protects the heart
C) Valve that regulates blood flow between the atria and ventricles
D) Muscular wall of the heart
The “central venous pressure” (CVP) is a reflection of:
A) The left atrial pressure
B) The pressure in the right atrium
C) The pressure in the pulmonary arteries
D) The pressure in the left ventricle
The “mean pulmonary arterial pressure” (mPAP) is typically:
A) Higher than systemic arterial pressure
B) Lower than systemic arterial pressure
C) Equal to systemic arterial pressure
D) Not measurable in healthy individuals
The “Pneumotaxic center” located in the brainstem helps to:
A) Increase respiratory rate during exercise
B) Limit the duration of inhalation, thus regulating breathing rate
C) Control the depth of inhalation
D) Stimulate the diaphragm to contract
The “pulmonary capillaries” facilitate gas exchange by:
A) Oxygenating the blood from the systemic circulation
B) Removing carbon dioxide from the blood
C) Filtrating blood to remove toxins
D) Absorbing oxygen into the lymphatic system
The “cardiac reserve” refers to:
A) The difference between the heart’s maximum and resting output
B) The maximum output the heart can achieve
C) The resting heart rate
D) The reserve of blood in the heart
The “left atrium” pumps oxygenated blood into the:
A) Left ventricle
B) Pulmonary arteries
C) Aorta
D) Right ventricle
“Chemoreceptor sensitivity” to oxygen is most pronounced at:
A) High blood oxygen levels
B) Low blood oxygen levels
C) Normal blood oxygen levels
D) High blood pH levels
The “QRS complex” on an ECG primarily reflects:
A) Ventricular depolarization
B) Atrial depolarization
C) Ventricular repolarization
D) Atrial repolarization
“Right-sided heart failure” often results in:
A) Pulmonary edema
B) Decreased systemic blood flow
C) Enlargement of the left ventricle
D) High blood pressure in the systemic arteries
The “cardiac action potential” begins with:
A) Sodium ion influx
B) Potassium ion efflux
C) Calcium ion efflux
D) Chloride ion influx
“Embolism” is best defined as:
A) The narrowing of a blood vessel
B) The formation of a blood clot in a vessel
C) The obstruction of a vessel by a foreign body or clot
D) The leakage of blood from a vessel
The “SA node” generates electrical impulses at a rate of approximately:
A) 40-60 beats per minute
B) 60-100 beats per minute
C) 100-120 beats per minute
D) 140-160 beats per minute
“Angina” is typically caused by:
A) An increase in blood flow to the heart
B) A decrease in oxygen delivery to the heart muscle
C) Abnormal heart valve function
D) A heart attack
The “atria” contract to:
A) Empty the ventricles completely
B) Provide additional pressure to fill the ventricles
C) Generate the electrical impulse that leads to ventricular contraction
D) Supply oxygenated blood to the lungs
The “venous return” is increased by:
A) Increased blood volume
B) Decreased respiratory activity
C) Constriction of veins
D) Both A and C
The “pulmonary capillary wedge pressure” (PCWP) is a measure of:
A) Left ventricular preload
B) Right ventricular preload
C) Blood pressure in the lungs
D) Cardiac output