Human Growth and Development Practice Exam
Which theorist is most associated with the Psychosocial Stages of Development?
A) Jean Piaget
B) Erik Erikson
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Abraham Maslow
According to Piaget, which stage is characterized by the ability to think abstractly and use deductive reasoning?
A) Preoperational
B) Concrete Operational
C) Formal Operational
D) Sensorimotor
Which of the following describes a “critical period” in development?
A) A time of heightened learning ability
B) A time when an individual is especially receptive to specific types of learning
C) A phase when an individual undergoes rapid physical growth
D) A period of emotional stability
In Erikson’s theory, the primary psychosocial challenge during adolescence is:
A) Industry vs. Inferiority
B) Intimacy vs. Isolation
C) Identity vs. Role Confusion
D) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
The concept of “self-actualization” is central to which theory of personality development?
A) Psychoanalytic Theory
B) Behaviorism
C) Humanistic Theory
D) Social Learning Theory
Which of the following best describes Vygotsky’s concept of the “zone of proximal development”?
A) The range of tasks a child can perform independently
B) The difference between a child’s actual developmental level and their potential development with guidance
C) A child’s innate ability to acquire language
D) The critical stage of social interaction in learning
Which theorist proposed the Hierarchy of Needs?
A) Erik Erikson
B) Jean Piaget
C) Abraham Maslow
D) Carl Rogers
The study of how environmental factors influence gene expression without altering DNA is known as:
A) Epigenetics
B) Genomics
C) Behavioral Genetics
D) Evolutionary Psychology
The process by which children learn the norms, values, and behaviors of their culture is called:
A) Socialization
B) Accommodation
C) Assimilation
D) Internalization
Which learning theory emphasizes the role of observation and imitation?
A) Cognitive Learning Theory
B) Social Learning Theory
C) Constructivist Theory
D) Operant Conditioning
According to Freud, which part of the personality operates on the pleasure principle?
A) Ego
B) Superego
C) Id
D) Conscious
Which type of attachment is characterized by a child being upset when the caregiver leaves but is comforted when they return?
A) Insecure-avoidant
B) Insecure-resistant
C) Secure
D) Disorganized
Kohlberg’s theory of moral development includes how many stages?
A) 3
B) 5
C) 6
D) 8
Which theorist developed the “attachment theory”?
A) Erik Erikson
B) Jean Piaget
C) John Bowlby
D) Albert Bandura
A child in Piaget’s Preoperational Stage is most likely to:
A) Think abstractly
B) Use logical reasoning
C) Exhibit egocentric thinking
D) Understand conservation
Which stage in Erikson’s model focuses on developing trust?
A) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
B) Trust vs. Mistrust
C) Initiative vs. Guilt
D) Industry vs. Inferiority
What is the term for an individual’s ability to adapt to new experiences or environments?
A) Assimilation
B) Accommodation
C) Resilience
D) Adaptation
Which parenting style is associated with high expectations and high responsiveness?
A) Authoritarian
B) Permissive
C) Authoritative
D) Neglectful
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory emphasizes the importance of which factor in development?
A) Cognitive milestones
B) Genetic predispositions
C) Environmental systems
D) Physical growth
The “sensorimotor stage” in Piaget’s theory primarily involves:
A) Logical reasoning
B) Object permanence
C) Abstract thinking
D) Social interaction
Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?
A) A child learns to ride a bike through trial and error
B) A dog salivates when hearing a bell associated with food
C) A student improves grades through positive reinforcement
D) A baby smiles after imitating a parent’s facial expression
Which developmental milestone is typically achieved during middle adulthood?
A) Establishing a career
B) Developing a sense of generativity
C) Achieving autonomy
D) Forming a sense of identity
Which theorist proposed the stages of grief?
A) Abraham Maslow
B) Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
C) Carl Jung
D) Lev Vygotsky
The ability to understand that others have thoughts and feelings different from one’s own is called:
A) Egocentrism
B) Theory of Mind
C) Cognitive Dissonance
D) Perspective Assimilation
In Erikson’s theory, the challenge of middle adulthood is best described as:
A) Generativity vs. Stagnation
B) Intimacy vs. Isolation
C) Identity vs. Role Confusion
D) Industry vs. Inferiority
The concept of “multiple intelligences” was developed by:
A) Howard Gardner
B) Robert Sternberg
C) Jean Piaget
D) B.F. Skinner
Which of the following is considered a protective factor for resilience?
A) Harsh discipline
B) Social support
C) Neglectful parenting
D) High stress
A child who has mastered conservation has likely moved to which of Piaget’s stages?
A) Sensorimotor
B) Preoperational
C) Concrete Operational
D) Formal Operational
What is the primary focus of ethical strategies in human development?
A) Promoting independence at all costs
B) Supporting optimum development while respecting individual rights
C) Prioritizing cultural assimilation
D) Enforcing standardized interventions
The transition from one developmental stage to another is most influenced by:
A) Fixed genetic patterns
B) Interplay of biological, social, and environmental factors
C) Predetermined timelines
D) Lack of external support systems
In Bandura’s Social Learning Theory, what is the key mechanism through which learning occurs?
A) Direct reinforcement
B) Observation and imitation
C) Trial and error
D) Biological predisposition
What is the term for the developmental process by which individuals integrate new information into existing cognitive schemas?
A) Accommodation
B) Assimilation
C) Adaptation
D) Organization
Which of the following best represents Piaget’s concept of “egocentrism”?
A) Believing one’s abilities are superior to others
B) Inability to view the world from another person’s perspective
C) Tendency to conform to social expectations
D) Seeking validation from peers
Which term refers to the bond that forms between a caregiver and a child in the first year of life?
A) Attachment
B) Socialization
C) Affection
D) Temperament
In Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development, what is the central conflict in early childhood (ages 3–5)?
