Health Problems of Newborns Practice Exam
These Questions can help to prepare your exams or interested in neonatal health knowledge.
- What is the most common cause of jaundice in newborns?
a) Liver disease
b) Excessive breast milk
c) Immature liver function
d) Infection
- Which condition is characterized by rapid, labored breathing in newborns?
a) Neonatal sepsis
b) Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
c) Pneumonia
d) Bronchiolitis
- Which of the following is NOT a typical sign of hypoglycemia in a newborn?
a) Jitteriness
b) Lethargy
c) High-pitched cry
d) Sweating
- What is the primary treatment for neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS)?
a) Antibiotics
b) Sedatives and supportive care
c) Surgery
d) Radiation therapy
- Which type of infection poses a significant risk to newborns due to underdeveloped immune systems?
a) Skin infection
b) Urinary tract infection
c) Neonatal sepsis
d) Conjunctivitis - Which condition is often associated with preterm birth and involves the underdevelopment of the lungs?
a) Cerebral palsy
b) Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)
c) Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
d) Neonatal jaundice - A newborn presents with a bulging soft spot on their head. What is this condition called?
a) Hydrocephalus
b) Meningocele
c) Caput succedaneum
d) Cephalohematoma - Which of the following is a common consequence of untreated hyperbilirubinemia in a newborn?
a) Cerebral palsy
b) Kernicterus
c) Anemia
d) Failure to thrive - What condition is characterized by an abnormality in the intestinal wall, potentially leading to necrosis?
a) Gastroschisis
b) Umbilical hernia
c) Hirschsprung’s disease
d) Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) - What condition involves a deficiency in the enzyme that helps break down phenylalanine?
a) Cystic fibrosis
b) Phenylketonuria (PKU)
c) Galactosemia
d) Maple syrup urine disease - Which condition is a genetic disorder that can lead to hearing loss in newborns?
a) Down syndrome
b) Cystic fibrosis
c) Turner syndrome
d) Waardenburg syndrome - Which of these is a possible complication of maternal diabetes during pregnancy?
a) Neonatal hypoglycemia
b) Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia
c) Neonatal sepsis
d) Both a and b - What is the primary risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
a) Sleeping on the back
b) Overheating
c) Breastfeeding
d) Use of pacifiers - Which condition is associated with a “sunset sign” in a newborn’s eyes?
a) Hydrocephalus
b) Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)
c) Neonatal sepsis
d) Meningitis - Which newborn condition is commonly treated with phototherapy?
a) Neonatal sepsis
b) Jaundice
c) Hypoglycemia
d) Anemia - What is the most common congenital heart defect found in newborns?
a) Atrial septal defect (ASD)
b) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
c) Tetralogy of Fallot
d) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) - A baby has a persistent cough and wheezing. What condition should be suspected?
a) Asthma
b) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)
c) Pneumonia
d) RSV infection - Which newborn health problem is characterized by a sudden change in skin color to a bluish hue, particularly in the lips and face?
a) Jaundice
b) Cyanosis
c) Pallor
d) Erythema - Which neonatal condition is a common cause of metabolic acidosis and may lead to seizures?
a) Hypoglycemia
b) Hyperbilirubinemia
c) Hypocalcemia
d) Respiratory distress syndrome - What is the typical treatment for neonatal conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis?
a) Oral antibiotics
b) Topical corticosteroids
c) Antibiotic eye drops
d) Surgery - What disorder is characterized by an increased risk of bleeding due to low levels of clotting factors?
a) Hemophilia
b) Thalassemia
c) Sickle cell anemia
d) Leukemia - Which symptom is NOT typical of colic in a newborn?
a) Excessive crying
b) Refusal to breastfeed
c) Bloating and gas
d) High fever - Which newborn condition can be diagnosed with a heel prick blood test?
a) Neonatal sepsis
b) Hypothyroidism
c) Necrotizing enterocolitis
d) Jaundice - Which type of jaundice is more common in breastfed newborns?
a) Early-onset jaundice
b) Breast milk jaundice
c) Physiological jaundice
d) Hemolytic jaundice - A newborn with a “cherry-red spot” on the macula is likely to have which condition?
