Health Psychology Practice Exam
What is the primary focus of health psychology?
The study of psychological disorders
B. The integration of biological, psychological, and social factors in health
C. The development of new medical treatments
D. The diagnosis of chronic illnesses
Which model emphasizes the interplay of biological, psychological, and social influences on health?
Biopsychosocial model
B. Biomedical model
C. Holistic health model
D. Health behavior model
What is one of the key distinctions of the biopsychosocial model compared to the biomedical model?
It focuses only on physical symptoms.
B. It considers stress and psychological well-being.
C. It disregards environmental influences.
D. It prioritizes medication over other treatments.
According to the Health Belief Model, which factor is most likely to predict health behavior change?
Availability of resources
B. Perceived threat and benefits of action
C. Level of social support
D. The severity of symptoms
What is an example of a health-compromising behavior?
Regular exercise
B. Smoking cigarettes
C. Eating a balanced diet
D. Using stress management techniques
Chronic stress can lead to which physiological outcome?
Enhanced immune system functioning
B. Increased risk of cardiovascular disease
C. Improved cognitive performance
D. Decreased cortisol levels
What type of coping strategy involves addressing the source of stress directly?
Emotion-focused coping
B. Problem-focused coping
C. Avoidant coping
D. Passive coping
Which psychological theory explains the stages of behavior change in health promotion?
Health Belief Model
B. Transtheoretical Model
C. Theory of Planned Behavior
D. Social Cognitive Theory
What is one psychological effect commonly associated with chronic pain?
Increased self-efficacy
B. Depression
C. Improved concentration
D. Reduced emotional distress
The Gate Control Theory of Pain suggests that:
Pain is solely a physical experience.
B. Pain signals can be modulated by psychological factors.
C. Pain cannot be influenced by external stimuli.
D. Pain processing is unaffected by attention.
Which factor is most associated with patient adherence to treatment plans?
Financial incentives
B. A collaborative relationship with healthcare providers
C. Use of over-the-counter remedies
D. Severity of the illness
Which type of support is most effective in reducing stress during a hospital stay?
Instrumental support (e.g., help with tasks)
B. Emotional support (e.g., empathy and encouragement)
C. Informational support (e.g., providing health advice)
D. Financial support (e.g., covering medical costs)
What is a key feature of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)?
It relies exclusively on pharmaceutical treatments.
B. It is widely accepted in all medical settings.
C. It often includes holistic approaches, such as acupuncture or meditation.
D. It excludes psychological factors.
Which health-related behavior is associated with the highest preventable mortality rate in the United States?
Lack of exercise
B. Smoking
C. Poor nutrition
D. Alcohol consumption
The initial stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is called:
Exhaustion
B. Resistance
C. Alarm
D. Recovery
Which personality trait has been linked to a higher risk of coronary heart disease?
Optimism
B. Type A behavior
C. Extraversion
D. Agreeableness
In the context of chronic illness, self-efficacy refers to:
The patient’s belief in their ability to manage their condition
B. The extent to which a patient follows medical advice
C. The severity of symptoms experienced by the patient
D. The effectiveness of social support networks
Which of the following is NOT a component of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)?
Meditation
B. Yoga
C. Cognitive restructuring
D. Breathing exercises
Which term describes behaviors such as overeating, substance abuse, and sedentary lifestyles?
Health-promoting behaviors
B. Health-compromising behaviors
C. Biopsychosocial behaviors
D. Treatment adherence behaviors
The primary purpose of a biopsychosocial approach to cancer treatment is to:
Focus solely on eradicating cancer cells.
B. Integrate medical, psychological, and social interventions.
C. Emphasize pharmacological treatments.
D. Limit the role of psychological therapies.
A barrier to patient adherence is most often associated with:
High treatment efficacy
B. Side effects of medications
C. Support from family members
D. Short treatment duration
Which of the following is an example of emotion-focused coping?
Seeking social support
B. Planning problem-solving strategies
C. Engaging in relaxation exercises
D. Avoiding the source of stress
Nutritional choices impact health outcomes by influencing:
The patient’s susceptibility to stress
B. Physical activity levels exclusively
C. The risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease
D. Emotional coping strategies only
Social Cognitive Theory highlights which factor as a key determinant of health behavior?
Emotional stability
B. Observational learning and self-efficacy
C. Financial resources
D. Physiological symptoms
In the context of substance abuse, withdrawal symptoms are an example of:
Social factors influencing addiction
B. Psychological reinforcement
C. Physiological dependence
D. Behavioral conditioning
One of the primary goals of health psychology is to:
Develop medications for chronic diseases.
B. Promote health-enhancing behaviors and prevent illness.
C. Focus exclusively on hospital-based care.
D. Limit the role of psychology in medical settings.
Which of the following is most likely to increase exercise adherence?
Setting vague goals
B. Participating in group exercise programs
C. Exercising in isolation
D. Avoiding social support
What is the primary advantage of the biopsychosocial model in pain management?
It focuses only on physiological interventions.
B. It integrates physical, psychological, and social factors.
C. It excludes patient psychological perspectives.
D. It emphasizes only medical procedures.
Which of the following is considered a chronic illness?
Influenza
B. Hypertension
C. Appendicitis
D. Common cold
Which stress management technique focuses on replacing negative thought patterns?