A) Trust vs. Mistrust
B) Initiative vs. Guilt
C) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
D) Industry vs. Inferiority
What is the primary goal of adolescence according to Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development?
A) Achieving autonomy
B) Forming intimate relationships
C) Developing a sense of identity
D) Establishing generativity
Which theorist emphasized the impact of cultural tools and social interaction on cognitive development?
A) Jean Piaget
B) Erik Erikson
C) Lev Vygotsky
D) Sigmund Freud
Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory includes which system that involves the direct environment in which an individual interacts (e.g., family, school)?
A) Microsystem
B) Mesosystem
C) Exosystem
D) Macrosystem
Which developmental milestone typically occurs during late adulthood?
A) Developing a sense of ego integrity
B) Building long-term intimate relationships
C) Transitioning from school to a career
D) Gaining independence from parents
What is the primary focus of Kohlberg’s preconventional stage of moral development?
A) Social conformity
B) Avoidance of punishment and personal gain
C) Following ethical principles
D) Upholding societal laws
Which of the following is an example of reciprocal determinism in development?
A) A child’s temperament influences parental behavior, which in turn affects the child’s development.
B) A child adapts to a new environment through trial and error.
C) A parent establishes strict rules that shape a child’s behavior.
D) A child develops motor skills through physical play.
According to Freud, which stage of psychosexual development is characterized by the Oedipus complex?
A) Oral stage
B) Anal stage
C) Phallic stage
D) Genital stage
What term refers to the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen?
A) Object permanence
B) Conservation
C) Egocentrism
D) Symbolic representation
Which of the following represents a key feature of the Concrete Operational Stage in Piaget’s theory?
A) Ability to understand abstract ideas
B) Mastery of hypothetical reasoning
C) Logical thinking about concrete objects
D) Inability to decenter
A therapist working with clients from diverse cultural backgrounds should prioritize which of the following?
A) Applying the same strategies across all groups
B) Avoiding the discussion of cultural differences
C) Integrating ethical and culturally sensitive practices
D) Focusing solely on individual development without regard to context
What is the primary focus during the sensorimotor stage of Piaget’s cognitive development theory?
A) Development of abstract thinking
B) Mastery of logical operations
C) Understanding the world through senses and actions
D) Exploration of hypothetical scenarios
In which stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development does the conflict of “Generativity vs. Stagnation” occur?
A) Adolescence
B) Young adulthood
C) Middle adulthood
D) Late adulthood
Which theorist proposed that moral development progresses through a series of universal stages?
A) Jean Piaget
B) B.F. Skinner
C) Lawrence Kohlberg
D) Lev Vygotsky
What is the key characteristic of Bowlby’s concept of attachment?
A) It is biologically programmed for survival.
B) It is learned through reinforcement.
C) It is a temporary bond that fades over time.
D) It is solely based on food and nourishment.
Which of the following is an example of scaffolding, according to Vygotsky’s theory?
A) A parent providing hints to help a child solve a puzzle
B) A child learning a skill through trial and error
C) A teacher grading assignments with minimal feedback
D) A peer solving a problem independently
Which term refers to the ability to understand that the quantity of an object remains the same despite changes in its shape or appearance?
A) Conservation
B) Egocentrism
C) Classification
D) Object permanence
What developmental task is associated with Erikson’s stage of “Identity vs. Role Confusion”?
A) Developing a sense of self and personal identity
B) Establishing long-term intimate relationships
C) Contributing to society and the next generation
D) Reflecting on life and accepting its outcomes
Which of the following best represents Maslow’s concept of self-actualization?
A) Achieving financial stability
B) Fulfilling one’s potential and seeking personal growth
C) Forming lasting social relationships
D) Acquiring basic survival needs
Which stage in Freud’s psychosexual theory of development is characterized by the development of sexual maturity?
A) Oral stage
B) Latency stage
C) Phallic stage
D) Genital stage
According to Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, which system includes cultural values and norms?
A) Microsystem
B) Mesosystem
C) Exosystem
D) Macrosystem
During which stage of Kohlberg’s moral development theory do individuals base moral decisions on universal ethical principles?
A) Preconventional stage
B) Conventional stage
C) Postconventional stage
D) Ethical relativism stage
What is the best example of a critical period in human development?
A) Adolescents learning to build friendships
B) Infants developing attachment during their first year of life
C) Adults transitioning into retirement
D) Children learning to ride a bicycle
Which of the following is true about temperament in infants?
A) Temperament is shaped entirely by environmental factors.
B) Temperament is biologically based but influenced by the environment.
C) Temperament is the same across all cultures.
D) Temperament remains unchanged throughout life.
Which characteristic is typical of authoritarian parenting?
A) High responsiveness and low demandingness
B) Low responsiveness and high demandingness
C) High responsiveness and high demandingness
D) Low responsiveness and low demandingness
According to Erikson, what is the primary challenge of late adulthood?
A) Integrity vs. Despair
B) Generativity vs. Stagnation
C) Initiative vs. Guilt
D) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
According to Piaget, what is the primary milestone of the formal operational stage?
A) Mastery of object permanence
B) Development of logical thinking about concrete objects
C) Ability to think abstractly and hypothetically
D) Understanding conservation
In Erikson’s psychosocial theory, what is the primary conflict during young adulthood?
A) Identity vs. Role Confusion
B) Intimacy vs. Isolation
C) Generativity vs. Stagnation
D) Integrity vs. Despair
What is the term for the gradual decline in physical and cognitive abilities as individuals age?
A) Aging trajectory
B) Senescence
C) Deterioration
D) Deceleration
Which of the following best describes the concept of “zone of proximal development” in Vygotsky’s theory?
A) The difference between what a child can do alone and what they can do with help
B) The cognitive development stage achieved during adolescence
C) The physical space needed for learning
D) The developmental gap between different children
In Kohlberg’s stages of moral development, what drives decision-making in the conventional level?