a) Galactosemia
b) Tay-Sachs disease
c) Cystic fibrosis
d) Phenylketonuria
- Which newborn condition has seen an increase in prevalence due to higher rates of maternal obesity?
a) Neonatal sepsis
b) Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
c) Neonatal hypoglycemia
d) Hypocalcemia - What is the most recent guideline for the timing of cord clamping in preterm newborns?
a) Immediate clamping
b) Delayed clamping for 30 seconds
c) Delayed clamping for at least 60 seconds
d) Clamping after 2 minutes - Which new treatment approach is showing promise for reducing the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)?
a) Early phototherapy
b) Use of low-dose antibiotics
c) Administration of anti-VEGF medications
d) High-dose corticosteroids - In 2024, what advancement has been made in the screening for congenital heart defects in newborns?
a) Universal pulse oximetry screening
b) MRI-based imaging
c) Genetic testing for heart defect markers
d) Echocardiography at 2 weeks of age - Which of the following conditions is now routinely evaluated through genetic screening at birth?
a) Cystic fibrosis
b) Neonatal sepsis
c) Rickets
d) Down syndrome - What is the current primary prevention strategy for group B Streptococcus (GBS) in newborns?
a) Prophylactic oral antibiotics for all newborns
b) Maternal screening and intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis
c) Routine vaccination at birth
d) Immediate cord clamping - In neonatology, what new method has been recommended to reduce postnatal infections?
a) Increased use of antiseptic skin wipes
b) Early introduction of breast milk
c) Routine probiotic supplementation
d) Comprehensive immunization at birth - Which condition in 2024 is being more aggressively managed to prevent neurodevelopmental delays in preterm infants?
a) Respiratory distress syndrome
b) Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)
c) Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH)
d) Hyperbilirubinemia - What is the most recent research finding regarding the impact of maternal stress on newborns?
a) Increased risk of congenital heart defects
b) Higher incidence of colic and sleep disturbances
c) Reduced breastfeeding success
d) Improved neonatal immunity - What 2024 advancement is being integrated into neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) for better temperature regulation?
a) Newborn warmers with AI temperature control
b) Advanced thermal blankets with smart sensors
c) Neonatal cooling systems
d) Increased use of incubators with remote monitoring
- Which of the following best describes the newest recommendation for neonatal vaccination against hepatitis B?
a) Delayed until the first month of life
b) Administered at birth for all infants
c) Given at six months of age
d) Only for high-risk newborns - In 2024, what is the main reason for screening newborns for congenital hypothyroidism?
a) To prevent feeding difficulties
b) To avoid physical growth delays
c) To prevent cognitive and developmental impairments
d) To reduce hospital readmissions - What is a significant cause of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia that has been emphasized in recent studies?
a) Lack of vitamin D supplementation
b) Genetic enzyme deficiencies
c) Low birth weight
d) Overfeeding of formula milk - The use of which device in 2024 has helped reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
a) Smart baby monitor with heart rate tracking
b) Advanced sleeping pods with temperature control
c) Sleep tracking mats
d) Non-invasive breathing monitors - Which condition in newborns is now being managed with lower doses of corticosteroids as per new guidelines?
a) Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
b) Neonatal sepsis
c) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)
d) Hypoglycemia - What recent development in neonatal care aims to improve outcomes in preterm infants with immature digestive systems?
a) Introduction of probiotics and prebiotics in NICU diets
b) High-calorie formula feeding
c) Prophylactic IV hydration
d) Early enteral nutrition with donor milk - Which new protocol for infant feeding has been linked to improved growth and reduced complications in preterm newborns?
a) 24-hour feeding cycles
b) “Kangaroo care” feeding
c) Prolonged exclusive breastfeeding
d) Continuous tube feeding with fortified milk - Which of the following is an emerging risk factor for hearing impairment in newborns, as highlighted in 2024 studies?
a) Prolonged use of antibiotics in pregnancy
b) In utero exposure to certain environmental toxins
c) Maternal preeclampsia
d) Neonatal respiratory infections - Recent research in 2024 highlights the importance of which micronutrient in preventing anemia in newborns?