Relaxation training
B. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
C. Progressive muscle relaxation
D. Guided imagery
Which term describes a person’s ability to bounce back from adversity and maintain good mental health?
Coping skills
B. Resilience
C. Emotional stability
D. Stress tolerance
What is the term for the belief that one’s actions can influence health outcomes?
Self-efficacy
B. Health locus of control
C. Behavior modification
D. Emotional regulation
Which of the following is NOT a principle of the biopsychosocial model?
Health outcomes are influenced only by biological factors.
B. Psychological factors can affect physical health.
C. Social and environmental contexts play a role in health.
D. Behavior influences physical health outcomes.
Which stress hormone is primarily released by the adrenal glands during the fight-or-flight response?
Dopamine
B. Cortisol
C. Serotonin
D. Melatonin
A Type B personality is characterized by:
Competitive, hostile, and time-urgent behavior.
B. Easygoing, relaxed, and less competitive behavior.
C. High levels of anxiety and low self-esteem.
D. A strong tendency toward impulsivity.
Which complementary therapy focuses on balancing energy flow in the body through needles?
Acupuncture
B. Reiki
C. Chiropractic care
D. Aromatherapy
What is the most significant predictor of long-term weight loss success?
Restrictive dieting
B. Consistent physical activity
C. High levels of social support
D. Calorie counting
Which stage in the Transtheoretical Model is characterized by an individual actively taking steps toward behavior change?
Contemplation
B. Preparation
C. Action
D. Maintenance
What is one of the primary goals of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in health psychology?
Reduce reliance on medical treatments.
B. Change unhelpful thought patterns to improve health behaviors.
C. Address underlying medical causes of health issues.
D. Eliminate stress entirely.
Which factor is considered a psychological determinant of pain perception?
The type of injury sustained
B. The location of the pain
C. Previous experiences with pain
D. The dosage of medication used
Which component of the biopsychosocial model is most influenced by social support networks?
Biological
B. Psychological
C. Behavioral
D. Social
Which condition is considered a health-related consequence of long-term alcohol abuse?
Rheumatoid arthritis
B. Cirrhosis of the liver
C. Chronic bronchitis
D. Peptic ulcer disease
What is one of the psychological benefits of regular physical activity?
Increased cortisol levels
B. Improved mood and reduced symptoms of depression
C. Decreased resilience to stress
D. Reduced motivation for health promotion behaviors
In the context of health behavior change, “relapse” refers to:
A complete inability to make progress.
B. A temporary return to old behaviors.
C. The development of new coping strategies.
D. The transition to the action stage.
A key element of patient-centered care in a hospital setting is:
Encouraging patients to comply without questioning treatment.
B. Involving patients in decision-making about their care.
C. Reducing patient contact with the healthcare team.
D. Minimizing communication about health behaviors.
The placebo effect demonstrates that:
Only biological factors influence health outcomes.
B. Psychological expectations can influence health outcomes.
C. Medications are always more effective than psychological treatments.
D. Pain perception is not influenced by external factors.
What is the primary focus of stress inoculation training (SIT)?
Increasing exposure to stressors to build resilience.
B. Eliminating all sources of stress from a person’s life.
C. Preparing individuals to cope effectively with future stressors.
D. Treating stress-related illnesses with medication.
Which of the following is considered a common barrier to health behavior change?
High self-efficacy
B. Lack of motivation
C. Strong social support
D. Increased financial resources
Which approach is used in motivational interviewing to promote behavior change?
Confrontational techniques
B. Collaboration and guiding the patient
C. Imposing strict treatment plans
D. Ignoring patient autonomy
Which of the following health behaviors is most associated with reducing the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease and diabetes?
Skipping meals regularly
B. Eating a diet high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
C. Relying on dietary supplements instead of whole foods
D. Following a diet high in saturated fats
Which of the following is an example of a modifiable risk factor for chronic disease?
Age
B. Family history
C. Smoking
D. Gender
What term is used to describe the persistent activation of the stress response, even in the absence of immediate danger?
Acute stress
B. Chronic stress
C. Eustress
D. Situational stress
The Theory of Planned Behavior includes which of the following components?
Perceived susceptibility and severity
B. Behavioral intention, attitudes, and perceived control
C. Stages of change and relapse
D. Emotional regulation and avoidance
What is the primary goal of psychoeducation in chronic illness management?
Replace medical treatments with psychological therapies.
B. Inform patients about their condition and promote self-management.
C. Focus exclusively on emotional coping strategies.
D. Reduce the frequency of medical consultations.
Which type of social support is demonstrated by offering advice or information about a health issue?
Emotional support
B. Informational support
C. Instrumental support
D. Appraisal support
Which of the following is an example of primary prevention in health psychology?
Early detection of diabetes through blood tests
B. Providing vaccines to prevent diseases
C. Managing hypertension with medication
D. Offering therapy for anxiety disorders
What is the term for behaviors that promote health and reduce the risk of disease?
Risk factors
B. Preventive behaviors
C. Maladaptive behaviors
D. Biopsychosocial interventions
Which psychological concept refers to the belief that events in one’s life are controlled by external forces rather than personal actions?
Self-efficacy
B. Internal locus of control
C. External locus of control
D. Perceived control
Which of the following is a major contributor to non-adherence to medical advice?