A) Avoidance of punishment
B) Social norms and the desire to gain approval
C) Universal ethical principles
D) Personal benefits
Which parenting style is associated with the best outcomes in child development?
A) Authoritarian
B) Permissive
C) Authoritative
D) Neglectful
What is the primary goal of Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development?
A) Understanding abstract concepts
B) Development of symbolic thought and language
C) Mastering logical reasoning about concrete objects
D) Solving hypothetical problems
Which factor is considered part of the exosystem in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory?
A) Parental workplace policies
B) Immediate family relationships
C) Cultural norms and laws
D) Interactions between teachers and parents
What term refers to the ability to manage and regulate emotions in social contexts?
A) Emotional stability
B) Emotional intelligence
C) Emotional suppression
D) Emotional independence
What is the focus of Freud’s latency stage of psychosexual development?
A) Exploration of sexual interests
B) Development of social and intellectual skills
C) Formation of intimate relationships
D) Resolution of the Oedipus complex
Which of the following is a hallmark of postformal thought in adulthood?
A) Rigidity in thinking
B) Ability to apply logic to hypothetical situations
C) Acknowledgment of the complexity and contradictions in life
D) Mastery of abstract thought
According to Erikson, failure to resolve the conflict of “Industry vs. Inferiority” during childhood may result in which outcome?
A) Lack of trust in others
B) Feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem
C) Difficulty forming intimate relationships
D) A lack of purpose in later life
What is the term for the biological and environmental influences that shape behavior and development?
A) Social learning
B) Nature and nurture
C) Temperament
D) Genetics and heredity
Which of the following best describes the concept of “goodness of fit” in child development?
A) The alignment between a child’s temperament and their environment
B) The influence of genetics on personality traits
C) The relationship between parenting style and discipline
D) The balance between nature and nurture
In adulthood, what factor is most associated with generativity according to Erikson?
A) Achieving financial success
B) Caring for others and contributing to society
C) Establishing independence from family
D) Reflecting on past accomplishments
What is the primary focus of Erikson’s stage of “Trust vs. Mistrust”?
A) Developing independence
B) Building a sense of security through caregiver relationships
C) Learning social norms and behaviors
D) Establishing a sense of personal identity
What is a key milestone of the preoperational stage according to Piaget?
A) Logical reasoning about concrete objects
B) Understanding the concept of conservation
C) Symbolic thinking and pretend play
D) Abstract thinking and hypothetical reasoning
Which theorist emphasized the importance of social interaction in cognitive development?
A) Jean Piaget
B) Lev Vygotsky
C) Erik Erikson
D) Lawrence Kohlberg
In Bandura’s social learning theory, what is the term for learning by observing others?
A) Classical conditioning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Observational learning
D) Experiential learning
According to Maslow, which of the following needs must be met before self-actualization?
A) Physiological and safety needs
B) Self-esteem and creativity
C) Self-efficacy and esteem
D) Belonging and morality
What is the primary challenge during Erikson’s stage of “Initiative vs. Guilt”?
A) Building a sense of trust
B) Developing independence in personal activities
C) Learning to take initiative without feeling guilty for mistakes
D) Establishing a clear personal identity
Which concept refers to an infant’s realization that objects continue to exist even when out of sight?
A) Conservation
B) Object permanence
C) Egocentrism
D) Deferred imitation
What is the focus of Bronfenbrenner’s microsystem in his ecological systems theory?
A) Broad cultural values and norms
B) Immediate interactions with family, peers, and teachers
C) Connections between various microsystems
D) Societal influences on an individual
What is the first stage in Freud’s psychosexual theory of development?
A) Oral stage
B) Anal stage
C) Phallic stage
D) Latency stage
During adolescence, what is the primary developmental task according to Erikson?
A) Developing trust in others
B) Establishing a sense of identity
C) Forming meaningful relationships
D) Contributing to society
Which theorist proposed that personality develops through lifelong psychosocial stages?
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Erik Erikson
C) Jean Piaget
D) Abraham Maslow
In Piaget’s concrete operational stage, what key skill do children develop?
A) Logical thinking about abstract ideas
B) Hypothetical reasoning
C) Logical thinking about concrete situations
D) Symbolic reasoning
What is the term for the ability to adapt to new experiences and information?
A) Assimilation
B) Accommodation
C) Adaptation
D) Conservation
Which stage of moral development involves actions based on avoiding punishment or gaining rewards?
A) Preconventional
B) Conventional
C) Postconventional
D) Universal ethics
What is the hallmark of Erikson’s stage “Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt”?
A) Developing trust in caregivers
B) Gaining independence in decision-making
C) Learning to form meaningful relationships
D) Resolving feelings of inadequacy
In which stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development does an individual reflect on their life?
A) Generativity vs. Stagnation
B) Identity vs. Role Confusion
C) Integrity vs. Despair
D) Initiative vs. Guilt
What is an example of a teratogen?
A) Exercise during pregnancy
B) Exposure to alcohol during pregnancy
C) A nutritious prenatal diet
D) Supportive relationships during pregnancy
Which of the following is a characteristic of authoritative parenting?
A) High demands and low responsiveness
B) Low demands and low responsiveness
C) High demands and high responsiveness
D) Low demands and high responsiveness
Which of the following best describes Piaget’s concept of egocentrism in children?
A) Understanding others’ perspectives
B) Believing that everyone sees the world as they do
C) The ability to think logically
D) Using abstract reasoning to solve problems
In which life stage does Erikson’s “Industry vs. Inferiority” conflict occur?
A) Infancy
B) Early childhood
C) Middle childhood
D) Adolescence
What is the primary focus of Kohlberg’s postconventional stage of moral development?
