Criminal Behavior and Victimology Practice Quiz

Criminal Behavior and Victimology Practice Quiz

 

Which of the following is a primary focus of victimology?

The psychological traits of criminals
B. The relationship between victims and offenders
C. The role of genetics in criminal behavior
D. The effectiveness of the criminal justice system

 

What is a key assumption of strain theory in criminology?

Criminal behavior is caused by biological factors.
B. People commit crimes when they cannot achieve societal goals through legitimate means.
C. Crime results from social inequality and economic disparity.
D. Victimization is random and unpredictable.

 

Which theory suggests that crime is learned through interaction with others?

Rational choice theory
B. Social learning theory
C. Routine activities theory
D. Labeling theory

 

What does the term “victim precipitation” mean in victimology?

The tendency for victims to report crimes immediately
B. The victim’s role in the events leading to the crime
C. The likelihood of becoming a victim due to environmental factors
D. The psychological response of victims after a crime

 

Which of the following is NOT a factor typically associated with criminal behavior?

Socioeconomic status
B. Peer influence
C. Eye color
D. Childhood trauma

 

What is the main focus of routine activities theory?

Societal inequality as a cause of crime
B. The presence of suitable targets and lack of capable guardians
C. Psychological profiling of offenders
D. The effect of punishment on criminal behavior

 

Which criminological theory is most closely associated with Cesare Lombroso?

Classical theory
B. Biological positivism
C. Conflict theory
D. Feminist criminology

 

In victimology, secondary victimization refers to:

Experiencing a crime for the second time
B. The victimization caused by the criminal justice process or societal reactions
C. The emotional trauma experienced immediately after a crime
D. The financial loss incurred by a victim

 

Rational choice theory assumes that offenders:

Commit crimes due to psychological impulses
B. Are influenced solely by their environment
C. Make calculated decisions to commit crimes based on cost-benefit analysis
D. Act without considering the consequences

 

What is the focus of the lifestyle-exposure theory in victimology?

The inherent characteristics of offenders
B. How individuals’ routines and behaviors increase their risk of victimization
C. The role of socioeconomic inequality in crime
D. The biological predisposition to victimization

 

Which term refers to a societal response that labels individuals as criminals, influencing their future behavior?

Strain
B. Social disorganization
C. Labeling
D. Routine activities

 

What is one criticism of the classical theory of criminology?

It overemphasizes the role of free will and rationality.
B. It ignores the concept of social control.
C. It focuses too much on genetic factors.
D. It minimizes the impact of environmental influences.

 

What does the term “victim facilitation” mean in victimology?

When a victim unknowingly contributes to a crime
B. When a victim refuses to cooperate with authorities
C. When a victim manipulates the justice system
D. When a victim educates others about crime prevention

 

Which of the following is an example of primary victimization?

A witness experiencing psychological trauma after a crime
B. A person who is physically assaulted
C. A family member grieving the loss of a loved one
D. A community dealing with the aftermath of a natural disaster

 

According to social disorganization theory, crime is most likely to occur in:

Wealthy neighborhoods with low population density
B. Communities with high social cohesion and strong institutions
C. Areas with poverty, high mobility, and weak social ties
D. Areas with strict law enforcement practices

 

Which criminological theory emphasizes power dynamics and inequality as causes of crime?

Biological positivism
B. Strain theory
C. Conflict theory
D. Routine activities theory

 

A victim’s risk of repeat victimization is most closely linked to:

Lack of routine activities
B. Environmental and situational factors
C. Random chance
D. Low self-control

 

Which of the following is a primary motivator for white-collar crime?

Emotional distress
B. Financial gain
C. Peer pressure
D. A desire for revenge

 

The term “victim blaming” refers to:

Holding offenders accountable for their actions
B. Placing responsibility on victims for their victimization
C. Criticizing law enforcement for not protecting victims
D. Analyzing victim behavior to prevent future crimes

 

What is the key assumption of deterrence theory?

Harsh punishment will increase crime rates.
B. Individuals will avoid crime if the punishment outweighs the benefits.
C. Crime is caused by biological factors.
D. The criminal justice system has no impact on crime rates.

 

Victim impact statements are primarily used to:

Influence the judge’s decision in sentencing
B. Evaluate the severity of the crime
C. Educate the public about victimization
D. Determine the guilt of the offender

 

According to feminist criminology, traditional criminological theories often:

Focus too heavily on environmental factors
B. Neglect the role of women as victims and offenders
C. Overemphasize biological explanations of crime
D. Ignore the influence of socioeconomic status

 

Which of the following is considered a micro-level theory in criminology?

Social disorganization theory
B. Labeling theory
C. Conflict theory
D. Routine activities theory

 

Which of the following best describes “situational crime prevention”?

Targeting offenders’ motivations through rehabilitation programs
B. Reducing crime opportunities by altering physical environments
C. Increasing punishments to deter criminal acts
D. Focusing on socioeconomic inequality

 

What is the primary focus of restorative justice?

Punishing the offender harshly
B. Repairing the harm caused by crime and involving all stakeholders
C. Protecting the victim from further harm
D. Preventing future crimes through community policing

 

A key feature of broken windows theory is that:

Minor crimes lead to more serious crimes if left unchecked.
B. Criminal behavior is solely caused by biological factors.
C. Strict punishment has little effect on crime rates.
D. Victims play no role in the occurrence of crime.

 

What does “victim-offender mediation” aim to achieve?

A formal settlement of legal disputes
B. Open communication and mutual understanding between the victim and offender
C. Increased penalties for the offender
D. Victim compensation for financial losses

 

What is one criticism of biological explanations for criminal behavior?

They lack empirical support.
B. They fail to consider environmental and social factors.
C. They overemphasize the role of free will.
D. They ignore the role of peer influence.

 

Which of the following is an example of tertiary victimization?

A victim’s trauma is exacerbated by media attention.
B. A person experiences a crime for the first time.
C. A victim is blamed by society for their victimization.
D. A family member of a victim suffers emotional distress.

 

The theory of differential association was proposed by:

Edwin Sutherland
B. Robert Agnew
C. Travis Hirschi
D. Cesare Beccaria

 

 

What does the concept of “crime displacement” refer to?

Moving criminal offenders to different locations
B. Shifting crime from one area or method to another due to crime prevention efforts
C. Rehabilitating offenders to reduce crime rates
D. Eliminating crime entirely through social reform

 

Which criminological theory focuses on the weakening of bonds between individuals and society?

Social disorganization theory
B. Strain theory
C. Social control theory
D. Rational choice theory

 

Which of the following is a key component of situational crime prevention?

Addressing societal inequalities
B. Increasing surveillance and security measures
C. Analyzing genetic predispositions for criminal behavior
D. Encouraging community rehabilitation

 

In victimology, which group is most vulnerable to repeat victimization?

Individuals with strong social support networks
B. People in areas with high crime rates
C. Offenders recently released from prison
D. Law enforcement officers

 

The concept of “crime opportunity” is central to which criminological theory?

Routine activities theory
B. Biological positivism
C. Conflict theory
D. Strain theory

 

Which type of crime is most associated with white-collar criminals?

Violent crime
B. Property crime
C. Cybercrime
D. Fraud and embezzlement

 

What is a central criticism of rational choice theory?

It focuses too much on social inequality.
B. It ignores the role of emotions and impulsivity in criminal behavior.
C. It does not account for repeat offenders.
D. It assumes that all individuals are irrational.

 

Which of the following best describes the lifestyle theory of victimization?

Crime occurs due to the offender’s inherent traits.
B. Victimization risk is influenced by individuals’ daily routines and lifestyle choices.
C. Victims are solely responsible for their victimization.
D. Victimization is entirely random.

 

What is a significant focus of feminist criminology?

Male-dominated theories of crime
B. The impact of female victimization and gender inequality on crime
C. The role of genetics in criminal behavior
D. Crime prevention through community policing

 

Which of the following is an example of proactive victimization prevention?

Counseling victims after a crime has occurred
B. Increasing neighborhood watch programs
C. Providing support services to offenders
D. Reducing sentencing guidelines for offenders

 

Which of the following describes “secondary deviance”?

A criminal act committed impulsively without planning
B. Deviance that occurs as a result of being labeled a criminal
C. A second offense committed by the same individual
D. A victim’s role in contributing to a crime

 

Which of the following best defines victim proneness?

The likelihood of becoming a victim due to specific vulnerabilities
B. The process of recovering from victimization
C. The tendency for victims to avoid reporting crimes
D. The psychological effects of victimization

 

Which of the following is an example of a “capable guardian” in routine activities theory?

A locked door
B. A police officer
C. A neighborhood watch program
D. All of the above

 

In strain theory, which type of strain is most likely to lead to criminal behavior?

Strain caused by an individual’s inability to achieve culturally valued goals
B. Strain resulting from positive life events
C. Strain associated with excessive wealth
D. Strain caused by close familial relationships

 

Which of the following is a key focus of critical victimology?

Understanding the biological traits of victims
B. Examining how social structures contribute to victimization
C. Identifying high-risk areas for crime
D. Rehabilitating offenders

 

What is the primary goal of crime mapping in victimology?

Understanding the psychological profile of offenders
B. Identifying high-crime areas for effective resource allocation
C. Reducing sentencing guidelines for offenders
D. Increasing penalties for repeat offenders

 

Which of the following is considered a “suitable target” in routine activities theory?