Lack of trust in healthcare providers
B. High patient motivation
C. Short treatment duration
D. Collaborative care planning
Which personality trait is associated with better health outcomes and lower stress levels?
Neuroticism
B. Optimism
C. Type A behavior
D. Hostility
What is the purpose of progressive muscle relaxation in stress management?
To increase muscle tension and resilience
B. To enhance physical fitness through exercise
C. To reduce physical tension and promote relaxation
D. To distract from emotional distress
Which psychological factor is associated with higher pain tolerance?
Low self-efficacy
B. High levels of fear
C. Positive mood and optimism
D. Passive coping strategies
Which stage in the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) involves the body’s resources becoming depleted?
Alarm
B. Resistance
C. Exhaustion
D. Adaptation
What is the primary goal of health promotion campaigns?
To treat existing medical conditions
B. To encourage early retirement from stressful jobs
C. To reduce health disparities and promote well-being
D. To diagnose psychological disorders in the population
Which of the following is a common benefit of mindfulness-based interventions?
Increased cortisol levels
B. Reduced rumination and anxiety
C. Improved impulsivity
D. Higher blood pressure
Which of the following best defines “eustress”?
Stress that harms physical health
B. Stress that motivates and enhances performance
C. Stress that results from chronic illness
D. Stress that leads to emotional exhaustion
Adherence to a treatment plan is most likely to increase when:
The treatment is highly complex.
B. The patient feels involved in decision-making.
C. The healthcare provider uses technical jargon.
D. There is a lack of patient-provider communication.
The relationship between stress and illness is often mediated by:
The patient’s level of education.
B. Biological responses, such as immune system suppression.
C. Access to complementary and alternative medicine (CAM).
D. The availability of health insurance.
Which of the following is an example of tertiary prevention?
Annual wellness screenings
B. Providing chemotherapy for cancer patients
C. Teaching children about the importance of physical activity
D. Administering vaccines to prevent disease
The effectiveness of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) often depends on:
Exclusively biological mechanisms.
B. The patient’s beliefs and expectations about treatment.
C. The complete absence of conventional treatments.
D. Standardized procedures in medical settings.
In the context of the biopsychosocial model, which factor would most likely contribute to someone developing depression following a chronic illness diagnosis?
Genetic predisposition
B. Supportive social network
C. Access to quality healthcare
D. Participation in physical therapy
What is one advantage of group-based interventions for chronic illness management?
They provide individualized treatment plans.
B. They are less effective than one-on-one therapy.
C. They promote social support and shared experiences.
D. They eliminate the need for professional guidance.
Which of the following is an example of a secondary prevention strategy?
Educating children about healthy eating habits
B. Administering vaccines to prevent disease
C. Screening for early signs of cancer
D. Offering palliative care for terminal patients
Stress that motivates individuals to take action or improve performance is called:
Distress
B. Eustress
C. Chronic stress
D. Burnout
What is the main focus of health psychology interventions in hospital settings?
Prioritizing medical treatments over psychological ones
B. Supporting patients’ psychological well-being and adherence to treatment
C. Reducing healthcare costs by limiting patient-provider interactions
D. Replacing medical care with psychological therapy
Which of the following best describes emotional-focused coping?
Confronting the problem directly
B. Avoiding the problem altogether
C. Managing the emotional response to stress
D. Seeking solutions through planning
Which of the following is considered a behavioral factor contributing to the development of chronic disease?
Family history of the disease
B. Smoking and physical inactivity
C. Age-related health decline
D. Environmental pollution
According to the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping, what occurs during primary appraisal?
Evaluating available coping resources
B. Assessing the severity and relevance of a stressor
C. Reacting to the stressor with a physiological response
D. Reflecting on past stressful experiences
What is the primary focus of patient-centered communication?
Minimizing the time spent with each patient
B. Using medical jargon to ensure clarity
C. Encouraging active collaboration between patient and provider
D. Solely emphasizing treatment adherence
Which of the following is a risk factor for low treatment adherence?
High levels of patient autonomy
B. Complex medication regimens with multiple steps
C. Strong rapport with healthcare providers
D. Clear instructions about medication use
Which method is most effective for maintaining behavior change over time?
Relying solely on external motivation
B. Setting short-term, unstructured goals
C. Using a combination of self-monitoring and support systems
D. Avoiding reinforcement or rewards
What is one of the key components of effective stress management programs?
Exclusive reliance on pharmaceutical interventions
B. Teaching relaxation techniques and cognitive restructuring
C. Avoiding discussions about the sources of stress
D. Focus on short-term stress relief without addressing long-term strategies
Which psychological factor has been shown to improve recovery rates in individuals with chronic illnesses?
Pessimism
B. Emotional suppression
C. Optimism
D. Hostility
What is a primary goal of psycho-oncology in cancer care?
To focus solely on treating cancer’s physical symptoms
B. To integrate psychological support into cancer treatment plans
C. To prevent patients from accessing complementary therapies
D. To eliminate all stress in cancer patients’ lives
Which of the following is a benefit of engaging in regular exercise?
Reduced risk of cardiovascular disease
B. Increased cortisol production
C. Heightened susceptibility to illness
D. Elevated levels of chronic inflammation
Pain management strategies often include which biopsychosocial intervention?