A) Obedience to rules
B) Social norms and approval
C) Universal ethical principles
D) Avoiding punishment
Which theorist is associated with the concept of “classical conditioning”?
A) B.F. Skinner
B) Jean Piaget
C) Ivan Pavlov
D) John Watson
Which of the following best defines “developmental milestones”?
A) The chronological age at which a child starts school
B) Key points of growth and skill acquisition in development
C) Genetic traits inherited from parents
D) Societal expectations for behavior
In Erikson’s theory, what is the primary conflict during late adulthood?
A) Generativity vs. Stagnation
B) Integrity vs. Despair
C) Identity vs. Role Confusion
D) Intimacy vs. Isolation
What is the purpose of scaffolding in Vygotsky’s theory?
A) Allowing the child to learn independently
B) Supporting learning by providing guidance
C) Reinforcing behaviors with rewards
D) Demonstrating tasks without participation
Which parenting style is most likely to produce children with high self-esteem and good social skills?
A) Permissive
B) Neglectful
C) Authoritarian
D) Authoritative
In Freud’s theory, which stage is associated with resolving the Oedipus complex?
A) Oral
B) Phallic
C) Anal
D) Genital
What is the role of heredity in development?
A) It determines all aspects of behavior and personality.
B) It interacts with environmental factors to shape development.
C) It is less important than environmental influences.
D) It only affects physical characteristics.
What is the primary focus during adolescence according to Erikson?
A) Developing trust in caregivers
B) Achieving a sense of identity
C) Building intimate relationships
D) Contributing to the next generation
What is the term for a decline in memory and cognitive function due to aging?
A) Cognitive stagnation
B) Dementia
C) Neural decay
D) Mental plateau
Which theorist emphasized the concept of “zone of proximal development”?
A) Erik Erikson
B) Jean Piaget
C) Lev Vygotsky
D) Abraham Maslow
What is the main focus of Kohlberg’s conventional level of moral development?
A) Self-interest and rewards
B) Social approval and law compliance
C) Abstract principles of justice
D) Avoiding punishment
Which of the following is a primary milestone of the formal operational stage in Piaget’s theory?
A) Understanding object permanence
B) Developing symbolic thinking
C) Abstract and hypothetical reasoning
D) Logical thinking about tangible objects
What does temperament refer to in developmental psychology?
A) Personality traits that develop over time
B) Inborn behavioral and emotional characteristics
C) Learned social behaviors
D) Reactions influenced by cultural norms
According to Maslow, which need comes immediately after physiological needs?
A) Love and belonging
B) Esteem needs
C) Self-actualization
D) Safety needs
In Erikson’s “Generativity vs. Stagnation” stage, what is the primary focus?
A) Building trust with caregivers
B) Contributing to the next generation
C) Forming intimate relationships
D) Developing a sense of autonomy
What is the best example of assimilation in Piaget’s theory?
A) Learning a new concept unrelated to previous knowledge
B) Incorporating new information into existing schemas
C) Adjusting schemas to fit new information
D) Forgetting information that contradicts previous knowledge
What is a critical period in development?
A) A time frame when development is most rapid
B) A period when specific skills must be developed
C) A stage of moral reasoning
D) A time of significant cognitive decline
What is a characteristic of authoritative parenting?
A) Low responsiveness and high demands
B) High responsiveness and low demands
C) High responsiveness and high demands
D) Low responsiveness and low demands
What is the term for the emotional bond that forms between an infant and caregiver?
A) Attachment
B) Temperament
C) Trust
D) Bonding
In Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, which system includes the child’s school and family?
A) Microsystem
B) Mesosystem
C) Exosystem
D) Macrosystem
Which of the following describes Piaget’s concept of “conservation”?
A) Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape
B) Recognizing that objects continue to exist when out of sight
C) The ability to think abstractly
D) Learning to use symbols in play
During which life stage does Erikson’s “Intimacy vs. Isolation” conflict occur?
A) Adolescence
B) Young adulthood
C) Middle adulthood
D) Late adulthood
What is the main focus of Freud’s latency stage?
A) Sexual energy is dormant while social skills develop.
B) Sexual desires dominate behavior.
C) Moral development occurs rapidly.
D) Peer relationships are de-emphasized.
According to Bowlby, which behavior indicates secure attachment in a child?
A) Avoidance of the caregiver upon reunion
B) Intense anger when the caregiver leaves
C) Seeking comfort from the caregiver after distress
D) Ignoring the caregiver entirely
What is the term for the decline in reproductive capacity in middle adulthood?
A) Menopause
B) Puberty
C) Fertility plateau
D) Senescence
Which stage of prenatal development occurs from conception to two weeks?
A) Embryonic stage
B) Fetal stage
C) Germinal stage
D) Neonatal stage
What is the term for speech directed at oneself to guide actions?
A) Social speech
B) Private speech
C) Symbolic speech
D) External dialogue
What is a hallmark of the sensorimotor stage in Piaget’s theory?
A) Abstract reasoning
B) Logical thought
C) Object permanence
D) Hypothetical reasoning
Which type of intelligence is most likely to decline with age?
A) Crystallized intelligence
B) Fluid intelligence
C) Emotional intelligence
D) Social intelligence
In adolescence, what contributes to risk-taking behaviors?
A) Fully developed prefrontal cortex
B) Hormonal changes and immature frontal lobes
C) Increased social pressure with limited hormonal changes
D) A decrease in reward sensitivity
Which parenting style is associated with the highest levels of child aggression?
A) Permissive
B) Authoritarian
C) Authoritative
D) Neglectful
What is the primary focus during the fetal stage of prenatal development?
A) Implantation and cell differentiation
B) Formation of major organs and structures
C) Growth and maturation of body systems
D) Fertilization and genetic combination
What is the purpose of a developmental screening?