A well-guarded property
B. A parked car in an unlit area
C. A secured bank vault
D. A neighborhood with frequent police patrols

 

What does the term “retributive justice” focus on?

Punishment of the offender to fit the crime
B. Rehabilitation of the offender
C. Restoring relationships between victims and offenders
D. Preventing future crimes through community education

 

Which of the following theories focuses on power dynamics and class struggles in explaining crime?

Rational choice theory
B. Social control theory
C. Conflict theory
D. Labeling theory

 

Which of the following describes “target hardening” in crime prevention?

Making potential targets less accessible or attractive to offenders
B. Encouraging community crime watch programs
C. Using rehabilitation to deter offenders from committing crimes
D. Analyzing criminal behavior patterns

 

What is a common critique of social learning theory?

It ignores the role of environmental factors.
B. It overemphasizes punishment as a deterrent.
C. It does not account for biological influences on behavior.
D. It focuses too much on the economic status of offenders.

 

What is one of the primary goals of victim assistance programs?

To rehabilitate offenders
B. To provide emotional and financial support to victims
C. To investigate criminal activity
D. To reduce sentencing for offenders

 

Which of the following is a fundamental element of the lifestyle-exposure model of victimization?

Offender motivations
B. Structural inequality
C. Daily activities and routines
D. Community policing

 

The theory that emphasizes punishment as a deterrent for crime is:

Biological theory
B. Deterrence theory
C. Social control theory
D. Strain theory

 

What does “victim restitution” aim to achieve?

Punishing the offender
B. Compensating victims for their losses
C. Preventing future crimes
D. Encouraging community involvement

 

 

Which theory suggests that individuals become deviant because of their associations with others who support deviant behavior?

Labeling theory
B. Differential association theory
C. Strain theory
D. Social disorganization theory

 

In victimology, the concept of “victim precipitation” refers to:

Victims deliberately placing themselves in harm’s way
B. Victims unintentionally contributing to their victimization
C. The likelihood of victims reporting crimes
D. The psychological impact of crime on victims

 

According to lifestyle theory, which of the following increases the likelihood of victimization?

Avoiding high-crime areas
B. Engaging in frequent social activities at night
C. Maintaining strong community ties
D. Living in a gated community

 

Which of the following is an example of an informal social control mechanism?

Laws and regulations
B. Parental discipline
C. Police patrols
D. Court-imposed penalties

 

Which criminological theory emphasizes the role of societal reactions in the development of deviant identities?

Routine activities theory
B. Labeling theory
C. Rational choice theory
D. Strain theory

 

What is the focus of feminist victimology?

The role of race in victimization
B. The unique experiences of female victims and gender-related crimes
C. Economic factors contributing to victimization
D. The psychological effects of victimization

 

Which type of crime is most closely associated with strain theory?

Crimes of passion
B. White-collar crime
C. Theft and burglary
D. Hate crimes

 

The concept of “suitable targets” in routine activities theory includes which of the following?

Accessible and valuable items or individuals
B. Offenders who are motivated
C. Effective law enforcement
D. Community awareness programs

 

Which term refers to the study of crime victims and their roles in the criminal justice system?

Criminology
B. Victimology
C. Restorative justice
D. Situational crime prevention

 

Which of the following is a key factor in the broken windows theory?

Severe punishment for offenders
B. Addressing minor signs of disorder to prevent larger crimes
C. Encouraging vigilantism in neighborhoods
D. Implementing stricter laws

 

What is a central criticism of biological theories of criminal behavior?

They overemphasize social influences.
B. They ignore environmental and cultural factors.
C. They focus too much on psychological traits.
D. They lack empirical support.

 

Which of the following best defines restorative justice?

Focusing solely on punishing offenders
B. Repairing harm caused by criminal behavior through reconciliation
C. Reducing crime through stricter law enforcement
D. Preventing crime through economic reform

 

What is “victim blaming”?

Holding offenders accountable for their actions
B. Suggesting that victims are partially responsible for their victimization
C. Recognizing the impact of crime on victims
D. Providing victims with resources for recovery

 

Which of the following is NOT an element of the routine activities theory?

Motivated offenders
B. Lack of capable guardians
C. Social inequality
D. Suitable targets

 

What does the concept of “neutralization” refer to in criminology?

Strategies used by offenders to justify or rationalize their actions
B. Preventing crime through community intervention
C. Eliminating criminal behavior entirely
D. Restoring victims to their pre-crime state

 

What is the primary focus of strain theory?

Social bonds
B. Inequalities and the inability to achieve societal goals
C. Labeling and stigma
D. Biological predispositions

 

Which of the following is an example of secondary victimization?

A victim losing property in a burglary
B. A victim being re-traumatized by the justice system or society
C. A victim receiving counseling after a crime
D. A victim helping law enforcement apprehend the offender

 

What is “situational crime prevention”?

Reducing opportunities for crime through environmental design
B. Implementing harsher punishments for offenders
C. Providing social services to at-risk populations
D. Encouraging community patrols

 

Which of the following describes a common criticism of victim precipitation theory?

It oversimplifies the role of the offender.
B. It does not account for repeat victimization.
C. It blames victims for their victimization.
D. It focuses too much on offender motives.

 

What is the main premise of rational choice theory?

Criminal behavior is a result of social influences.
B. Offenders make calculated decisions based on perceived risks and rewards.
C. Crime occurs due to biological predispositions.
D. Deviance is a result of societal reactions.

 

What does “victim facilitation” mean?

When a victim unintentionally increases the likelihood of a crime occurring
B. When a victim collaborates with law enforcement
C. When a victim seeks restitution from the offender
D. When a victim undergoes counseling after a crime

 

What is the primary goal of the victim impact statement in court proceedings?

To punish the offender
B. To allow victims to express how the crime affected them
C. To reduce the offender’s sentence
D. To determine the offender’s guilt

 

Which criminological theory is most associated with urban decay and neighborhood disorganization?

Conflict theory
B. Broken windows theory
C. Strain theory
D. Routine activities theory

 

Which of the following is a primary focus of postmodern victimology?

Understanding the psychological effects of victimization
B. Analyzing how social power dynamics shape victimization
C. Providing resources for victims of violent crime
D. Identifying high-risk areas for victimization

 

What is a key element of the victim-offender overlap?

Victims are never offenders.
B. Offenders are more likely to become victims themselves.
C. Victimization and offending are mutually exclusive.
D. Offenders have no interaction with victims.

 

 

Which term describes a criminological perspective that focuses on power imbalances and inequality as drivers of criminal behavior?

Rational choice theory
B. Conflict theory
C. Routine activities theory
D. Social learning theory

 

Which of the following is an example of a macro-level explanation of crime?

A person’s lack of self-control
B. Neighborhood poverty and social disorganization
C. The decision-making process of a single offender
D. The interaction between a victim and an offender

 

What is a key feature of classical criminology?

It emphasizes biological factors in criminal behavior.
B. It focuses on free will and rational decision-making.
C. It rejects the concept of personal responsibility.
D. It centers on societal influences over individual choices.

 

In victimology, what is “restitution”?

The compensation paid by an offender to the victim
B. The process of restoring the offender to society
C. The legal process of convicting an offender
D. The psychological recovery of a victim

 

Which of the following theories emphasizes the role of self-control in preventing criminal behavior?

Strain theory
B. Social bond theory
C. General theory of crime
D. Labeling theory

 

The term “hot spots” in criminology refers to:

Areas where police focus their patrol efforts
B. Locations with a high concentration of crime
C. Communities with effective crime prevention programs
D. Regions with limited access to law enforcement

 

Which type of victimization refers to experiencing harm through indirect exposure, such as witnessing a crime or hearing about it?

Secondary victimization
B. Primary victimization
C. Vicarious victimization
D. Tertiary victimization

 

Which of the following best describes deterrence theory?

Crime can be reduced by addressing economic inequality.
B. Punishment must be certain, swift, and severe to prevent crime.
C. Criminals are motivated by psychological factors.
D. Crime occurs when social bonds are weak.

 

What is the primary goal of victim compensation programs?

To punish offenders more harshly
B. To assist victims in recovering from financial losses
C. To increase crime reporting rates
D. To rehabilitate offenders

 

Which term refers to a crime prevention strategy that focuses on changing the physical environment to reduce opportunities for crime?

Situational crime prevention
B. Social disorganization theory
C. Restorative justice
D. Routine activities theory

 

According to lifestyle-exposure theory, who is most at risk of becoming a victim of crime?

People with routine, predictable behaviors
B. People engaged in high-risk activities
C. People living in rural areas
D. People with strong community ties

 

Which criminological theory argues that crime occurs when there is a disconnection between cultural goals and the means to achieve them?

Strain theory
B. Labeling theory
C. Social learning theory
D. Routine activities theory

 

The process of reintegrative shaming is intended to:

Increase the stigma associated with criminal behavior
B. Exclude offenders from society permanently
C. Rehabilitate offenders by reintegrating them into society
D. Punish offenders through public humiliation

 

What is a common criticism of routine activities theory?

It ignores the role of offenders’ decision-making.
B. It overlooks social and economic factors influencing crime.
C. It places too much emphasis on the criminal justice system.
D. It assumes crime is evenly distributed across all areas.

 

Which of the following is an example of tertiary victimization?

Media portrayal of victims leading to societal stigma
B. A victim being re-traumatized during a court trial
C. A victim losing property in a burglary
D. A community collectively experiencing a mass crime

 

Which term describes the psychological distress experienced by crime victims, such as PTSD?