Reducing all patient activity to avoid pain triggers
B. Cognitive-behavioral therapy to address pain perception
C. Eliminating psychological considerations from treatment plans
D. Ignoring the patient’s report of pain levels
Which of the following is a key characteristic of chronic illness?
Short-term duration
B. Involves acute symptoms only
C. Long-term management with no permanent cure
D. Results exclusively from genetic factors
What is one way social support contributes to better health outcomes?
By directly curing physical illnesses
B. By increasing stress levels during challenging times
C. By buffering the effects of stress and improving coping mechanisms
D. By replacing the need for medical treatment
Which complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practice focuses on aligning the spine to promote overall health?
Acupuncture
B. Chiropractic care
C. Aromatherapy
D. Meditation
Which health behavior change model focuses on self-efficacy, reinforcement, and observational learning?
Transtheoretical Model
B. Health Belief Model
C. Theory of Planned Behavior
D. Social Cognitive Theory
Which of the following is an example of tertiary prevention?
Providing rehabilitation for stroke patients
B. Screening for high blood pressure
C. Educating the public about the dangers of smoking
D. Offering vaccines to prevent diseases
The fight-or-flight response primarily involves which branch of the autonomic nervous system?
Parasympathetic nervous system
B. Sympathetic nervous system
C. Enteric nervous system
D. Central nervous system
What role does self-efficacy play in health behavior change?
It is unrelated to health behavior outcomes.
B. It enhances confidence in one’s ability to succeed in specific health behaviors.
C. It only applies to physical fitness behaviors.
D. It increases external motivation for behavior change.
Which of the following is an example of an external health locus of control?
Believing that your health outcomes are determined by your own actions
B. Believing that fate or luck determines your health outcomes
C. Feeling confident about managing your chronic illness
D. Taking proactive steps to improve your health
The Transactional Model of Stress and Coping involves which two types of appraisals?
Emotional and behavioral
B. Primary and secondary
C. Positive and negative
D. Short-term and long-term
What is the primary goal of cognitive-behavioral stress management (CBSM)?
To reduce reliance on medication for stress management
B. To change negative thought patterns and improve coping skills
C. To eliminate all sources of stress in an individual’s life
D. To focus only on physiological relaxation techniques
Which health behavior is most strongly associated with reducing the risk of lung cancer?
Engaging in regular exercise
B. Quitting smoking or avoiding tobacco use
C. Eating a diet rich in antioxidants
D. Limiting alcohol consumption
What is a key focus of the biopsychosocial approach in understanding chronic pain?
Emphasizing biological treatments exclusively
B. Integrating biological, psychological, and social factors in pain perception and management
C. Ignoring psychological contributions to pain
D. Eliminating the use of pharmacological interventions
Which of the following behaviors is considered health-enhancing?
Consuming a diet high in saturated fats
B. Regularly practicing mindfulness or meditation
C. Smoking to reduce stress levels
D. Avoiding medical check-ups
Which of the following factors is a common contributor to non-adherence in patients with chronic illness?
Simplicity of treatment plans
B. Side effects of medication
C. Strong communication with healthcare providers
D. High levels of social support
What is one of the physiological outcomes of prolonged exposure to chronic stress?
Strengthened immune response
B. Suppressed immune functioning
C. Decreased cortisol levels
D. Reduced blood pressure
Which of the following is most likely to improve health-related decision-making?
Lack of awareness about health risks
B. High levels of stress and anxiety
C. Access to accurate and understandable health information
D. Rigid health behavior routines
What is a common characteristic of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)?
CAM always replaces conventional medical treatments.
B. CAM often incorporates holistic and non-invasive approaches.
C. CAM excludes psychological therapies.
D. CAM is focused only on treating acute conditions.
What is a common outcome of successful adherence to a treatment plan?
Increased reliance on emergency healthcare services
B. Improved health outcomes and quality of life
C. Increased patient-provider conflict
D. Decreased motivation to engage in self-care
Which of the following is considered an example of a psychosocial intervention for chronic illness management?
Prescribing medication to reduce symptoms
B. Group therapy to address emotional and social challenges
C. Administering surgical procedures to manage disease progression
D. Providing only educational pamphlets about the illness
According to the Health Belief Model, which factor motivates individuals to engage in preventive health behaviors?
High levels of emotional distress
B. Perceived susceptibility to a health condition
C. Avoidance of information about risks
D. Social isolation
What is the primary goal of pain management programs that use the biopsychosocial model?
To focus solely on reducing the intensity of pain
B. To improve overall functioning and quality of life
C. To eliminate all emotional responses to pain
D. To prioritize pharmacological treatments over all others
Which of the following is an example of maladaptive coping?
Seeking social support during difficult times
B. Avoiding the stressor by excessive alcohol consumption
C. Engaging in relaxation exercises
D. Problem-solving to address the source of stress
Which intervention is most effective for long-term smoking cessation?
Using nicotine replacement therapy in isolation
B. Combining behavioral counseling with nicotine replacement
C. Relying solely on willpower
D. Ignoring withdrawal symptoms
Which of the following is an example of an emotion-focused coping strategy?
Journaling to express feelings about a stressor
B. Developing a detailed action plan to solve a problem
C. Avoiding emotional expression altogether
D. Gathering information about the source of stress
Which of the following statements best reflects the biopsychosocial perspective of substance abuse?