A) To diagnose mental health disorders
B) To evaluate developmental milestones and delays
C) To measure intelligence quotient (IQ)
D) To assess parental involvement
What is the term for the ability to recover from or adapt to adversity?
A) Emotional intelligence
B) Resilience
C) Coping strategy
D) Cognitive flexibility
Which type of memory is most affected by normal aging?
A) Semantic memory
B) Procedural memory
C) Episodic memory
D) Implicit memory
What is the primary goal of Piaget’s “formal operational stage”?
A) Mastering object permanence
B) Developing symbolic thought
C) Abstract and hypothetical thinking
D) Logical reasoning about concrete objects
What is the main focus of Erikson’s “Identity vs. Role Confusion” stage?
A) Building independence from caregivers
B) Gaining a sense of personal identity
C) Developing intimate relationships
D) Reflecting on life’s meaning
Which of the following is a risk factor for delayed development?
A) Positive parental involvement
B) Exposure to enriched learning environments
C) Chronic poverty and malnutrition
D) Secure attachment relationships
Which theorist is associated with the concept of “imprinting” in early development?
A) Lev Vygotsky
B) Konrad Lorenz
C) Erik Erikson
D) Abraham Maslow
Which of the following describes scaffolding in Vygotsky’s theory?
A) The gradual removal of support as the learner gains independence
B) The ability to solve problems independently
C) The process of adjusting schemas to incorporate new experiences
D) The transfer of learning from one context to another
Which reflex is characterized by an infant spreading their arms outward when startled?
A) Babinski reflex
B) Moro reflex
C) Rooting reflex
D) Sucking reflex
According to Erikson, what is the main conflict during middle adulthood?
A) Trust vs. mistrust
B) Intimacy vs. isolation
C) Generativity vs. stagnation
D) Integrity vs. despair
What is the primary goal of Piaget’s preoperational stage?
A) Developing abstract reasoning
B) Gaining the ability to use symbols and language
C) Understanding conservation
D) Logical thinking about tangible objects
What is a teratogen?
A) A genetic disorder that affects development
B) An environmental agent that can harm a developing fetus
C) A type of mutation that occurs during conception
D) A natural defense mechanism in prenatal development
What type of intelligence, according to Cattell, involves solving new problems without relying on past knowledge?
A) Crystallized intelligence
B) Fluid intelligence
C) Emotional intelligence
D) Social intelligence
Which theory emphasizes the role of modeling in learning behavior?
A) Psychoanalytic theory
B) Social learning theory
C) Cognitive developmental theory
D) Humanistic theory
What is the main purpose of play during early childhood?
A) To increase competitiveness
B) To explore social roles and practice problem-solving
C) To delay the onset of motor development
D) To reduce physical activity levels
Which of the following is an example of a secondary sexual characteristic?
A) Growth of pubic hair
B) Development of ovaries
C) Sperm production
D) Menstruation
What is the primary psychosocial task of adolescence according to Erikson?
A) Developing a sense of trust
B) Establishing a personal identity
C) Forming intimate relationships
D) Achieving generativity
What is the typical order of prenatal development stages?
A) Embryonic, germinal, fetal
B) Germinal, embryonic, fetal
C) Fetal, germinal, embryonic
D) Germinal, fetal, embryonic
What is the focus of the sensorimotor stage of Piaget’s cognitive development?
A) Developing symbolic thinking
B) Logical reasoning about concrete events
C) Experiencing the world through sensory and motor actions
D) Hypothetical and abstract thinking
According to Freud, during which stage does the Oedipus complex occur?
A) Oral stage
B) Anal stage
C) Phallic stage
D) Latency stage
What is an example of an intrinsic motivator?
A) Receiving a paycheck for completing a task
B) Gaining recognition for high performance
C) Feeling a sense of accomplishment
D) Earning a promotion at work
Which term describes the gradual decline in physical functioning with age?
A) Menopause
B) Andropause
C) Senescence
D) Puberty
What is the purpose of a secure attachment in infancy?
A) To promote independence at an early age
B) To ensure cognitive development is maximized
C) To provide a foundation for emotional and social development
D) To establish dominance in social hierarchies
What is the hallmark of Piaget’s concrete operational stage?
A) Logical reasoning about abstract ideas
B) Mastery of conservation and logical thinking about tangible objects
C) Use of symbols in problem-solving
D) Hypothetical reasoning
Which type of parenting style is associated with the highest level of social competence in children?
A) Authoritative
B) Permissive
C) Neglectful
D) Authoritarian
What is a longitudinal study?
A) A study that examines different age groups at one point in time
B) A study that observes participants over a long period of time
C) A study that uses experimental manipulation to determine cause
D) A study that compares two or more cultures
What is an example of a fine motor skill?
A) Running
B) Throwing a ball
C) Writing with a pencil
D) Jumping
In Kohlberg’s post-conventional stage of moral development, what guides moral reasoning?
A) Fear of punishment
B) Social approval
C) Universal ethical principles
D) Following rules and laws
What is the main function of the prefrontal cortex in adolescents?
A) Regulation of emotions and decision-making
B) Basic sensory processing
C) Hormonal control
D) Memory retrieval
What is resilience in the context of human development?
A) The ability to avoid stressful situations
B) The capacity to recover from adversity or challenges
C) A set of personality traits that ensures success
D) Avoidance of negative emotions
According to Baumrind, neglectful parenting is characterized by:
A) High responsiveness, low demands
B) Low responsiveness, high demands
C) Low responsiveness, low demands
D) High responsiveness, high demands
What type of learning occurs by observing the actions of others?
A) Classical conditioning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Observational learning
D) Latent learning
What developmental milestone is typical of late adulthood?
A) Learning to walk
B) Refining fine motor skills
C) Reflecting on life and achieving a sense of integrity
D) Developing abstract reasoning
What is the main focus of the life course perspective in human development?