Primary victimization
B. Victim precipitation
C. Secondary victimization
D. Victim trauma

 

Which criminological theory emphasizes the importance of learning criminal behavior through interactions with others?

Strain theory
B. Social learning theory
C. Rational choice theory
D. Routine activities theory

 

The dark figure of crime refers to:

Crimes that are unsolved by law enforcement
B. Crimes that go unreported or undetected
C. Crimes involving repeat offenders
D. Crimes committed during nighttime hours

 

What does victim-centered justice aim to achieve?

Focus on offender rehabilitation
B. Reduce the number of crime victims
C. Address the needs and rights of crime victims
D. Increase law enforcement efforts

 

Which of the following is a key factor in the development of repeat victimization?

Lack of reporting by the victim
B. Offender targeting the same individual or property multiple times
C. Victims engaging in preventive measures
D. High levels of community surveillance

 

The process of “victim blaming” is most often criticized for:

Ignoring the actions of offenders
B. Encouraging reporting of crimes
C. Supporting victims during recovery
D. Reducing crime rates

 

What is the primary focus of positivist criminology?

Biological and psychological factors influencing crime
B. The role of societal reactions in criminal behavior
C. The rational decision-making of offenders
D. Economic conditions leading to criminal behavior

 

Which of the following is an example of institutional victimization?

Being denied fair treatment in the legal process
B. A victim experiencing a burglary at their home
C. A victim suffering physical harm during a robbery
D. An offender being sentenced to community service

 

Which criminological theory is most closely associated with restorative justice?

Labeling theory
B. Strain theory
C. Social bond theory
D. Rational choice theory

 

A victim’s fear of retaliation after reporting a crime is an example of:

Secondary victimization
B. Fear of crime
C. Victim precipitation
D. Vicarious victimization

 

The term “capable guardian” in routine activities theory refers to:

Police officers and security guards
B. Any person, system, or object that deters crime
C. Victims who are aware of their surroundings
D. Offenders seeking to avoid detection

 

The principle of “just deserts” in criminology aligns most closely with:

Rehabilitation theories
B. Deterrence theories
C. Retributive justice
D. Restorative justice

 

In victimology, “fear of crime” is best described as:

A rational response to high crime rates
B. The psychological impact of living in a crime-prone area
C. The likelihood of reporting crimes to law enforcement
D. A direct result of victimization

 

 

Which of the following best defines the term “victim precipitation”?

The act of reporting a crime to law enforcement
B. The role of a victim in contributing to their own victimization
C. The psychological recovery process after victimization
D. The repeat victimization of the same individual

 

The term “victimology” was first introduced by which criminologist?

Edwin Sutherland
B. Hans von Hentig
C. Cesare Lombroso
D. Travis Hirschi

 

Which of the following crimes is most likely to result in secondary victimization?

Petty theft
B. Homicide
C. Sexual assault
D. Vandalism

 

Which theory suggests that individuals commit crimes after weighing the benefits and risks of their actions?

Strain theory
B. Rational choice theory
C. Labeling theory
D. Conflict theory

 

What is a common criticism of strain theory?

It overemphasizes individual decision-making.
B. It ignores societal structures and inequalities.
C. It fails to explain crimes committed by wealthy individuals.
D. It lacks empirical support for its claims.

 

What does the concept of “routine activities theory” emphasize?

Offenders’ biological predispositions
B. The routine patterns of offenders and victims
C. Social inequality as a cause of crime
D. The role of rehabilitation in reducing recidivism

 

Which of the following is an example of restorative justice?

Sentencing an offender to prison
B. A victim-offender mediation program
C. Assigning community service to offenders
D. Increasing police presence in high-crime areas

 

According to social bond theory, which factor reduces the likelihood of criminal behavior?

Financial resources
B. Strong ties to family, school, and community
C. The presence of routine activities
D. Lack of access to capable guardians

 

What is the primary goal of situational crime prevention?

Identifying and addressing offender motivations
B. Reducing opportunities for crime through environmental design
C. Increasing social bonds in at-risk communities
D. Expanding access to rehabilitation programs

 

Which of the following crimes is least likely to be reported to law enforcement?

Burglary
B. Homicide
C. Sexual assault
D. Drug-related offenses

 

What is the primary focus of feminist criminology?

The study of biological predispositions to crime
B. Examining gender inequality and its impact on crime and victimization
C. Exploring racial and economic disparities in crime rates
D. Studying the historical development of crime theories

 

Which of the following describes “victim facilitation”?

Victims unintentionally make it easier for an offender to commit a crime.
B. Victims are directly responsible for their own victimization.
C. Victims report a crime and seek compensation.
D. Victims recover financially from a crime.

 

The term “displacement” in criminology refers to:

Shifting crime from one location to another
B. Relocating offenders to prevent further crimes
C. Moving victims to safer environments
D. Displacing offenders’ motives through rehabilitation

 

Which of the following theories emphasizes peer influence on criminal behavior?

Routine activities theory
B. Strain theory
C. Social learning theory
D. Rational choice theory

 

Which group is most likely to experience victimization in the workplace?

Retail employees
B. Healthcare workers
C. IT professionals
D. Construction workers

 

Which type of victimization occurs when the victim is blamed for their own victimization by society or the justice system?

Primary victimization
B. Secondary victimization
C. Tertiary victimization
D. Vicarious victimization

 

What is the primary goal of victim-offender reconciliation programs?

To ensure offenders are punished
B. To allow victims and offenders to reach mutual understanding
C. To provide financial restitution to victims
D. To reduce prison overcrowding

 

Which of the following is a characteristic of low self-control as described by the general theory of crime?

Long-term planning
B. Sensitivity to others’ needs
C. Impulsivity and risk-taking behavior
D. High levels of academic achievement

 

Which criminological perspective is most likely to examine crime in the context of cultural norms and values?

Biological criminology
B. Cultural criminology
C. Feminist criminology
D. Classical criminology

 

What is the purpose of victim impact statements in criminal trials?

To influence the sentencing of offenders
B. To determine the guilt or innocence of offenders
C. To provide financial compensation to victims
D. To discourage victims from pursuing legal action

 

Which of the following is a key assumption of labeling theory?

Crime is a rational choice made by individuals.
B. Individuals become deviant due to societal labels and stigmatization.
C. Criminal behavior is learned through social interaction.
D. Criminal behavior is driven by biological factors.

 

What is the primary goal of community-oriented policing?

To increase the use of advanced technology in law enforcement
B. To build trust and collaboration between police and the community
C. To deter crime through increased patrol presence
D. To focus exclusively on serious offenses

 

Which term refers to the psychological harm caused to family members of crime victims?

Secondary victimization
B. Vicarious victimization
C. Tertiary victimization
D. Trauma bonding

 

What does routine activities theory suggest about crime prevention?

It should focus on changing offenders’ motivations.
B. It can be achieved by reducing opportunities for crime.
C. It relies primarily on strengthening social bonds.
D. It depends on addressing structural inequality.

 

Which of the following is a critique of biological explanations of criminal behavior?

They ignore environmental influences.
B. They place too much emphasis on cultural norms.
C. They overestimate the role of rational choice.
D. They focus excessively on peer influence.

 

In victimology, “learned helplessness” refers to:

A victim’s repeated inability to escape abusive situations
B. A community’s lack of resources to prevent crime
C. Offenders’ reliance on victims for financial gain
D. The process of rehabilitating crime victims

 

What is the focus of “crime prevention through environmental design” (CPTED)?

Increasing community-based policing
B. Reducing crime by modifying physical spaces
C. Changing offender behavior through education
D. Increasing social equality in high-crime areas

 

 

Which of the following best describes the “cycle of violence” theory?

Crime leads to increased victimization in communities.
B. Individuals who experience abuse are more likely to perpetrate abuse.
C. Violence is more prevalent in urban areas due to economic disparity.
D. Criminal behavior is a direct result of biological predispositions.

 

What is the primary focus of lifestyle-exposure theory in victimology?

The psychological impact of crime on victims
B. The role of daily activities and routines in increasing victimization risk
C. The offender’s motivation for committing a crime
D. The role of law enforcement in protecting victims

 

Which of the following factors is most associated with increased recidivism rates?

High levels of educational attainment
B. Strong family support systems
C. Limited access to employment opportunities
D. Participation in restorative justice programs

 

In victimology, “target hardening” refers to:

Increasing public awareness of victimization risks
B. Implementing measures to make potential victims less vulnerable
C. Enhancing support services for crime victims
D. Reducing repeat victimization through offender rehabilitation

 

Which of the following is considered an example of secondary deviance?

Committing a first offense
B. Being labeled as a criminal and adopting a criminal identity
C. Experiencing victimization for the second time
D. Receiving probation after incarceration

 

Which concept is central to feminist victimology?

The biological differences between male and female offenders
B. The societal structures that perpetuate violence against women
C. The role of economic inequality in victimization
D. The psychological effects of victimization

 

Which crime is most commonly associated with the theory of “broken windows”?

White-collar crime
B. Violent assault
C. Property crime
D. Organized crime

 

What does the term “victim-blaming” describe?

Assigning fault to the victim for their victimization
B. Prosecuting offenders based on victim testimony
C. Holding victims accountable for offender rehabilitation
D. Analyzing the role of offenders in criminal behavior

 

What is the primary purpose of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)?

To measure crime rates reported to law enforcement
B. To assess unreported crimes and victim experiences
C. To track the rehabilitation of criminal offenders
D. To evaluate the performance of the criminal justice system

 

Which of the following is NOT a component of the routine activities theory?