a) Zinc
b) Vitamin A
c) Iron
d) Calcium - Which advanced method is being used in NICUs to monitor the oxygen saturation levels of newborns more effectively?
a) Continuous blood gas analysis
b) Wearable pulse oximeters with real-time alerts
c) Infrared body temperature sensors
d) Wristband oxygen monitoring systems - Which neonatal condition has shown a decline in prevalence due to increased maternal vaccinations?
a) Neonatal sepsis
b) Tetanus
c) Group B Streptococcus (GBS)
d) Hypothermia - A newborn with a “blueberry muffin” rash may be suspected of having which condition?
a) Neonatal lupus
b) Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection
c) Toxoplasmosis
d) Hemangioma - In recent practices, which intervention is often recommended for preventing retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in preterm infants?
a) Administration of antioxidants
b) Tight glucose control
c) Use of oxygen therapy with low saturation targets
d) Regular eye exams and laser treatment - What recent advancement has improved the early detection of inborn errors of metabolism in newborns?
a) Expanded newborn screening panels using tandem mass spectrometry
b) Immediate metabolic profiling using urine samples
c) Genetic testing at birth
d) Invasive blood sampling for metabolic markers - Which of the following practices has been shown to support better neurodevelopmental outcomes in NICU patients?
a) Use of sedation and pain relief protocols
b) Routine early introduction of formula milk
c) Frequent physical handling without protective measures
d) High-volume feedings
- What condition is characterized by the presence of an extra chromosome 21 in a newborn?
a) Edwards syndrome
b) Patau syndrome
c) Turner syndrome
d) Down syndrome - Which of the following is the leading cause of neonatal mortality in low-income countries as of 2024?
a) Neonatal sepsis
b) Respiratory distress syndrome
c) Hypoglycemia
d) Birth defects - What approach in 2024 is emphasized to reduce the incidence of nosocomial infections in NICU settings?
a) Routine sterilization of all feeding equipment
b) Implementation of strict hand hygiene protocols
c) Use of antiseptic skin preparations for all newborns
d) Isolation of all high-risk neonates - Which treatment for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is now recommended as a standard practice in 2024?
a) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
b) Therapeutic hypothermia
c) High-dose corticosteroids
d) Anticonvulsant medications - Which disease in newborns is characterized by the inability to process galactose properly, and can lead to liver damage and cataracts?
a) Phenylketonuria (PKU)
b) Maple syrup urine disease
c) Galactosemia
d) Cystic fibrosis - Which newborn condition is linked to an increased risk when maternal diabetes is poorly managed during pregnancy?
a) Neonatal hypothermia
b) Neonatal hypoglycemia
c) Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia
d) Neonatal seizures - What is a key feature of the new neonatal resuscitation guidelines introduced in 2024?
a) Use of adrenaline as the first line of treatment
b) Delayed cord clamping in all cases
c) Initiating resuscitation with positive pressure ventilation
d) Immediate intubation for all term newborns - Which newborn health problem is associated with the “failure to thrive” condition?
a) Vitamin K deficiency
b) Poor feeding and weight gain
c) Neonatal sepsis
d) Neonatal jaundice - What has recent research in 2024 revealed as a key preventative measure for reducing the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants?
a) Administering probiotics
b) Early initiation of enteral feeding with breast milk
c) Increased maternal vitamin D supplementation
d) Regular blood transfusions - What condition is characterized by a newborn’s inability to produce enough surfactant, leading to lung collapse?
a) Bronchiolitis
b) Neonatal sepsis
c) Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
d) Pneumonia - What novel treatment strategy for preterm infants with immature lungs was emphasized in 2024 studies?
a) Regular high-dose corticosteroid therapy
b) Inhaled nitric oxide
c) Prolonged use of surfactant therapy
d) Early administration of antibiotics - In 2024, what type of newborn screening has been expanded to include rare genetic disorders?
a) Whole-genome sequencing
b) Tandem mass spectrometry
c) Urine metabolic profiling
d) Targeted blood tests only - Which new approach in 2024 helps manage neonatal pain effectively without affecting development?