A) Early childhood experiences
B) Lifelong processes and transitions
C) Adolescence as the key stage of growth
D) The impact of genetics alone on development
Which type of play involves children engaging in activities alongside one another but without interaction?
A) Parallel play
B) Cooperative play
C) Solitary play
D) Associative play
What is the key feature of the embryonic stage in prenatal development?
A) Formation of major organs and structures
B) Rapid cell division and implantation
C) Growth and weight gain
D) Development of reflexes
Which of the following is an example of identity foreclosure in adolescence?
A) Exploring various career paths before deciding
B) Conforming to parents’ expectations without exploration
C) Feeling uncertain about future roles
D) Actively rebelling against authority
What is the primary focus of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory?
A) Cognitive processes in learning
B) The influence of social and environmental contexts on development
C) Genetic predispositions in behavior
D) Stages of moral development
Which stage of Erikson’s psychosocial theory focuses on forming intimate relationships?
A) Generativity vs. stagnation
B) Intimacy vs. isolation
C) Identity vs. role confusion
D) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Which of the following best describes assimilation in Piaget’s theory?
A) Adjusting schemas to fit new information
B) Taking in new information without changing existing schemas
C) Applying logic to solve abstract problems
D) Developing new motor skills through practice
What is a characteristic of authoritarian parenting?
A) High warmth and high discipline
B) High discipline and low warmth
C) Low expectations and high responsiveness
D) Low warmth and low discipline
At what stage of development is a child most likely to develop a theory of mind?
A) Infancy
B) Toddlerhood
C) Early childhood
D) Adolescence
In Freud’s psychosexual stages, which stage occurs during adolescence?
A) Oral stage
B) Anal stage
C) Latency stage
D) Genital stage
What is the hallmark of formal operational thinking?
A) Understanding object permanence
B) Logical reasoning about abstract concepts
C) Problem-solving based on trial and error
D) Egocentric thought
Which of the following is an example of reciprocal socialization?
A) A parent teaching their child to read
B) A child and parent influencing each other’s behaviors
C) Sibling rivalry impacting family dynamics
D) Teachers implementing classroom rules
What is the purpose of a life review in late adulthood?
A) To avoid reflecting on regrets
B) To provide closure and achieve a sense of fulfillment
C) To focus solely on achievements
D) To prepare for the challenges of middle adulthood
What is the primary developmental task in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
A) Mastering conservation
B) Developing object permanence
C) Using abstract reasoning
D) Understanding hypothetical situations
Which of the following is an example of gross motor skill development?
A) Coloring within lines
B) Tying shoelaces
C) Kicking a soccer ball
D) Writing a sentence
Which concept refers to the biological basis of aging?
A) Epigenetics
B) Genetic programming theory
C) Social disengagement theory
D) Socioemotional selectivity theory
What is the primary focus of Levinson’s theory of adult development?
A) Moral reasoning across the lifespan
B) Psychosexual stages
C) The transitions and life structures of adulthood
D) The influence of attachment in adult relationships
What is the best example of prosocial behavior in children?
A) Competing to win a game
B) Sharing toys with a peer
C) Avoiding punishment by following rules
D) Refusing to participate in a group activity
According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which need is at the highest level?
A) Safety
B) Esteem
C) Self-actualization
D) Belonging
Which research design involves studying multiple age groups at the same time?
A) Longitudinal study
B) Cross-sectional study
C) Case study
D) Experimental study
What is the key feature of Kohlberg’s conventional stage of moral development?
A) Avoidance of punishment
B) Upholding laws and social rules
C) Pursuit of self-interest
D) Adherence to universal ethical principles
In which stage of prenatal development do major organs begin to form?
A) Germinal stage
B) Embryonic stage
C) Fetal stage
D) Neonatal stage
Which term describes the ability to adapt to new situations and solve novel problems?
A) Crystallized intelligence
B) Fluid intelligence
C) Emotional intelligence
D) Practical intelligence
What is a critical period in development?
A) A time when development is most influenced by genetics
B) A specific timeframe during which certain skills must develop
C) The final stage of growth before adulthood
D) The period when language acquisition is impossible
What does the strange situation experiment by Mary Ainsworth primarily assess?
A) Parental attachment styles
B) Attachment security in infants
C) Cognitive abilities in children
D) Peer relationships during play
Which type of play is characterized by children working together towards a common goal?
A) Parallel play
B) Associative play
C) Cooperative play
D) Solitary play
What is the primary focus of Erikson’s stage of industry vs. inferiority?
A) Developing a sense of competence
B) Gaining autonomy
C) Forming close relationships
D) Exploring personal identity
What is one characteristic of Piaget’s concept of egocentrism in early childhood?
A) The inability to see things from another person’s perspective
B) An excessive focus on abstract reasoning
C) A lack of interest in social interactions
D) A failure to solve conservation problems
Which stage of prenatal development is associated with rapid weight gain and fine-tuning of body systems?
A) Embryonic stage
B) Germinal stage
C) Fetal stage
D) Neonatal stage
Which term describes the process of pruning unused neural connections during development?
A) Synaptogenesis
B) Neurogenesis
C) Synaptic pruning
D) Myelination
What is the goal of Bandura’s concept of self-efficacy?
A) To identify innate personality traits
B) To explain how beliefs in one’s abilities influence actions
C) To understand the role of moral reasoning in behavior
D) To explore the impact of genetic inheritance on intelligence
What is the term for a child’s ability to use language to represent objects and ideas?
A) Symbolic function
B) Abstract reasoning
C) Object permanence
D) Sensory integration
What is the hallmark of successful aging according to the activity theory?
A) Withdrawing from social roles
B) Maintaining active participation in life
C) Accepting physical limitations
D) Adopting a life review process
Which of the following is an example of a teratogen?