A motivated offender
B. A suitable target
C. Lack of capable guardianship
D. Strong moral values

 

Which of the following groups is most likely to experience victimization based on lifestyle-exposure theory?

Retired senior citizens
B. College students attending late-night events
C. Individuals living in suburban neighborhoods
D. Parents of young children

 

The concept of “capable guardianship” in criminology refers to:

The physical or social factors that deter criminal activity
B. Law enforcement officers assigned to high-crime areas
C. Victims’ ability to defend themselves against offenders
D. Psychological resilience in the aftermath of crime

 

What is the key premise of social disorganization theory?

Crime occurs due to inherent biological traits in offenders.
B. Crime is a result of weakened social bonds and community structures.
C. Crime is primarily motivated by economic gain.
D. Crime is influenced by routine daily activities.

 

Which term describes a situation where offenders target the same victim multiple times?

Vicarious victimization
B. Repeat victimization
C. Secondary victimization
D. Opportunistic crime

 

Which of the following is a criticism of classical criminology?

It overemphasizes the role of social structures in crime.
B. It assumes all individuals have equal ability to make rational choices.
C. It fails to address the psychological impact of crime.
D. It ignores the influence of biological predispositions.

 

The “just-world hypothesis” assumes that:

Offenders are always held accountable for their actions.
B. Victims of crime are somehow responsible for their victimization.
C. Crime rates are evenly distributed across all communities.
D. The criminal justice system ensures fairness for all.

 

What is a key criticism of the victim precipitation theory?

It assumes victims are responsible for their victimization.
B. It focuses too much on the role of offenders.
C. It ignores the psychological effects of victimization.
D. It places too much emphasis on situational factors.

 

Which of the following best describes the “crime funnel”?

The process by which crimes are filtered out of the justice system
B. The economic impact of crime on society
C. The focus on high-profile crimes in the media
D. The escalation of criminal behavior over time

 

Which of the following is an example of tertiary victimization?

A victim being blamed by society for their victimization
B. A victim experiencing psychological harm from a crime
C. A community being affected by a high-profile crime
D. A victim experiencing financial loss due to a crime

 

Which factor is emphasized in strain theory as a cause of criminal behavior?

A lack of rational decision-making
B. Social pressures and inability to achieve societal goals
C. Biological predispositions to aggression
D. Routine activities that create opportunities for crime

 

What is the primary focus of peacemaking criminology?

Reducing crime through stricter law enforcement
B. Promoting social harmony and restorative justice
C. Analyzing the biological factors of criminal behavior
D. Preventing crime through environmental design

 

Which term refers to the fear of being a victim of crime?

Victim precipitation
B. Perceived risk
C. Fear of crime
D. Secondary victimization

 

What is the primary goal of victim compensation programs?

To ensure offenders repay victims directly
B. To provide financial assistance to victims for losses suffered
C. To rehabilitate offenders through restitution
D. To educate victims about their rights

 

Which of the following statements aligns with differential association theory?

Crime is learned through interaction with others.
B. Criminal behavior is determined by genetics.
C. Crime is a rational decision made by individuals.
D. Crime is a result of routine activities.

 

What is a common critique of routine activities theory?

It overemphasizes biological factors.
B. It fails to address offender motivations.
C. It lacks empirical support for its claims.
D. It ignores the role of capable guardianship.

 

 

What does strain theory suggest as a key driver of criminal behavior?

The lack of suitable targets for crime
B. The inability to achieve societal goals through legitimate means
C. A biological predisposition to violence
D. The influence of peer groups on individual behavior

 

In victimology, the term “victim precipitation” refers to:

The process by which victims unintentionally contribute to their victimization
B. The societal response to victimization
C. The psychological aftermath experienced by victims
D. The role of law enforcement in preventing victimization

 

Which of the following is an example of a situational crime prevention strategy?

Increased use of surveillance cameras in public spaces
B. Rehabilitation programs for offenders
C. Implementation of stricter sentencing laws
D. Public education campaigns on crime prevention

 

According to labeling theory, what happens when individuals are labeled as deviant?

They are deterred from committing future crimes.
B. They are more likely to internalize the label and engage in deviant behavior.
C. They are less likely to experience victimization.
D. They are motivated to prove society wrong.

 

Which of the following is considered a micro-level theory of crime?

Social disorganization theory
B. Routine activities theory
C. General strain theory
D. Differential association theory

 

The “fear-victimization paradox” refers to:

The contradiction between actual victimization rates and the fear of crime
B. The impact of fear on criminal behavior
C. The relationship between fear and secondary victimization
D. The link between fear and the media portrayal of crime

 

What is a key principle of rational choice theory in criminology?

Crime is committed due to biological predispositions.
B. Criminal behavior results from social inequality.
C. Offenders weigh the costs and benefits before committing a crime.
D. Crime is learned through observation and interaction.

 

Which of the following is an example of a hate crime?

A robbery at a convenience store
B. Vandalism motivated by racial bias
C. A burglary in an unoccupied home
D. A fraud scheme targeting elderly victims

 

What is the primary focus of restorative justice?

Punishing offenders to deter future crime
B. Rehabilitating offenders through therapy
C. Addressing the harm caused to victims and communities
D. Increasing law enforcement presence in high-crime areas

 

Which of the following statements aligns with the theory of social learning?

Crime is a result of economic pressures.
B. Criminal behavior is learned through observing and imitating others.
C. Crime is determined by an individual’s rational decision-making.
D. Criminal behavior is caused by a lack of capable guardianship.

 

Which group is most likely to experience secondary victimization?

Offenders who are rehabilitated
B. Crime victims who are blamed by society
C. Law enforcement officers working in high-crime areas
D. Witnesses to violent crimes

 

What is the purpose of victim impact statements in the criminal justice process?

To allow victims to express how the crime has affected them
B. To influence the sentencing decision of the offender
C. To provide victims with an opportunity for closure
D. All of the above

 

Which of the following crimes is most likely to involve a “motivated offender”?

Opportunistic theft
B. Tax fraud
C. Organized crime operations
D. All of the above

 

What does the term “victim typologies” refer to in victimology?

Categories of offenders based on their behavior
B. Profiles of victims based on their characteristics and risk factors
C. The process of labeling individuals as victims
D. The classification of crimes based on victimization levels

 

Which theory focuses on the relationship between crime and urban neighborhood characteristics?

Rational choice theory
B. Social disorganization theory
C. Strain theory
D. Labeling theory

 

Which of the following is NOT a principle of routine activities theory?

Crime occurs when there is a lack of capable guardianship.
B. Crime occurs when there is a motivated offender.
C. Crime is solely determined by an individual’s biology.
D. Crime occurs when there is a suitable target.

 

In criminology, the concept of “white-collar crime” refers to:

Crimes committed in urban areas
B. Nonviolent crimes committed for financial gain
C. Organized criminal activities
D. Crimes targeting vulnerable populations

 

Which theory suggests that crime is a result of conflicting interests between different social classes?

Routine activities theory
B. Conflict theory
C. Rational choice theory
D. Social learning theory

 

What is the main critique of victim precipitation theory?

It ignores the role of societal structures in victimization.
B. It blames victims for their victimization.
C. It overemphasizes the psychological impact on victims.
D. It lacks empirical support in criminology research.

 

What is the focus of critical victimology?

The psychological impact of crime on victims
B. The role of social inequality in creating victimization risks
C. The rehabilitation of offenders through victim support programs
D. The effectiveness of the criminal justice system in supporting victims

 

Which of the following crimes is most likely to be underreported?

Homicide
B. Domestic violence
C. Armed robbery
D. Motor vehicle theft

 

Which concept is central to the lifestyle-exposure model?

Economic status determines victimization risk.
B. Daily routines and activities influence victimization risk.
C. Victimization is a result of genetic predispositions.
D. Victimization is primarily determined by the offender’s intent.

 

Which of the following statements aligns with strain theory?

Crime occurs due to a breakdown of community bonds.
B. Crime is a learned behavior influenced by peers.
C. Crime is a response to the pressure to achieve societal goals.
D. Crime is an irrational act without planning.

 

The term “victim-offender overlap” refers to:

Individuals who experience both victimization and offending behavior
B. Situations where multiple offenders target one victim
C. Cases where victims and offenders share similar backgrounds
D. The process of rehabilitating offenders through victim interaction

 

What is the primary goal of situational crime prevention?

Reducing crime through law enforcement strategies
B. Addressing the root causes of criminal behavior
C. Reducing opportunities for crime by changing the environment
D. Increasing community awareness about victimization risks

 

Which of the following best describes the “dark figure of crime”?

Crimes committed during nighttime hours
B. Crimes that go unreported or undetected
C. Crimes involving organized criminal groups
D. Crimes targeting vulnerable populations

 

Which of the following is an example of secondary victimization?

A victim being blamed for their assault
B. A repeat burglary targeting the same home
C. A community affected by a mass shooting
D. A victim receiving compensation for their loss

 

What does the term “displacement” refer to in situational crime prevention?

Moving offenders to different areas to reduce crime
B. Crime shifting to new locations or methods due to prevention measures
C. Relocating victims to safer environments
D. Addressing the psychological impact of victimization

 

 

What is a common criticism of the routine activities theory?

It overlooks the role of individual decision-making in crime.
B. It focuses too heavily on social class differences.
C. It does not consider the motivations behind criminal behavior.
D. It ignores the role of law enforcement in preventing crime.