a) Regular exposure to light therapy
b) Use of non-nutritive sucking
c) High-frequency vibration therapy
d) Sedative injections for all newborns - Which aspect of neonatal care has gained attention due to its impact on the gut microbiome in 2024?
a) Administration of probiotics in NICUs
b) Use of antibacterial wipes on newborn skin
c) Increased exposure to antibiotics for all infants
d) Immediate supplementation with iron-rich formula - Which of the following best describes the current 2024 approach to treating neonatal seizures?
a) Exclusive use of benzodiazepines
b) Early use of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs)
c) Non-pharmacological management first
d) High-dose corticosteroid therapy - What significant change was made in neonatal jaundice management in 2024 to improve safety?
a) Use of extended-duration phototherapy
b) Addition of vitamin D supplements during phototherapy
c) Cessation of phototherapy after 12 hours
d) Improved bilirubin monitoring techniques - What new recommendation has been made for preventing vertical transmission of Zika virus to newborns?
a) Routine administration of antiviral drugs to all pregnant women
b) Increased use of insect repellent by expectant mothers
c) Early antenatal screening and isolation of affected mothers
d) Immunization of newborns at birth - What condition requires immediate intervention with vitamin K to prevent bleeding disorders in newborns?
a) Galactosemia
b) Hemophilia
c) Vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB)
d) Rickets - Which newborn condition is most commonly associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy?
a) Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia
b) Low birth weight and preterm birth
c) Hypoglycemia
d) Cystic fibrosis - What new 2024 guideline addresses the importance of early intervention for neurodevelopmental disorders in newborns?
a) Regular use of developmental screenings starting at birth
b) Delayed developmental interventions until 6 months of age
c) Focus on infant physical therapy starting at 2 months
d) Routine use of early behavioral assessments at 1 year
- Which of the following is a newly recommended approach for managing neonatal sepsis in 2024?
a) Immediate administration of antibiotics to all newborns
b) Blood culture before starting antibiotics
c) Delayed initiation of antibiotic therapy until symptoms appear
d) Use of antiviral drugs as the first-line treatment - What type of newborn screening is now being recommended in 2024 for early identification of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)?
a) Urine metabolic screening
b) Heel-stick blood test for T-cell receptor excision circles (TREC)
c) Saliva test for genetic markers
d) MRI scan of the thymus - In 2024, which strategy is used to reduce the risk of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in preterm infants?
a) High-dose caffeine administration
b) Early use of surfactant therapy
c) Gentle handling and positioning to minimize stress
d) Routine cranial ultrasound at birth - Which newborn condition has seen an improvement in survival rates due to advancements in cooling therapy?
a) Neonatal sepsis
b) Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE)
c) Neonatal jaundice
d) Respiratory distress syndrome - What is the primary method to prevent sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) as per 2024 recommendations?
a) Breastfeeding exclusively for the first 6 months
b) Placing the infant on their back to sleep
c) Ensuring the room temperature is warm and comfortable
d) Routine use of pacifiers - Which condition is associated with a “sail-shaped” anterior fontanelle in a newborn?
a) Hydrocephalus
b) Craniosynostosis
c) Down syndrome
d) Dehydration - In 2024, which measure is recommended for preventing vertical transmission of syphilis during pregnancy?
a) Prophylactic cesarean delivery
b) Maternal treatment with penicillin
c) Routine neonatal antibiotic therapy
d) Avoiding all vaginal deliveries - What condition in newborns has been linked to prolonged exposure to maternal stress hormones during pregnancy?
a) Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia
b) Neonatal sepsis
c) Increased risk of metabolic syndrome
d) Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) - Which recent practice in 2024 has been shown to reduce the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in premature infants?
a) Use of exclusive formula feeding
b) Early administration of antibiotics
c) Breastfeeding and human milk fortifiers
d) Routine use of probiotic supplements - Which of the following is a primary reason for the use of vitamin D supplementation in newborns?
a) To prevent hypocalcemia
b) To enhance iron absorption
c) To reduce the risk of rickets
d) To support thyroid function - Which newborn condition is commonly associated with maternal intake of high levels of phenylalanine during pregnancy?