A) Folic acid supplements
B) Alcohol consumption during pregnancy
C) Proper prenatal care
D) Balanced nutrition
According to Vygotsky, what is the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?
A) The stage at which children achieve independence
B) The range of tasks a child can perform with guidance
C) The development of logical reasoning skills
D) The point at which cognitive development is complete
What is the primary goal of identity formation in adolescence, according to Erikson?
A) Achieving independence from parents
B) Developing a sense of personal and social identity
C) Focusing on career goals
D) Strengthening intimate relationships
What is the key characteristic of authoritative parenting?
A) High responsiveness and low demands
B) High demands and high responsiveness
C) Low demands and low responsiveness
D) High demands and low responsiveness
Which term describes a person’s ability to think about their own thinking processes?
A) Metacognition
B) Egocentrism
C) Abstract reasoning
D) Deductive reasoning
Which developmental milestone is typically achieved during middle childhood?
A) Walking independently
B) Developing fine motor skills
C) Mastering conservation tasks
D) Experiencing puberty
What is the primary focus of Gilligan’s theory of moral development?
A) Justice and fairness
B) Care and relationships
C) Autonomy and independence
D) Logical reasoning
In Piaget’s theory, which stage involves the use of symbols and pretend play?
A) Sensorimotor
B) Preoperational
C) Concrete operational
D) Formal operational
What does the term “goodness of fit” describe in child development?
A) The compatibility between a child’s temperament and their environment
B) The alignment of parental discipline styles with cultural norms
C) The suitability of educational materials for developmental stages
D) The adjustment of family dynamics during transitions
At what age do most infants develop secure attachment?
A) 2-4 months
B) 6-12 months
C) 18-24 months
D) 3 years
Which of the following best describes crystallized intelligence?
A) The ability to solve novel problems
B) Knowledge accumulated through experience and education
C) The rapid processing of new information
D) Logical reasoning about abstract ideas
Which theorist introduced the concept of operant conditioning?
A) Albert Bandura
B) B.F. Skinner
C) Jean Piaget
D) Erik Erikson
What is the primary focus of the embryonic stage of prenatal development?
A) Formation of the placenta
B) Rapid cell division and implantation
C) Development of major organs and body structures
D) Final growth and refinement of body systems
What is the main characteristic of emerging adulthood?
A) Financial independence
B) Exploration of identity and life goals
C) Completion of all developmental tasks
D) Entering middle adulthood
Which stage of Erikson’s theory focuses on generativity vs. stagnation?
A) Adolescence
B) Early adulthood
C) Middle adulthood
D) Late adulthood
Which type of intelligence, according to Gardner, involves understanding and relating to others?
A) Logical-mathematical intelligence
B) Interpersonal intelligence
C) Spatial intelligence
D) Intrapersonal intelligence
What is the definition of temperament in child development?
A) A child’s learned behaviors
B) A child’s innate patterns of emotional reactivity and behavior
C) The influence of environment on personality
D) The skills acquired during infancy
What is the primary focus of Kohlberg’s postconventional stage of moral development?
A) Following laws and societal rules
B) Avoiding punishment
C) Adhering to universal ethical principles
D) Seeking personal rewards
What is the central feature of the concrete operational stage in Piaget’s theory?
A) Abstract reasoning
B) Logical thinking about concrete objects
C) Egocentric thought processes
D) Mastery of hypothetical reasoning
What does the Apgar score assess in newborns?
A) Nutritional status
B) Developmental milestones
C) Immediate health and vital signs
D) Sensory-motor skills
Which factor is most influential in shaping a child’s attachment style?
A) The child’s temperament
B) The quality of the caregiving environment
C) Socioeconomic status
D) Educational level of the parents
What does Bandura’s social learning theory emphasize?
A) Learning through direct reinforcement
B) Observational learning and modeling
C) Cognitive development through schemas
D) Emotional regulation in children
In Erikson’s psychosocial stages, what is the conflict faced during infancy?
A) Trust vs. mistrust
B) Autonomy vs. shame
C) Initiative vs. guilt
D) Industry vs. inferiority
What is the role of scaffolding in Vygotsky’s theory of development?
A) Reinforcing behaviors with rewards
B) Providing temporary support to help a child achieve a task
C) Structuring learning environments for independence
D) Limiting external influences on development
Which parenting style is associated with the best developmental outcomes for children?
A) Authoritative
B) Authoritarian
C) Permissive
D) Neglectful
What is a key characteristic of adolescence in terms of cognitive development?
A) Mastery of conservation tasks
B) Hypothetical-deductive reasoning
C) Egocentric thought
D) Developing object permanence
What is the significance of teratogens during pregnancy?
A) They promote healthy fetal development
B) They disrupt normal development and may cause birth defects
C) They influence genetic traits
D) They enhance prenatal bonding
What is the main goal of Montessori education?
A) Encouraging academic competition
B) Developing independence and intrinsic motivation
C) Following strict curriculum guidelines
D) Focusing exclusively on cognitive development
Which theory focuses on the impact of unconscious motives on behavior?
A) Behaviorism
B) Psychoanalytic theory
C) Cognitive theory
D) Social learning theory
What is a common characteristic of late adulthood?
A) Decline in all physical and cognitive abilities
B) Reflection on life and legacy
C) Increased focus on physical independence
D) Growth in egocentric thinking
What is resilience in child development?
A) A child’s ability to resist peer pressure
B) A child’s capacity to adapt and recover from adversity
C) A child’s tendency to avoid risky behaviors
D) A child’s innate intelligence level
According to Freud, which component of personality operates on the pleasure principle?
A) Ego
B) Superego
C) Id
D) Consciousness
At what age do most children begin to use two-word phrases to communicate?
A) 6-12 months
B) 12-18 months
C) 18-24 months
D) 3 years
Which developmental task is associated with early adulthood, according to Erikson?