 

In victimology, the concept of “capable guardianship” refers to:

The presence of individuals or systems that can prevent victimization
B. A victim’s ability to defend themselves against crime
C. Community programs aimed at rehabilitating offenders
D. The psychological resilience of victims after a crime

 

Which of the following crimes is most often associated with opportunity theory?

Burglary
B. Organized crime
C. Hate crimes
D. Cyber fraud

 

What is the primary focus of feminist criminology?

The impact of gender on victimization and offending
B. The role of economic inequality in criminal behavior
C. The relationship between age and crime
D. The effectiveness of community policing

 

Which of the following is NOT a stage in the victimization process?

Pre-victimization
B. Victim blaming
C. Victimization
D. Post-victimization

 

What is a distinguishing feature of organized crime groups?

They operate based on rational choice and long-term planning.
B. They focus exclusively on violent crimes.
C. They are primarily composed of juveniles.
D. They are motivated by ideological beliefs.

 

Which theory emphasizes the influence of societal norms and values on criminal behavior?

Social disorganization theory
B. Cultural deviance theory
C. Rational choice theory
D. Labeling theory

 

What does victim facilitation refer to?

When a victim unintentionally makes it easier for a crime to occur
B. When victims are encouraged to participate in restorative justice
C. When victims assist law enforcement in solving a crime
D. When society provides resources to support victims

 

The lifestyle theory of victimization suggests that:

Victimization risk is influenced by the daily routines and behaviors of individuals.
B. Victimization is a random occurrence unrelated to personal habits.
C. Victimization is determined solely by the presence of offenders.
D. Victimization is influenced only by socioeconomic status.

 

Which of the following is an example of secondary deviance?

A juvenile shoplifting for the first time
B. A person reoffending after being labeled a criminal
C. An individual stealing out of necessity
D. A group engaging in organized crime activities

 

Which of the following is a key component of situational crime prevention?

Eliminating societal inequality
B. Altering the environment to reduce crime opportunities
C. Focusing on the rehabilitation of offenders
D. Encouraging the use of restorative justice practices

 

What is the primary focus of the strain theory in criminology?

The role of social inequality in fostering crime
B. The influence of peer pressure on criminal behavior
C. The psychological impact of crime on victims
D. The stress caused by the inability to achieve societal goals

 

Which type of crime is most closely associated with social learning theory?

White-collar crime
B. Crimes committed in group settings, such as gang activity
C. Crimes motivated by economic strain
D. Crimes involving mental illness

 

What is the central concept of the “broken windows theory”?

Poorly maintained environments encourage criminal behavior.
B. Crime occurs primarily in affluent neighborhoods.
C. Social inequality is the root cause of criminal behavior.
D. Criminal behavior is learned through family interactions.

 

In victimology, the term “resilience” refers to:

The ability of victims to recover and adapt after victimization
B. The societal response to victimization
C. The likelihood of repeat victimization
D. The relationship between victims and offenders

 

Which of the following is an example of a primary victim?

A community affected by a natural disaster
B. A business owner whose property was vandalized
C. A bystander who witnessed a robbery
D. A family member of a homicide victim

 

What is the role of “guardianship” in routine activities theory?

Guardianship involves direct efforts to rehabilitate offenders.
B. Guardianship decreases crime by increasing supervision and protection.
C. Guardianship eliminates the root causes of criminal behavior.
D. Guardianship refers to the judicial system’s role in punishing offenders.

 

Which of the following best describes collective efficacy?

A community’s ability to regulate behavior and maintain order
B. A group’s potential to engage in organized crime
C. The shared resources available to victims of crime
D. The impact of peer influence on criminal behavior

 

Which of the following best illustrates a motivated offender?

A teenager tempted by an unattended smartphone
B. A police officer patrolling a high-crime area
C. A bystander witnessing a theft
D. A victim reporting a crime

 

Which statement aligns with the concept of victim-offender mediation?

It focuses on punishing the offender to deter future crimes.
B. It provides a platform for victims and offenders to meet and discuss the crime.
C. It involves community members taking legal action against offenders.
D. It ensures the offender receives the maximum sentence.

 

What is the primary critique of critical criminology?

It ignores the influence of individual choices on crime.
B. It focuses too heavily on biological explanations of crime.
C. It lacks empirical evidence to support its claims.
D. It overemphasizes the role of gender in criminal behavior.

 

In criminology, “target hardening” refers to:

Increasing the difficulty of committing a crime by improving security
B. Identifying vulnerable individuals as potential victims
C. Strengthening community relationships to reduce crime
D. Enhancing police training to deal with specific crimes

 

Which theory focuses on the long-term effects of labeling individuals as criminals?

Strain theory
B. Social learning theory
C. Labeling theory
D. Conflict theory

 

Which of the following is an example of an expressive crime?

A murder committed in the heat of passion
B. A bank robbery carefully planned over months
C. A burglary conducted during the night
D. A fraud scheme targeting senior citizens

 

What does the term “victim proneness” refer to?

Certain individuals being more likely to experience victimization
B. The tendency of communities to tolerate crime
C. Offenders deliberately selecting specific victims
D. The psychological traits of habitual offenders

 

Which type of crime does routine activities theory most effectively explain?

Spontaneous violent crimes
B. Organized crime
C. Opportunistic property crimes
D. White-collar crimes

 

What is the goal of victim-centered approaches in criminal justice?

To ensure offenders receive adequate punishment
B. To prioritize the rights and needs of crime victims
C. To promote stricter law enforcement measures
D. To prevent victim participation in legal proceedings

 

 

Which theory emphasizes the impact of blocked opportunities on criminal behavior?

Social control theory
B. Strain theory
C. Labeling theory
D. Rational choice theory

 

In victimology, a “hot spot” refers to:

An area with a high concentration of criminal activity
B. A location frequently visited by offenders
C. A community with inadequate law enforcement
D. A neighborhood with strong community policing

 

Which of the following best describes the concept of victim precipitation?

Victims unintentionally contribute to the occurrence of a crime.
B. Offenders choose victims based solely on appearance.
C. Victims are always responsible for their victimization.
D. Criminal behavior is unrelated to victim behavior.

 

Which of the following is a key component of deterrence theory?

Certainty, swiftness, and severity of punishment
B. Socialization and peer influence
C. Biological predispositions to crime
D. Economic inequality and deprivation

 

What is the primary goal of restorative justice?

To punish offenders to the fullest extent of the law
B. To repair harm caused by criminal behavior and involve all parties
C. To reduce recidivism through incarceration
D. To provide financial compensation to victims

 

Which of the following is an example of tertiary victimization?

A bystander feeling emotional distress after witnessing a crime
B. A victim receiving inadequate support from the justice system
C. A victim being blamed for their own victimization
D. A community experiencing fear after a publicized crime

 

The concept of “moral panic” refers to:

A widespread societal reaction to a perceived threat from certain behaviors or groups
B. Fear experienced by victims immediately after a crime
C. A government’s response to increase law enforcement presence
D. The moral dilemmas faced by law enforcement officers

 

Which criminological theory focuses on crime as a result of social inequalities and power imbalances?

Conflict theory
B. Routine activities theory
C. Strain theory
D. Rational choice theory

 

In the lifestyle-exposure theory, victimization is most influenced by:

The daily activities and routines of individuals
B. The physical appearance of the victim
C. The socioeconomic status of the community
D. The severity of law enforcement measures

 

What is a distinguishing feature of hate crimes?

They are motivated by bias against specific groups.
B. They involve financial motives.
C. They are primarily crimes of opportunity.
D. They occur only in urban areas.

 

Which of the following is a criticism of the labeling theory?

It ignores the role of social institutions in controlling crime.
B. It does not explain why individuals commit crimes in the first place.
C. It overemphasizes biological factors.
D. It focuses too much on economic disparities.

 

Which of the following is an example of active victim precipitation?

Provoking a conflict that leads to victimization
B. Accidentally leaving a door unlocked and being burglarized
C. Being in the wrong place at the wrong time
D. Ignoring safety precautions in a high-crime area

 

In criminology, “neutralization techniques” are used by offenders to:

Justify or rationalize their criminal behavior
B. Avoid detection by law enforcement
C. Manipulate victims into cooperating
D. Overcome biological predispositions to crime

 

Which term describes crime prevention strategies focusing on reducing opportunities for crime?

Situational crime prevention
B. Social learning theory
C. Conflict theory
D. Routine activities theory

 

Which type of victim is most likely to experience repeat victimization?

A victim with a high-risk lifestyle
B. A victim of a one-time theft
C. A victim living in a low-crime area
D. A victim who avoids reporting crimes

 

What does the term “fear of crime” primarily refer to?

The emotional response of individuals to the perceived risk of victimization
B. The fear experienced by offenders during their crimes
C. The anxiety law enforcement officers feel in dangerous situations
D. The fear criminals have of being caught

 

Which of the following best explains the term “victim blaming”?

Holding the victim partially responsible for their victimization
B. Denying the victim’s role in a crime
C. Supporting the offender’s version of events
D. Ignoring the victim’s perspective in the criminal justice process

 

Which theory suggests that crime is a learned behavior through interactions with others?

Social learning theory
B. Strain theory
C. Labeling theory
D. Rational choice theory

 

Which of the following is a key assumption of rational choice theory?

Individuals weigh the costs and benefits before committing a crime.
B. Crime occurs due to unconscious psychological urges.
C. Criminal behavior is primarily influenced by genetic factors.
D. Individuals are driven to commit crimes by societal inequality.