a) Congenital heart defects
b) Neonatal sepsis
c) Phenylketonuria (PKU)
d) Hypoglycemia - In 2024, what new screening tool is recommended to detect hearing loss in newborns more effectively?
a) Auditory brainstem response (ABR) test
b) Otoacoustic emissions (OAE) test
c) Standard auditory screening at age 1 month
d) MRI with auditory analysis - Which of the following best describes the treatment for neonatal hypoglycemia as per current practices in 2024?
a) Immediate administration of glucose via IV
b) Use of glucose gel for mild cases
c) Routine use of caffeine supplements
d) Delayed feeding until blood sugar stabilizes - What recent finding has led to updated recommendations on newborn skin care in 2024?
a) Use of hypoallergenic products for all newborns
b) Early application of umbilical cord antiseptics
c) Minimal bathing within the first week to maintain natural oils
d) Avoidance of breastfeeding until skin is clean - Which newborn health condition requires immediate treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in 2024?
a) Neonatal sepsis
b) Neonatal jaundice
c) Congenital syphilis
d) Neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection
Which term is defined as a vaguely outlined area of edematous tissue situated over the portion of the scalp that presents in a vertex delivery?
| a. | Hydrocephalus |
| b. | Cephalhematoma |
| c. | Caput succedaneum |
| d. | Subdural hematoma |
Which finding on a newborn assessment should the nurse recognize as suggestive of a clavicle fracture?
| a. | Positive scarf sign |
| b. | Asymmetric Moro reflex |
| c. | Swelling of fingers on affected side |
| d. | Paralysis of affected extremity and muscles |
The parents of a newborn ask the nurse what caused the baby’s facial nerve paralysis. The nurse’s response is based on remembering that this is caused by what?
| a. | Birth injury |
| b. | Genetic defect |
| c. | Spinal cord injury |
| d. | Inborn error of metabolism |
A mother is upset because her newborn has erythema toxicum neonatorum. The nurse should reassure her that this is what?
| a. | Easily treated |
| b. | Benign and transient |
| c. | Usually not contagious |
| d. | Usually not disfiguring |
What should nursing care of an infant with oral candidiasis (thrush) include?
| a. | Avoid use of a pacifier. |
| b. | Continue medication for the prescribed number of days. |
| c. | Remove the characteristic white patches with a soft cloth. |
| d. | Apply medication to the oral mucosa, being careful that none is ingested. |
A mother brings her 6-week-old infant in with complaints of poor feeding, lethargy, fever, irritability, and a vesicular rash. What does the nurse suspect?
| a. | Impetigo |
| b. | Candidiasis |
| c. | Neonatal herpes |
| d. | Congenital syphilis |
Which is a bright red, rubbery nodule with a rough surface and a well-defined margin that may be present at birth?
| a. | Port-wine stain |
| b. | Juvenile melanoma |
| c. | Cavernous hemangioma |
| d. | Strawberry hemangioma |
What is an infant with severe jaundice at risk for developing?
| a. | Encephalopathy |
| b. | Bullous impetigo |
| c. | Respiratory distress |
| d. | Blood incompatibility |
When should the nurse expect breastfeeding-associated jaundice to first appear in a normal infant?
| a. | 2 to 12 hours |
| b. | 12 to 24 hours |
| c. | 2 to 4 days |
| d. | After the fifth day |
Which intervention may decrease the incidence of physiologic jaundice in a healthy full-term infant?
| a. | Institute early and frequent feedings. |
| b. | Bathe newborn when the axillary temperature is 36.3° C (97.5° F). |
| c. | Place the newborn’s crib near a window for exposure to sunlight. |
| d. | Suggest that the mother initiate breastfeeding when the danger of jaundice has passed. |
What is an important nursing intervention for a full-term infant receiving phototherapy?
| a. | Observing for signs of dehydration |
| b. | Using sunscreen to protect the infant’s skin |
| c. | Keeping the infant diapered to collect frequent stools |
| d. | Informing the mother why breastfeeding must be discontinued |
Rh hemolytic disease is suspected in a mother’s second baby, a son. Which factor is important in understanding how this could develop?