Substance abuse is caused entirely by genetic predisposition.
B. Substance abuse results from poor lifestyle choices alone.
C. Substance abuse is influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors.
D. Substance abuse can only be treated with medication.
What is the primary aim of motivational interviewing in health psychology?
To convince patients to adopt healthier behaviors through coercion
B. To explore and resolve ambivalence about behavior change
C. To emphasize the risks of failing to change behaviors
D. To provide patients with a structured treatment plan without collaboration
Which type of prevention strategy focuses on minimizing the severity or progression of a disease?
Primary prevention
B. Secondary prevention
C. Tertiary prevention
D. Environmental prevention
Which of the following is an example of stress-related health consequences?
Reduced immune function and increased risk of infection
B. Strengthened cardiovascular health
C. Reduced blood pressure and heart rate
D. Enhanced ability to recover from illness
What is a key difference between acute and chronic stress?
Acute stress is long-lasting, while chronic stress is temporary.
B. Acute stress typically resolves quickly, while chronic stress persists over time.
C. Acute stress is psychological, while chronic stress is physiological.
D. Acute stress only affects emotions, while chronic stress impacts physical health.
What is one of the main goals of health psychology research?
To eliminate the role of social factors in health outcomes
B. To understand how behavior influences health and illness
C. To focus exclusively on pharmacological treatments
D. To minimize psychological contributions to health promotion
Which of the following describes the placebo effect?
An improvement in symptoms due to a patient’s belief in a treatment’s effectiveness
B. The lack of any response to medical treatment
C. A worsening of symptoms due to negative expectations
D. A physical reaction caused solely by medication
Which model of health behavior focuses on perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers?
Transtheoretical Model
B. Health Belief Model
C. Social Cognitive Theory
D. Theory of Planned Behavior
What is a critical factor in enhancing the success of adherence interventions?
Patient involvement in treatment decisions
B. Strict adherence monitoring without patient input
C. Emphasizing punishment for non-adherence
D. Reducing patient education to avoid confusion
What is the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and health outcomes?
Higher SES is consistently associated with worse health outcomes.
B. Lower SES is often linked to increased health risks and poorer outcomes.
C. SES has no impact on health outcomes.
D. Lower SES is associated with improved access to healthcare.
Which personality trait is associated with better health outcomes and longer life expectancy?
Hostility
B. Optimism
C. Neuroticism
D. Impulsivity
What is one of the main objectives of health promotion programs?
To eliminate all forms of stress in an individual’s life
B. To encourage behaviors that reduce the risk of illness
C. To focus exclusively on disease treatment
D. To avoid collaboration with community resources
Which of the following is an example of behavioral medicine?
Prescribing medication for a chronic illness
B. Using biofeedback to reduce stress-related symptoms
C. Diagnosing a physical condition based on symptoms
D. Conducting surgery to treat a medical issue
Which psychological process is most likely to increase the effectiveness of stress management interventions?
Emotional suppression
B. Cognitive restructuring
C. Avoidance behaviors
D. Uncontrolled expression of anger
Which of the following is a common limitation of the biomedical model in addressing chronic illness?
It overemphasizes the psychological aspects of illness.
B. It neglects the role of social and behavioral factors.
C. It integrates too many complementary therapies.
D. It eliminates the need for medication.
Which of the following describes progressive muscle relaxation (PMR)?
A technique focused on mindful observation of thoughts
B. A method to reduce muscle tension through systematic relaxation
C. A practice to enhance cardiovascular health through exercise
D. A therapy used exclusively for chronic illness management
What is one of the main purposes of psychoeducation for patients with chronic illnesses?
To increase reliance on healthcare providers for all decisions
B. To provide patients with the skills and knowledge to self-manage their condition
C. To focus solely on the biological aspects of the illness
D. To discourage the use of psychological interventions
Which of the following is a health-promoting behavior?
Consuming excessive amounts of sugar
B. Regular physical activity
C. Smoking to manage stress
D. Avoiding medical check-ups
What is the goal of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)?
To eliminate all negative thoughts
B. To improve awareness and acceptance of the present moment
C. To increase avoidance of stressful situations
D. To enhance physical fitness exclusively
Which chronic illness is most closely associated with high levels of stress and unhealthy coping behaviors?
Type 1 diabetes
B. Cardiovascular disease
C. Appendicitis
D. Pneumonia
Which of the following describes the role of appraisal in the stress response?
Appraisal is irrelevant to how stress is perceived.
B. Appraisal determines whether a situation is perceived as a threat or challenge.
C. Appraisal directly eliminates the stressor.
D. Appraisal always leads to avoidance of stress.
What is an example of primary prevention in healthcare?
Routine cancer screenings
B. Promoting vaccination programs to prevent disease
C. Providing physical therapy for injury recovery
D. Administering medication to manage hypertension
Which coping style involves ignoring or avoiding the stressor?
Problem-focused coping
B. Emotion-focused coping
C. Avoidant coping
D. Active coping
In the Transtheoretical Model of behavior change, which stage is characterized by the absence of intention to change behavior in the near future?
Precontemplation
B. Contemplation
C. Preparation
D. Maintenance
How does social support positively impact health outcomes?