 

In victimology, what does the term “victim services” refer to?

Programs and resources designed to assist victims in recovering from crime
B. Law enforcement initiatives targeting repeat offenders
C. Community policing efforts to prevent victimization
D. Judicial processes that compensate victims financially

 

What is the primary focus of the subculture of violence theory?

Certain groups have norms that tolerate or encourage violence.
B. Economic inequality is the main driver of violent behavior.
C. Violence is learned through media exposure.
D. Offenders use violence only as a last resort.

 

Which of the following is an example of a situational crime prevention strategy?

Installing surveillance cameras in a high-crime area
B. Promoting offender rehabilitation programs
C. Increasing social services for at-risk youth
D. Enhancing penalties for repeat offenders

 

Which factor is most emphasized in routine activities theory?

The presence of motivated offenders, suitable targets, and lack of guardianship
B. The economic status of individuals committing crimes
C. The socialization process of offenders
D. The psychological state of crime victims

 

What is a common goal of victim-offender reconciliation programs?

To foster communication and understanding between the victim and offender
B. To ensure the offender receives a harsher sentence
C. To shift blame away from the victim
D. To avoid involving the legal system

 

Which of the following best defines victimology?

The study of the impact of crime on victims
B. The psychological analysis of offender behavior
C. The examination of crime rates in different regions
D. The analysis of law enforcement effectiveness

 

 

According to routine activities theory, which of the following is NOT a component for a crime to occur?

A motivated offender
B. An accessible victim
C. The absence of a capable guardian
D. The offender’s intent to reform

 

Which criminological theory argues that individuals become criminals due to the labels society places on them?

Social control theory
B. Labeling theory
C. Strain theory
D. Rational choice theory

 

Victim facilitation refers to:

The victim unintentionally making it easier for a crime to occur
B. Law enforcement encouraging victims to report crimes
C. Victims aiding offenders during the crime
D. A victim intentionally committing a crime

 

What is the primary focus of lifestyle theory in victimology?

The impact of daily routines and activities on the likelihood of victimization
B. The role of peer groups in criminal behavior
C. The psychological traits of victims
D. The economic conditions that lead to victimization

 

What does the term “secondary victimization” describe?

Victims experiencing further trauma from the justice system or society
B. A witness being traumatized by observing a crime
C. Repeat victimization by the same offender
D. Families of victims suffering emotional distress

 

Which criminological theory focuses on the role of free will and rational decision-making in criminal behavior?

Classical criminology
B. Social disorganization theory
C. Differential association theory
D. Strain theory

 

In victimology, which of the following is a common criticism of the victim-blaming approach?

It removes accountability from offenders.
B. It discourages victims from seeking justice.
C. It ignores the role of societal factors in crime.
D. All of the above.

 

Which of the following is considered a victimless crime?

Prostitution
B. Drug use
C. Illegal gambling
D. All of the above

 

The “just world hypothesis” assumes that:

People get what they deserve, and victims are responsible for their misfortune.
B. Crime occurs due to random factors.
C. Society is inherently unjust and unequal.
D. Victims have no control over their circumstances.

 

Which type of crime is most often associated with the concept of the “dark figure of crime”?

White-collar crime
B. Unreported crimes
C. Organized crime
D. Violent crime

 

What does the “cycle of violence” hypothesis suggest?

Individuals exposed to violence in childhood are more likely to become offenders or victims.
B. Crime increases in societies with weak law enforcement.
C. Victims of crime often retaliate with violence.
D. Violent crime occurs in predictable patterns.

 

Which theory argues that urban environments with visible disorder encourage crime?

Broken windows theory
B. Routine activities theory
C. Labeling theory
D. Subcultural theory

 

In the context of victimology, the term “capable guardian” refers to:

A person or mechanism that deters criminal behavior
B. A law enforcement officer who investigates crimes
C. A community leader advocating for victims
D. A bystander who helps victims during a crime

 

Which of the following is NOT a focus of victim impact statements?

Describing the emotional effects of the crime
B. Outlining the financial losses incurred by the victim
C. Presenting evidence to prove the offender’s guilt
D. Detailing the physical injuries sustained by the victim

 

What is a common feature of a hate crime?

Bias or prejudice toward the victim’s race, religion, or other identity
B. The crime targets individuals with high socioeconomic status
C. The offender acts with no identifiable motive
D. Hate crimes only involve physical violence

 

What does “situational crime prevention” focus on?

Reducing opportunities for crime in specific settings
B. Increasing the severity of criminal penalties
C. Addressing social inequalities to prevent crime
D. Educating offenders on the consequences of their actions

 

Which of the following is an example of passive victim precipitation?

Leaving a valuable item in plain view
B. Challenging an offender to a fight
C. Ignoring safety protocols in dangerous situations
D. Verbally provoking a potential offender

 

Which theory explains crime as a learned behavior through interactions with others?

Differential association theory
B. Rational choice theory
C. Social control theory
D. Strain theory

 

What is the primary concern of feminist criminology?

The role of gender and power dynamics in criminal behavior and victimization
B. The study of economic factors in crime
C. The genetic predispositions to criminal behavior
D. The focus on white-collar crimes

 

In victimology, which type of victim is more likely to experience repeat victimization?

A victim engaged in high-risk activities
B. A victim who reports the crime immediately
C. A victim living in a gated community
D. A victim with no prior criminal record

 

The term “crime displacement” refers to:

Crime shifting to another location due to preventive measures
B. Victims moving away from high-crime areas
C. Offenders adapting to avoid detection
D. Crime spreading to new forms of offending

 

Which of the following best describes the goal of restorative justice?

Repairing harm and fostering reconciliation between offenders and victims
B. Maximizing punishment for offenders
C. Reducing law enforcement involvement in minor crimes
D. Protecting offenders from harsh sentencing

 

Which factor is emphasized in the concept of “victim proneness”?

Certain individuals or groups are more susceptible to victimization.
B. Offenders target victims based solely on appearance.
C. Crime occurs randomly without any pattern.
D. The justice system favors offenders over victims.

 

Which theory suggests that crime is concentrated in areas of social and economic disorganization?

Social disorganization theory
B. Conflict theory
C. Labeling theory
D. Rational choice theory

 

What is the term for crime prevention strategies that focus on increasing the effort needed to commit a crime?

Target hardening
B. Broken windows theory
C. Routine activities theory
D. Victim-offender mediation

 

The primary purpose of a victim compensation program is to:

Provide financial support to crime victims for losses or damages
B. Prosecute offenders to the fullest extent of the law
C. Offer therapy to victims of violent crime
D. Rehabilitate offenders through community service

 

What is the key idea behind neutralization theory?

Offenders justify their criminal behavior to avoid guilt.
B. Crime occurs only in certain social environments.
C. Criminals act irrationally and without thought.
D. Victims unconsciously enable crimes against them.

 

In victimology, “repeat victimization” is often associated with:

High-risk lifestyles and lack of protective measures
B. Victims reporting crimes multiple times
C. Offenders targeting victims based on gender
D. Law enforcement neglecting victim support

 

 

Which of the following is an example of an economic crime?

Shoplifting
B. Money laundering
C. Cyberbullying
D. Domestic violence

 

According to the social control theory, individuals are less likely to commit crime if:

They have strong bonds to society and social institutions
B. They have lower levels of education
C. They experience high levels of strain
D. They have a criminal background

 

Which of the following is an assumption of the general strain theory?

Crime occurs when people are deprived of legitimate means to achieve their goals
B. All individuals are born predisposed to commit crime
C. Strain causes crime only in childhood
D. Crime is caused by lack of societal rules

 

Which of the following is an example of a situational crime prevention strategy?

Increasing community policing
B. Installing surveillance cameras in high-crime areas
C. Offering rehabilitation programs to offenders
D. Fostering stronger community ties

 

According to the routine activities theory, which of the following is a key factor in crime occurrence?

A motivated offender
B. The offender’s family background
C. The victim’s knowledge of the crime
D. The offender’s mental state

 

Which criminological theory emphasizes the role of learned behaviors in crime?

Anomie theory
B. Social learning theory
C. Routine activities theory
D. Strain theory

 

The victim’s role in precipitating a crime, intentionally or unintentionally, is known as:

Victim facilitation
B. Victim blaming
C. Victimization
D. Secondary victimization

 

Which of the following would be an example of primary victimization?

A child witnessing a violent crime
B. A victim being re-traumatized by the legal system
C. An individual being directly harmed during a crime
D. A community affected by rising crime rates

 

Which theory posits that crime results from an imbalance between societal goals and the means to achieve those goals?

Labeling theory
B. Strain theory
C. Social learning theory
D. Control theory

 

Which of the following is a form of direct victimization?

Witnessing a crime
B. Being subjected to harassment online
C. Experiencing emotional distress due to crime statistics
D. Being physically injured during a robbery

 

The concept of “distributive justice” relates to:

The fair distribution of resources and opportunities in society
B. The process of punishing offenders
C. Victim compensation programs
D. Rehabilitation of offenders

 

Which of the following is a characteristic of a “victimless crime”?

It involves harm to an individual without their consent
B. It only affects the victim directly
C. It is a crime in which there is no clear victim
D. It results in physical harm to the offender

 

Which criminological theory suggests that criminal behavior is learned through social interaction?

Routine activities theory
B. Differential association theory
C. General strain theory
D. Conflict theory

 

What is the focus of feminist criminology?