| a. | The first child was a girl. |
| b. | The first child was Rh positive. |
| c. | Both parents have type O blood. |
| d. | She was not immunized against hemolysis. |
When should the nurse expect jaundice to be present in a full-term infant with hemolytic disease?
| a. | At birth |
| b. | Within 24 hours after birth |
| c. | 25 to 48 hours after birth |
| d. | 49 to 72 hours after birth |
A woman who is Rh-negative is pregnant with her first child, and her husband is Rh positive. During her 12-week prenatal visit, she tells the nurse that she has been told that this is dangerous. What should the nurse tell her?
| a. | That no treatment is necessary |
| b. | That an exchange transfusion will be necessary at birth |
| c. | That no treatment is available until the infant is born |
| d. | That administration of Rh immunoglobulin is indicated at 26 to 28 weeks of gestation |
The nurse is planning care for an infant receiving calcium gluconate for treatment of hypocalcemia. Which route of administration should be used?
| a. | Oral |
| b. | Intramuscular |
| c. | Intravenous |
| d. | Intraosseous |
The nurse is caring for an infant who will be discharged on home phototherapy. What instructions should the nurse include in the discharge teaching to the parents?
| a. | Apply an oil-based lotion to the infant’s skin two times per day to prevent the skin from drying out under the phototherapy light. |
| b. | Keep the eye shields on the infant’s eyes even when the phototherapy light is turned off. |
| c. | Take the infant’s temperature every 2 hours while the newborn is under the phototherapy light. |
| d. | Make a follow-up visit with the health care provider within 2 or 3 days after your infant has been on phototherapy. |
The nurse is caring for a breastfed full-term infant who was born after an uneventful pregnancy and delivery. The infant’s blood glucose level is 36 mg/dL. Which action should the nurse implement?
| a. | Bring the infant to the mother and initiate breastfeeding. |
| b. | Place a nasogastric tube and administer 5% dextrose water. |
| c. | Start a peripheral intravenous line and administer 10% dextrose. |
| d. | Monitor the infant in the nursery and obtain a blood glucose level in 4 hours. |
A pregnant client asks the nurse to explain the meaning of “cephalopelvic disproportion.” Which explanation should the nurse give to the client?
| a. | “It means a large for gestational age fetus.” |
| b. | “It is the narrow opening between the ischial spines.” |
| c. | “There is an uneven size between the fetus’ presenting part and the pelvis.” |
| d. | “The shape of the pelvis is an android shape and is unfavorable for vaginal delivery.” |
The nurse is caring for a newborn with Erb palsy. The nurse understands that which reflex is absent with this condition?
| a. | Root reflex |
| b. | Suck reflex |
| c. | Grasp reflex |
| d. | Moro reflex |
A newborn has been diagnosed with brachial nerve paralysis. The nurse should assist the breastfeeding mother to use which hold or position during feeding?
| a. | Reclining |
| b. | The cradle hold |
| c. | The football hold |
| d. | The cross-over hold |
The parents of an infant with a cleft palate ask the nurse, “What follow-up care will our infant need after the repair?” Which is an accurate response by the nurse?
| a. | “Your infant will not need any subsequent follow-up care.” |
| b. | “Your infant will only need to be evaluated by an audiologist.” |
| c. | “Your infant will only need follow-up with a speech pathologist.” |
| d. | “Your infant will need follow-up with audiologists and orthodontists.” |
- What is the primary treatment for a newborn diagnosed with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH)?
a) Immediate surgical repair
b) Administration of high-flow oxygen
c) Mechanical ventilation and stabilization
d) Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy - Which neonatal condition has been shown to be reduced with the implementation of routine skin-to-skin contact in the first hour after birth?
a) Neonatal sepsis
b) Respiratory distress syndrome
c) Hypoglycemia
d) Hyperbilirubinemia - What is the most recommended approach to managing mild neonatal jaundice in full-term infants in 2024?
a) Immediate phototherapy
b) Increased breastfeeding frequency
c) Administration of vitamin D supplements
d) Exclusive formula feeding - Which common practice for preterm infants has been found to improve long-term outcomes in neurodevelopmental assessments?