By increasing stress hormones
B. By buffering the effects of stress and promoting healthy behaviors
C. By reducing access to healthcare
D. By eliminating the need for personal coping strategies
Which health psychology theory emphasizes the importance of self-efficacy in behavior change?
Transtheoretical Model
B. Social Cognitive Theory
C. Health Belief Model
D. Theory of Planned Behavior
Which of the following is considered a long-term consequence of chronic stress?
Reduced cortisol levels
B. Increased immune functioning
C. Development of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease
D. Decreased risk of mental health issues
Which type of reinforcement increases the likelihood of maintaining health-promoting behaviors?
Negative reinforcement without rewards
B. Immediate, positive reinforcement
C. Delayed reinforcement without feedback
D. Punishment-based reinforcement
What is one of the primary objectives of health psychology interventions in chronic illness management?
To focus exclusively on biological treatments
B. To integrate psychological and social support with medical care
C. To prevent patients from using complementary medicine
D. To reduce the role of the patient in decision-making
Which personality type is associated with higher stress levels and a greater risk of heart disease?
Type B personality
B. Optimistic personality
C. Type A personality
D. Introverted personality
What is one of the main purposes of using biofeedback in stress management?
To increase stress awareness and teach physiological control
B. To suppress emotional responses to stress
C. To completely eliminate stress-related hormones
D. To focus exclusively on external stressors
Which factor is most likely to enhance treatment adherence in patients with chronic conditions?
High medication costs
B. A collaborative and supportive relationship with healthcare providers
C. Complex and confusing instructions
D. Lack of social support
What is the role of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in health psychology?
CAM replaces all conventional medical treatments.
B. CAM provides holistic approaches that can complement traditional healthcare.
C. CAM focuses only on physical symptoms.
D. CAM is incompatible with the biopsychosocial model.
Which stress management technique uses visualization to promote relaxation?
Guided imagery
B. Progressive muscle relaxation
C. Cognitive restructuring
D. Problem-solving therapy
What is the best example of a health-compromising behavior?
Eating a balanced diet
B. Smoking cigarettes
C. Attending regular health check-ups
D. Practicing mindfulness
What role does perceived control play in health outcomes?
It increases stress by making individuals feel overwhelmed.
B. It has no impact on health outcomes.
C. Higher perceived control is associated with better health and reduced stress.
D. Perceived control is only relevant for short-term illnesses.
Which of the following is a key goal of public health campaigns?
To prevent illness and promote health behaviors on a population level
B. To focus exclusively on treating existing medical conditions
C. To reduce the need for healthcare professionals
D. To eliminate the role of personal responsibility in health
Which of the following describes the placebo effect in health psychology?
A negative outcome caused by disbelief in treatment effectiveness
B. Symptom improvement due to a patient’s expectations rather than the treatment itself
C. A treatment response caused exclusively by pharmacological effects
D. A situation where no improvement occurs despite treatment
Which strategy is an example of secondary prevention?
Encouraging regular physical activity to prevent obesity
B. Conducting early screenings for breast cancer
C. Providing rehabilitation for stroke patients
D. Educating children about healthy eating habits
Which of the following interventions focuses on changing unhelpful thoughts to promote healthier behaviors?
Biofeedback
B. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
C. Progressive muscle relaxation
D. Guided imagery
Which of the following describes the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?
A model describing the stages of stress response: alarm, resistance, exhaustion
B. A theory about how social support reduces stress
C. A model of coping strategies for chronic illness
D. A description of the immune system’s reaction to acute infections
Which of the following best illustrates problem-focused coping?
Engaging in relaxation techniques to manage stress
B. Seeking advice or creating a plan to address a stressful situation
C. Avoiding thoughts about a problem
D. Using distraction techniques to improve mood
What is the primary purpose of health behavior theories such as the Health Belief Model?
To provide a biological explanation for health outcomes
B. To predict and explain why individuals engage in health-related behaviors
C. To replace medical interventions with psychological ones
D. To analyze the role of medication adherence in treatment
Which of the following is an example of a maladaptive coping strategy?
Journaling to express emotions
B. Exercising to release tension
C. Drinking alcohol excessively to escape stress
D. Seeking social support from friends or family
What is the purpose of using mindfulness techniques in health psychology?
To reduce self-awareness and focus on external distractions
B. To enhance awareness of the present moment and reduce stress
C. To avoid addressing the sources of stress altogether
D. To eliminate all negative emotions permanently
Which of the following is most likely to improve medication adherence in patients?
Complex treatment regimens without explanation
B. Clear communication and tailored treatment plans
C. High levels of medical jargon in discussions
D. Ignoring patient preferences or concerns
Which of the following describes the relationship between stress and the immune system?
Acute stress has no effect on immune function.
B. Chronic stress suppresses immune system functioning over time.
C. Stress consistently enhances immune system activity.
D. Chronic stress reduces the risk of illness.
Which model emphasizes the role of observational learning in health behavior change?
Transtheoretical Model
B. Health Belief Model
C. Social Cognitive Theory
D. Theory of Planned Behavior
What is one of the primary goals of tertiary prevention?
To prevent the onset of illness or disease
B. To reduce the severity and complications of an existing condition
C. To educate the public about risk factors for chronic diseases
D. To identify early signs of illness through screenings
Which stress management technique focuses on modifying negative thought patterns?