The role of gender in the commission of crimes
B. Understanding how economic class influences crime
C. The psychological causes of criminal behavior
D. The genetic causes of criminal behavior

 

In victimology, which of the following is referred to as “secondary victimization”?

Victims experiencing further harm by the criminal justice system
B. The victim’s first encounter with the offender
C. Victims suffering from physical harm during a crime
D. Victims seeking vengeance after being attacked

 

Which of the following does NOT belong to the categories of crime in criminology?

Occupational crime
B. Corporate crime
C. Cultural crime
D. Street crime

 

Which criminological theory argues that crime results from societal inequalities and class struggles?

Marxist criminology
B. Routine activities theory
C. Social control theory
D. Social learning theory

 

In terms of victimology, the “victim’s responsibility” theory refers to:

The victim’s unintentional role in enabling the crime
B. The victim being blamed for the crime by society
C. The criminal justice system holding victims accountable
D. The victim’s direct involvement in the crime commission

 

Which of the following is NOT an example of a white-collar crime?

Fraud
B. Tax evasion
C. Embezzlement
D. Robbery

 

The “broken windows theory” is associated with the idea that:

Small signs of disorder, if left unaddressed, can lead to more serious crime
B. Crime is solely the result of poverty and inequality
C. Crime can be prevented through community outreach programs
D. Juvenile delinquency can be reduced through early intervention

 

Which of the following is NOT an element in routine activities theory?

A motivated offender
B. A suitable target
C. The absence of capable guardianship
D. The offender’s opportunity for reintegration

 

What is the primary goal of restorative justice practices?

To restore offenders to their previous lifestyle
B. To reconcile offenders with their victims and society
C. To maximize punishment for offenders
D. To provide financial compensation to victims

 

The “cycle of violence” theory suggests that:

Victims of violence are more likely to become offenders themselves
B. Crime rates increase during times of economic prosperity
C. Victims often become involved in similar crimes repeatedly
D. Only violent crimes are cyclical in nature

 

Which of the following is a limitation of the social control theory?

It does not explain why some individuals commit crime despite strong social bonds
B. It focuses too much on societal influences and ignores individual traits
C. It assumes that individuals are inherently inclined to commit crime
D. It is more focused on psychological factors than social bonds

 

Which of the following is an example of a situational factor that increases crime opportunity?

High levels of community surveillance
B. The presence of well-lit streets
C. A poorly lit alley with few bystanders
D. A large police presence in a neighborhood

 

The “rational choice theory” suggests that:

Crime is a result of learned behaviors
B. Offenders make decisions based on a cost-benefit analysis
C. Crime occurs due to societal inequalities
D. Victims are largely responsible for their victimization

 

Which of the following is a form of direct control in social control theory?

Parents setting rules for their children
B. Peer groups encouraging criminal behavior
C. Society’s general condemnation of crime
D. A person’s internal sense of right and wrong

 

Which term refers to the pattern of crime in a given area, often associated with socioeconomic factors?

Crime waves
B. Victim patterns
C. Criminal career trajectory
D. Crime hotspots

 

Which criminological theory emphasizes that crime is caused by the inability to achieve societal goals through legitimate means?

Strain theory
B. Rational choice theory
C. Social learning theory
D. Conflict theory

 

 

Which of the following is an example of a status offense?

Theft
B. Vandalism
C. Running away from home
D. Murder

 

The concept of “victim precipitation” refers to:

The victim unintentionally encouraging the crime
B. The victim’s response to being victimized
C. The criminal’s motivation for committing the crime
D. The offender’s history of victimization

 

Which of the following best defines a “victimless crime”?

A crime where no one is harmed
B. A crime where there is no obvious victim
C. A crime that involves only property damage
D. A crime committed by the state

 

The broken windows theory suggests that minor crimes, if unchecked, lead to:

Increased social order
B. Higher levels of serious crimes
C. A decrease in neighborhood crime
D. Increased economic prosperity

 

Which of the following is a key component of the social learning theory of criminology?

Individuals are born with a criminal predisposition
B. Criminal behavior is learned through social interaction
C. Society inherently punishes criminal behavior
D. All criminals have a mental disorder

 

According to the conflict theory, crime is the result of:

The imbalance of power and resources between the rich and the poor
B. The breakdown of traditional family structures
C. The lack of criminal justice institutions
D. Biological factors influencing criminality

 

The concept of “victim blaming” suggests that:

Victims are responsible for their own victimization
B. Victims should be compensated by the criminal justice system
C. Criminals are victims of societal inequalities
D. Victims play no role in crime

 

Which criminological theory focuses on the structural aspects of society as a cause of crime?

Social control theory
B. Strain theory
C. Rational choice theory
D. Social learning theory

 

Which of the following is an example of a violent crime?

Bank robbery
B. Assault
C. Fraud
D. Shoplifting

 

According to the theory of anomie, crime is a response to:

A lack of clear societal norms and values
B. High levels of economic equality
C. Over-policing in communities
D. An increase in rehabilitation programs

 

Which of the following is a limitation of the routine activities theory?

It ignores the role of society’s laws in crime prevention
B. It overlooks the motivations behind criminal behavior
C. It does not account for victim blaming
D. It assumes offenders do not have rational thoughts

 

The concept of “differential association” suggests that:

Criminal behavior is learned from interactions with others
B. Crime is a result of economic disparity
C. Offenders are born with criminal tendencies
D. Crime is caused by the breakdown of law enforcement

 

Which theory focuses on the idea that crime is the result of failed socialization and bonding to society?

Labeling theory
B. Social control theory
C. Differential association theory
D. Conflict theory

 

Which of the following is an example of a non-violent crime?

Arson
B. Shoplifting
C. Kidnapping
D. Homicide

 

Which of the following terms is used to describe crimes committed by individuals in the workplace?

White-collar crime
B. Violent crime
C. Organized crime
D. Street crime

 

Which criminological theory argues that criminal behavior is the result of labeling and stigmatizing individuals?

Social learning theory
B. Labeling theory
C. Routine activities theory
D. General strain theory

 

Which of the following would be considered a “primary victim” in victimology?

A person who witnesses a crime
B. A person who is physically harmed during a crime
C. A person who is emotionally affected by a crime
D. A person who receives compensation for their victimization

 

The “routine activities theory” emphasizes the importance of which factor in crime occurrence?

The offender’s background
B. The likelihood of the victim encountering the offender
C. The presence of societal norms
D. The degree of criminal laws

 

In the context of victimology, “secondary victimization” refers to:

The initial harm caused to the victim during a crime
B. The harm the victim suffers as a result of the criminal justice system
C. The emotional impact of a crime on the victim
D. The primary victim’s role in encouraging the crime

 

The concept of “cultural criminology” examines the intersection of:

Crime and cultural norms
B. Crime and psychological disorders
C. Crime and economic inequality
D. Crime and legal punishment

 

According to the labeling theory, individuals who are labeled as criminals are:

More likely to desist from criminal behavior
B. More likely to engage in future criminal behavior
C. Less likely to encounter societal rejection
D. Not affected by their criminal label

 

In criminology, “rational choice theory” suggests that offenders:

Act based on emotional reactions to situations
B. Make decisions based on a cost-benefit analysis
C. Commit crimes due to social pressures
D. Engage in crime without any thought

 

Which of the following is an example of a crime of passion?

A person stealing from a store
B. A person murdering someone in a fit of anger
C. A person committing fraud for financial gain
D. A person hacking into a computer system

 

Which of the following would be an example of a crime that can be prevented through situational crime prevention?

Domestic violence
B. Cybercrime
C. Shoplifting
D. White-collar crime

 

In victimology, the “victim-offender overlap” refers to the idea that:

Victims and offenders may have similar social and psychological traits
B. Victims are always blameless in their victimization
C. Victims never engage in criminal behavior themselves
D. Victims and offenders are entirely separate categories

 

Which of the following theories posits that crime occurs when there is an imbalance between societal goals and the means to achieve them?

Conflict theory
B. Strain theory
C. Social control theory
D. Routine activities theory

 

The “victim precipitation theory” suggests that:

Victims are entirely responsible for their victimization
B. Victims may play a role in initiating or provoking a crime
C. Victims never contribute to their own victimization
D. Crime is purely a result of environmental factors

 

Which of the following is a characteristic of organized crime?

It is usually committed by individuals acting alone
B. It involves illegal activities planned and coordinated by a criminal group
C. It is always violent in nature
D. It is limited to small-scale local crimes

 

 

Which theory suggests that crime occurs when individuals experience a gap between societal goals and the means to achieve them?

Rational choice theory
B. Strain theory
C. Labeling theory
D. Social control theory

 

Which of the following is a key factor in the social bond theory of criminology?

Personal choice
B. Economic inequality
C. Social bonds and attachments
D. Fear of punishment

 

The “criminal justice funnel” refers to:

The number of offenders that enter and exit the criminal justice system
B. The process of victim compensation
C. The impact of rehabilitation on reducing crime rates
D. The level of police involvement in crime prevention

 

Which of the following is NOT an example of a white-collar crime?

Embezzlement
B. Insider trading
C. Bank robbery
D. Tax evasion

 

According to the routine activities theory, which of the following is an essential factor for a crime to occur?