a) Routine early introduction of solid foods
b) High-frequency exposure to loud sounds
c) Sensory stimulation and physical therapy
d) Early use of speech therapy - Which of the following conditions is most strongly associated with maternal use of certain antidepressants during pregnancy?
a) Neonatal withdrawal syndrome
b) Respiratory distress syndrome
c) Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia
d) Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) - What recent 2024 guideline focuses on the importance of maternal mental health and its impact on neonatal health?
a) Universal maternal anxiety screening during pregnancy
b) Postnatal support programs for mothers
c) Immediate administration of antidepressants after birth
d) Regular group therapy sessions for new mothers - What is the first-line treatment for a newborn diagnosed with an imperforate anus?
a) Oral antibiotics
b) Initial rectal examination and bowel cleanout
c) Surgery to create a colostomy or repair the defect
d) Administration of high-dose vitamin A - What has research in 2024 shown about the impact of early kangaroo care on preterm infants?
a) It reduces the risk of sleep apnea
b) It helps lower stress hormones and improve bonding
c) It increases the risk of hypoglycemia
d) It decreases the need for breast milk - Which type of newborn screening is increasingly used to detect metabolic disorders such as medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD)?
a) Genetic panel testing
b) Whole-genome sequencing
c) Heel-stick blood test with tandem mass spectrometry
d) Urine metabolic test - What recent innovation in neonatal care has been shown to improve feeding tolerance in preterm infants?
a) Routine use of formula milk over breast milk
b) Gradual transition from IV to enteral nutrition
c) Early initiation of probiotic supplements
d) High-calorie fortified feeding exclusively - Which approach in 2024 is recommended to manage significant neonatal dehydration?
a) Use of parenteral nutrition only
b) Administration of electrolyte-balanced fluids
c) Immediate use of high-volume fluids via IV
d) Delayed feeding until weight stabilizes - Which of the following has been recommended in 2024 for reducing the risk of vitamin D deficiency in exclusively breastfed infants?
a) Use of a vitamin D supplement starting at birth
b) Routine exposure to sunlight for 30 minutes daily
c) High-dose vitamin D administration only during winter months
d) Early introduction of fortified cow’s milk - Which neonatal condition has been linked to maternal use of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) during pregnancy?
a) Neonatal seizures
b) Congenital heart defects
c) Neonatal hypoglycemia
d) Hyperbilirubinemia - What is the recommended approach for managing a newborn with a suspected congenital heart defect?
a) Immediate transfer to a pediatric cardiologist
b) Routine observation with no immediate intervention
c) Initial assessment with an echocardiogram
d) Administration of oxygen and observation - What is a key 2024 recommendation to support the prevention of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in NICU infants?
a) Daily use of eye drops
b) Managing oxygen saturation levels to prevent hyperoxia
c) Administering corticosteroids at birth
d) Routine laser therapy for all preterm infants - Which condition in newborns requires immediate identification and treatment with phototherapy to prevent severe complications?
a) Neonatal sepsis
b) Hypoglycemia
c) Hyperbilirubinemia
d) Neonatal withdrawal syndrome - What is a significant 2024 recommendation regarding the management of neonatal infections in NICU settings?
a) Initiating broad-spectrum antibiotics without culture
b) Prioritizing early isolation of neonates with suspected infection
c) Routine administration of probiotics to all NICU patients
d) Immediate use of antiviral medications for suspected viral infections - Which practice in neonatal care has been associated with a decrease in hospital-acquired infections in 2024?
a) Routine use of antibiotics for all NICU infants
b) Improved hand hygiene protocols among healthcare staff
c) Immediate intravenous access for all NICU patients
d) High-dose vitamin C supplementation - Which neonatal condition is managed by administration of intramuscular vitamin K at birth to prevent bleeding?
a) Phenylketonuria (PKU)
b) Neonatal sepsis
c) Vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB)
d) Hypoglycemia - In 2024, what is the recommended duration of exclusive breastfeeding to support optimal growth and development in healthy newborns?
a) 3 months
b) 6 months
c) 4 months
d) 2 months
Answer: b) 6 months