Progressive muscle relaxation
B. Guided imagery
C. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
D. Biofeedback
Which of the following is a key feature of the biopsychosocial model in health psychology?
It prioritizes biological explanations over psychological and social factors.
B. It integrates biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding health.
C. It excludes social determinants of health.
D. It focuses exclusively on individual behavior change.
What is the primary focus of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)?
CAM treats health conditions exclusively with medication.
B. CAM integrates holistic, non-conventional approaches into health care.
C. CAM eliminates the role of conventional medicine.
D. CAM addresses only the psychological aspects of illness.
What is a common psychological consequence of chronic pain?
Enhanced social relationships
B. Increased optimism about future health outcomes
C. Depression and anxiety
D. Improved self-efficacy
In the context of stress, what is a key characteristic of eustress?
It is harmful and overwhelming.
B. It motivates individuals and enhances performance.
C. It has no impact on emotional well-being.
D. It results in long-term health problems.
Which of the following best describes the role of cognitive restructuring in stress management?
It eliminates all stress-related thoughts permanently.
B. It encourages individuals to replace negative thought patterns with more adaptive ones.
C. It focuses on avoiding stress triggers altogether.
D. It suppresses emotional responses to stressful situations.
Which health behavior is considered a protective factor for cardiovascular health?
Smoking cigarettes
B. Engaging in regular physical activity
C. Consuming a diet high in saturated fats
D. Leading a sedentary lifestyle
What is one of the goals of psychoeducation in health psychology?
To reduce reliance on social support networks
B. To empower individuals with knowledge to manage their health
C. To emphasize medical treatments over self-care strategies
D. To prevent collaboration between patients and healthcare providers
What is the function of secondary prevention strategies?
To prevent the onset of illness entirely
B. To detect and treat diseases in their early stages
C. To provide palliative care for terminal illnesses
D. To educate individuals about healthy behaviors
Which of the following factors contributes to patient non-adherence to treatment?
Clear and concise communication from healthcare providers
B. Strong social support systems
C. Complex or time-consuming treatment regimens
D. Tailored treatment plans that consider patient preferences
Which stress reduction technique involves focusing on specific muscle groups and systematically relaxing them?
Progressive muscle relaxation
B. Guided imagery
C. Biofeedback
D. Mindfulness meditation
Which of the following is a key principle of the Theory of Planned Behavior?
Behavior change is solely influenced by past habits.
B. Behavioral intention is determined by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.
C. Change occurs automatically when knowledge is provided.
D. Social factors have no influence on behavior change.
What is a critical goal of stress inoculation training (SIT)?
To eliminate all sources of stress in an individual’s life
B. To prepare individuals to handle future stressors more effectively
C. To focus exclusively on relaxation techniques
D. To replace psychological coping mechanisms with medication
Which of the following is a common characteristic of health-promoting behaviors?
They are often developed unconsciously.
B. They actively reduce the risk of disease or enhance well-being.
C. They increase the likelihood of engaging in risk behaviors.
D. They have no influence on long-term health outcomes.
What is the main purpose of primary prevention in health psychology?
To treat illnesses that have already developed
B. To identify early warning signs of disease
C. To prevent the onset of disease or injury
D. To rehabilitate individuals after illness
Which stage in the Transtheoretical Model is characterized by maintaining new behaviors and preventing relapse?
Preparation
B. Action
C. Maintenance
D. Contemplation
Which of the following is an example of problem-focused coping?
Avoiding the stressor altogether
B. Creating a detailed plan to address the source of stress
C. Expressing emotions through journaling
D. Using distraction to improve mood temporarily
Which complementary therapy involves the use of essential oils to promote relaxation or healing?
Acupuncture
B. Aromatherapy
C. Chiropractic care
D. Guided imagery
What is a common outcome of chronic stress on cardiovascular health?
Reduced heart rate
B. Increased risk of hypertension and heart disease
C. Improved resilience to environmental stressors
D. Decreased cholesterol levels
Which of the following describes the concept of self-efficacy?
Belief in one’s ability to control external events
B. Belief in one’s ability to succeed in specific tasks or behaviors
C. A focus on external rewards for behavior change
D. Avoidance of challenges to reduce stress
What is the primary focus of secondary prevention strategies?
Preventing disease before it occurs
B. Detecting and treating disease in its early stages
C. Rehabilitating individuals after a health crisis
D. Reducing psychological factors in health outcomes
Which stress-related condition is commonly linked to a weakened immune system?
Chronic fatigue syndrome
B. Increased susceptibility to infections
C. Enhanced recovery from illness
D. Reduced cortisol levels
Which of the following is an example of a health-compromising behavior?
Eating a diet rich in vegetables and whole grains
B. Smoking tobacco to cope with stress
C. Engaging in regular aerobic exercise
D. Practicing mindfulness meditation daily
Which personality trait has been shown to reduce the negative effects of stress on health?
Hostility
B. Pessimism
C. Optimism
D. Type A behavior
Which of the following is an effective strategy for improving patient adherence to a health plan?
Simplifying treatment regimens and providing clear instructions
B. Avoiding patient involvement in decision-making
C. Using medical jargon to demonstrate expertise
D. Ignoring the patient’s barriers to adherence
What is a primary goal of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)?
To focus on the past and analyze sources of stress
B. To cultivate awareness and acceptance of the present moment
C. To eliminate stress completely from an individual’s life
D. To avoid confronting stressful situations
What is the role of perceived susceptibility in the Health Belief Model?