The offender’s intention
B. The availability of a victim
C. The use of advanced technology
D. The involvement of law enforcement

 

The concept of “victimology” primarily focuses on:

The punishment of offenders
B. The study of crime rates
C. The experiences of victims and their role in the crime
D. The legal processes involved in criminal justice

 

The “just world hypothesis” suggests that:

Victims are often responsible for their victimization
B. Crime is a result of inequality in society
C. The world is inherently fair, and people get what they deserve
D. Criminal behavior is the result of mental illness

 

Which of the following is a primary criticism of the classical school of criminology?

It ignores individual choice and rationality
B. It focuses too much on punishment rather than prevention
C. It overlooks the social factors that contribute to crime
D. It emphasizes psychological causes of crime

 

Which theory is associated with the idea that crime is a learned behavior that is influenced by associations with others?

Differential association theory
B. Labeling theory
C. Social learning theory
D. Routine activities theory

 

According to the general strain theory, individuals are more likely to commit crimes when:

They experience social isolation
B. They are exposed to stressors that cause negative emotions
C. They are involved in a supportive family environment
D. They have a positive self-image

 

A victim who experiences both emotional and physical harm from a crime is said to suffer from:

Primary victimization
B. Secondary victimization
C. Tertiary victimization
D. Psychological victimization

 

Which criminological theory emphasizes the importance of societal norms and values in shaping behavior?

Social control theory
B. Social learning theory
C. Rational choice theory
D. Strain theory

 

In victimology, which term refers to a situation where the criminal justice system fails to support the victim?

Victim compensation
B. Secondary victimization
C. Victim blaming
D. Victimization cycle

 

According to the “routine activities theory,” which factor is NOT considered crucial for crime to occur?

A motivated offender
B. A suitable target
C. The absence of a capable guardian
D. The presence of a social support network

 

Which theory argues that individuals are born with the capacity to commit crimes but that criminal behavior is shaped by the environment and socialization?

Trait theory
B. Social learning theory
C. Biological theory
D. Rational choice theory

 

Which of the following is an example of a “victimless crime”?

Homicide
B. Drug use
C. Burglary
D. Armed robbery

 

In the context of victimology, the “victim precipitation theory” suggests that:

Victims are solely responsible for their victimization
B. Victims have no influence on their victimization
C. Victims may play an active role in provoking or escalating a crime
D. Victimization occurs due to social inequality

 

According to the social bond theory, individuals are less likely to commit crimes if they:

Have strong relationships with family and friends
B. Experience emotional distress
C. Live in an economically deprived area
D. Are isolated from society

 

Which theory suggests that crime is the result of individuals’ rational decision-making and a cost-benefit analysis?

Social learning theory
B. Rational choice theory
C. Conflict theory
D. Labeling theory

 

Which of the following is an example of a “primary victim” in the context of victimology?

A person who is emotionally affected by a crime but is not directly harmed
B. A person who is physically injured during a crime
C. A bystander who witnesses a crime
D. A family member who suffers emotionally from a crime

 

Which of the following is a characteristic of organized crime?

Committed by individuals acting alone
B. Focuses solely on violent activities
C. Involves a group or network of criminals working together
D. Is limited to petty thefts and burglaries

 

Which criminological theory focuses on the concept of “strain” as a central cause of criminal behavior?

Strain theory
B. Social control theory
C. Social learning theory
D. Labeling theory

 

The idea that crime is the result of an unequal distribution of power and resources in society is best explained by which theory?

Conflict theory
B. Social control theory
C. Differential association theory
D. General strain theory

 

The “cycle of victimization” suggests that:

Victims are more likely to be victimized multiple times
B. Criminal behavior is cyclical and repetitive
C. Victims should be punished for their crimes
D. All victims eventually become offenders themselves

 

According to the labeling theory, individuals who are labeled as criminals are:

Likely to be rehabilitated by society
B. More likely to commit crimes in the future
C. Less likely to engage in criminal behavior
D. Not affected by their criminal label

 

Which of the following is an example of a street crime?

Tax evasion
B. Shoplifting
C. Murder
D. Insider trading

 

In victimology, the term “secondary victimization” refers to:

Emotional trauma caused by the crime itself
B. The additional harm victims experience due to the criminal justice system’s response
C. Physical injuries sustained during a crime
D. The role of the victim in precipitating the crime

 

Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of “victimless crimes”?

Drug use
B. Prostitution
C. Gambling
D. Homicide

 

 

Which theory suggests that individuals will commit crimes if they perceive the benefits to outweigh the costs?

Routine activities theory
B. Rational choice theory
C. Labeling theory
D. Social control theory

 

Which of the following is an example of a victimless crime?

Burglary
B. Drug possession
C. Kidnapping
D. Fraud

 

The term “victim precipitation” in victimology refers to:

The victim’s role in causing or escalating the crime
B. The emotional harm caused by crime to the victim
C. The physical harm caused to the victim during a crime
D. The process of justice for the victim

 

Which of the following is NOT one of the main concepts of the social bond theory?

Attachment
B. Commitment
C. Deviance
D. Belief

 

According to social learning theory, criminal behavior is learned through:

Genetic predisposition
B. Interaction with others
C. Biological factors
D. Rational decision-making

 

Which of the following best defines the concept of “labeling” in criminology?

The act of blaming victims for their victimization
B. The classification of individuals based on their criminal behavior
C. The impact of being labeled as a criminal and how it affects future behavior
D. The process of arresting individuals based on criminal behavior

 

Which of the following is the primary focus of routine activities theory in criminology?

The study of the offender’s background
B. The influence of the environment on criminal behavior
C. The factors that make crimes more likely to occur
D. The mental state of the offender during the crime

 

According to the social control theory, individuals are less likely to commit crimes if they:

Have strong social bonds with family and society
B. Experience financial hardship
C. Live in an area with high crime rates
D. Associate with delinquent peers

 

The concept of “secondary victimization” refers to:

Victim’s primary physical injuries from the crime
B. Additional harm caused by the criminal justice system’s handling of the victim
C. Victim blaming and societal neglect
D. Financial compensation provided to the victim

 

According to the general strain theory, crime is more likely to occur when:

People experience negative emotions due to strain
B. Individuals are heavily punished for minor offenses
C. People engage in positive social bonds
D. Crime rates are low in society

 

Which theory argues that criminal behavior is learned from associations with others who promote criminal values?

Differential association theory
B. Routine activities theory
C. Social control theory
D. Strain theory

 

The “dark figure of crime” refers to:

Unreported or unrecorded crimes
B. A crime committed in the night
C. The number of crimes that go unsolved
D. Crimes involving organized crime

 

In the context of victimology, which of the following is a characteristic of “primary victimization”?

Victim’s emotional and financial loss due to the crime
B. The harm done to the victim by the justice system
C. Victimization caused indirectly by other victims
D. The societal reaction to the crime

 

According to the strain theory, crime is most likely to occur when:

There is a mismatch between cultural goals and the means to achieve them
B. Individuals are punished too harshly for their behavior
C. People are supported by strong social bonds
D. There is an abundance of resources and opportunities

 

In victimology, “victim blaming” refers to:

The victim’s direct role in causing the crime
B. The belief that the victim is responsible for their victimization
C. A method of ensuring the victim is compensated
D. The process of the victim supporting the criminal

 

Which of the following is a central component of the rational choice theory of criminal behavior?

The decision to commit a crime is based on a careful calculation of risks and rewards
B. Individuals commit crimes due to social or environmental factors
C. Crime is a learned behavior through association with criminal peers
D. Offenders act in response to societal strain and pressures

 

The social learning theory of criminal behavior emphasizes the role of:

Genetic factors in shaping behavior
B. Punishment as a deterrent to crime
C. Environmental influences and interactions with others
D. The fairness of the criminal justice system

 

Which of the following best describes the concept of “victim precipitation”?

The theory that victims may provoke or contribute to their victimization
B. The amount of harm or injury caused to the victim during a crime
C. The financial compensation for victims of crime
D. The legal process of providing justice to victims

 

Which of the following is considered a form of “white-collar crime”?

Bank robbery
B. Fraud
C. Street gang violence
D. Assault

 

Which criminological theory suggests that the behavior of criminals is a result of their interactions with people who promote criminal values?

Differential association theory
B. Rational choice theory
C. Social control theory
D. Strain theory

 

The concept of “vicarious victimization” refers to:

Individuals who become victims after witnessing crimes
B. Victims who experience emotional harm without physical injury
C. The legal process for victim compensation
D. Individuals who commit crimes as a form of retaliation

 

The idea that individuals may commit crimes because of the labels placed upon them by society is the focus of:

Differential association theory
B. Labeling theory
C. Rational choice theory
D. Social control theory

 

According to routine activities theory, which factor is essential for crime to occur?

Lack of capable guardianship
B. A social support system
C. The presence of economic inequality
D. A criminal justice response

 

In victimology, which term refers to the emotional harm that victims may experience due to crime?

Victim precipitation
B. Victim blaming
C. Secondary victimization
D. Psychological victimization

 

The “broken windows theory” suggests that:

Small signs of disorder and neglect lead to greater crime
B. Serious crimes are a result of economic inequality
C. Victims play a role in escalating crime
D. Criminal behavior is learned through social interactions

 

The concept of “victim impact statements” refers to:

Written statements from victims that describe the emotional and financial impact of the crime
B. Legal documents filed by victims to sue offenders
C. Statements from the offender’s family members
D. Descriptions of the crime provided by law enforcement

 

According to the general strain theory, individuals may engage in crime if they experience:

A negative emotional reaction to stressful events
B. A lack of access to criminal peers
C. Positive reinforcement for non-criminal behavior
D. A strong sense of social control

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