It refers to an individual’s belief about the severity of a disease.
B. It determines whether an individual feels vulnerable to a health threat.
C. It focuses on the perceived benefits of health behaviors.
D. It eliminates the need for behavior change.
What is one of the goals of patient-centered communication in healthcare?
To minimize the patient’s involvement in decision-making
B. To foster collaboration and address the patient’s concerns
C. To focus exclusively on the biological aspects of the illness
D. To standardize care regardless of patient preferences
Which of the following is a psychosocial intervention commonly used for chronic pain management?
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
B. Acupuncture exclusively
C. Prescription medications without psychological support
D. Avoiding all forms of psychological treatments
Which of the following is a characteristic of chronic illnesses?
They have a short duration and resolve quickly.
B. They require long-term management and have no immediate cure.
C. They are caused solely by psychological factors.
D. They primarily affect younger populations.
What is a major focus of the biopsychosocial model in health psychology?
Addressing only the biological causes of illness
B. Understanding how biological, psychological, and social factors interact to influence health
C. Minimizing the importance of psychological factors in health outcomes
D. Promoting the exclusive use of complementary and alternative medicine
Which of the following is an example of tertiary prevention?
Educating children about the risks of smoking
B. Conducting blood pressure screenings for early detection of hypertension
C. Providing rehabilitation for stroke survivors to improve quality of life
D. Promoting the use of sunscreen to prevent skin cancer
What is the primary purpose of the biopsychosocial model?
To focus exclusively on biological factors influencing health
B. To integrate biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding health and illness
C. To replace all traditional medical treatments with holistic approaches
D. To study the genetic basis of chronic illnesses
Which psychological intervention focuses on teaching patients how to reframe negative thoughts about their health?
Biofeedback
B. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
C. Guided imagery
D. Progressive muscle relaxation
Which health behavior model emphasizes the importance of perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers in predicting health behaviors?
Social Cognitive Theory
B. Health Belief Model
C. Transtheoretical Model
D. Theory of Planned Behavior
Which of the following is a health-compromising behavior?
Regular physical activity
B. Binge drinking
C. Eating a balanced diet
D. Practicing mindfulness
What is a primary goal of secondary prevention?
Preventing illness before it occurs
B. Detecting diseases early to prevent progression
C. Improving quality of life for individuals with chronic conditions
D. Focusing on rehabilitating individuals after a health crisis
Which component of the Theory of Planned Behavior reflects an individual’s perception of how much control they have over their actions?
Subjective norms
B. Behavioral intention
C. Perceived behavioral control
D. Attitudes toward the behavior
What is one benefit of using progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) as a stress management technique?
It focuses on controlling external stressors.
B. It reduces muscle tension and promotes relaxation through systematic exercises.
C. It eliminates the need for other coping strategies.
D. It directly reduces cortisol levels in the bloodstream.
Which of the following is an example of emotion-focused coping?
Writing in a journal to express feelings about a stressor
B. Developing a plan to solve a financial problem
C. Avoiding the source of stress entirely
D. Seeking expert advice to address the issue
Which chronic condition is most commonly associated with poor adherence to medication regimens?
Acute infections
B. Hypertension
C. Appendicitis
D. Common cold
Which complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practice is based on balancing energy flow through pathways in the body?
Chiropractic care
B. Acupuncture
C. Aromatherapy
D. Biofeedback
What is the primary focus of stress management interventions in health psychology?
Eliminating all sources of stress permanently
B. Equipping individuals with tools to manage stress and improve coping skills
C. Preventing individuals from experiencing emotional responses to stress
D. Treating stress exclusively with medication
Which stage in the Transtheoretical Model is characterized by a lack of awareness or intention to change behavior?
Action
B. Preparation
C. Precontemplation
D. Maintenance
How does chronic stress impact cardiovascular health?
It lowers blood pressure over time.
B. It reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease.
C. It increases the risk of hypertension and heart disease.
D. It has no measurable effect on cardiovascular function.
Which personality trait is most commonly linked to resilience and better stress management?
Hostility
B. Pessimism
C. Optimism
D. Neuroticism
What is a common outcome of chronic pain on psychological health?
Increased life satisfaction
B. Development of depression or anxiety
C. Improved coping mechanisms
D. Increased energy levels
What role does perceived severity play in the Health Belief Model?
It influences whether individuals believe a health condition is serious enough to warrant action.
B. It eliminates the need for external motivators.
C. It ensures adherence to all health behaviors regardless of other factors.
D. It focuses exclusively on environmental influences on health.
Which of the following is a benefit of engaging in regular physical activity?
Increased risk of chronic disease
B. Improved immune function and reduced stress
C. Elevated cortisol levels over time
D. Reduced social support networks
What is one reason why patient-centered communication improves health outcomes?
It minimizes patient involvement in decision-making.
B. It fosters trust and collaboration between patients and providers.
C. It focuses exclusively on medical terminology.
D. It replaces the need for social support.
Which of the following factors is most likely to improve patient adherence to a treatment plan?
Complex and time-consuming instructions
B. A supportive healthcare provider-patient relationship
C. Lack of patient involvement in care decisions
D. High treatment costs with minimal explanation