A) Developing a sense of identity
B) Establishing intimacy versus isolation
C) Achieving generativity versus stagnation
D) Resolving trust versus mistrust
What is the primary focus of Bowlby’s attachment theory?
A) The biological basis for behavior
B) The importance of early bonds between infants and caregivers
C) Cognitive development stages
D) Social learning and modeling behavior
In Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, what is the hallmark of the formal operational stage?
A) Symbolic thought
B) Mastery of conservation
C) Logical reasoning about abstract concepts
D) Egocentric thinking
What is the primary focus of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A) Psychosocial development
B) Achievement of self-actualization
C) Cognitive development stages
D) Cultural influences on personality
Which of the following is an example of extrinsic motivation?
A) Completing homework to earn praise from a teacher
B) Reading a book for personal enjoyment
C) Practicing a skill to achieve mastery
D) Solving a problem out of curiosity
What is the primary goal of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)?
A) Exploring unconscious motives
B) Modifying negative thought patterns and behaviors
C) Strengthening familial bonds
D) Understanding early childhood experiences
At what age do children typically achieve the ability to engage in cooperative play?
A) 1-2 years
B) 2-3 years
C) 4-5 years
D) 6-7 years
What is the main idea behind Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory?
A) Development is shaped by biological factors alone
B) Environmental systems interact to influence development
C) Cognitive stages are universal across cultures
D) Personality is determined by early childhood experiences
Which of the following describes assimilation in Piaget’s theory?
A) Modifying existing schemas to incorporate new information
B) Balancing assimilation and accommodation
C) Fitting new experiences into existing schemas
D) Developing entirely new schemas
What is the key developmental milestone of adolescence in terms of identity?
A) Identity diffusion
B) Identity foreclosure
C) Identity achievement
D) Identity confusion
What is the role of teratogens during prenatal development?
A) Supporting fetal brain development
B) Causing potential harm to the developing fetus
C) Promoting healthy weight gain during pregnancy
D) Enhancing physical growth milestones
What is the primary developmental task of late adulthood, according to Erikson?
A) Establishing independence
B) Achieving generativity
C) Resolving integrity versus despair
D) Exploring career options
Which learning theory emphasizes the importance of observational learning?
A) Behaviorism
B) Constructivism
C) Social learning theory
D) Humanistic theory
What is the primary characteristic of permissive parenting?
A) High demands and low responsiveness
B) Low demands and high responsiveness
C) High demands and high responsiveness
D) Low demands and low responsiveness
What is the definition of self-efficacy?
A) A person’s belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations
B) A person’s sense of moral responsibility
C) A person’s innate intelligence level
D) A person’s ability to empathize with others
What is the main focus of Kohlberg’s conventional level of moral development?
A) Avoiding punishment
B) Following societal rules and laws
C) Upholding universal ethical principles
D) Seeking personal rewards
At what stage in Piaget’s theory do children begin to think logically about concrete events?
A) Sensorimotor
B) Preoperational
C) Concrete operational
D) Formal operational
What is the term for a child’s ability to understand that others have thoughts, beliefs, and perspectives different from their own?
A) Egocentrism
B) Theory of mind
C) Object permanence
D) Conservation
What is the primary focus of cognitive development during early childhood?
A) Mastering fine motor skills
B) Developing basic logical reasoning
C) Achieving symbolic thought
D) Learning abstract reasoning skills
Which theorist proposed the psychosocial stages of development?
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Jean Piaget
C) Erik Erikson
D) Lev Vygotsky
Which term describes the ability to process and manage emotions effectively?
A) Emotional intelligence
B) Social competence
C) Emotional regulation
D) Resilience
What is the focus of family systems theory in development?
A) The impact of individual behavior on group dynamics
B) The role of genetic influences on personality
C) The importance of early childhood education
D) The influence of cultural norms on behavior
Which type of play is characterized by children working together to achieve a common goal?
A) Parallel play
B) Cooperative play
C) Solitary play
D) Associative play
What does the Apgar score evaluate in newborns?
A) Temperament and reflexes
B) Sensory and motor skills
C) Immediate physical health
D) Cognitive development
What is the primary role of mirror neurons in development?
A) Enhancing physical coordination
B) Facilitating observational learning and empathy
C) Supporting language acquisition
D) Promoting social independence
What is the term for an infant’s tendency to turn their head toward a touch on the cheek?
A) Moro reflex
B) Rooting reflex
C) Sucking reflex
D) Grasping reflex
What is the central focus of scaffolding in Vygotsky’s theory?
A) Strengthening moral reasoning
B) Providing temporary support for learning new tasks
C) Encouraging exploration without boundaries
D) Building independence through isolation
Which cognitive skill is typically developed during the preschool years?
A) Abstract reasoning
B) Egocentric thinking
C) Conservation
D) Object permanence
Which of the following is a characteristic of postconventional moral reasoning according to Kohlberg?
A) Obeying rules to avoid punishment
B) Maintaining social order
C) Following self-chosen ethical principles
D) Seeking rewards for good behavior
At what age do infants typically start to crawl?
A) 3-4 months
B) 6-9 months
C) 9-12 months
D) 12-18 months
In Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, what is the zone of proximal development?
A) The difference between what a learner can do independently and what they can do with guidance
B) The set of skills a learner has already mastered
C) The stage at which a child develops abstract thinking
D) The basic level of cognitive competence
What is the primary developmental task of middle adulthood according to Erikson?
A) Developing a sense of identity
B) Achieving intimacy
C) Fostering generativity
D) Managing integrity and despair
What is the primary factor that influences attachment styles in infants?
A) Genetic inheritance
B) Parenting behavior
C) Peer interactions
D) Socioeconomic status
What is the main characteristic of the preoperational stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget?
A) Understanding conservation
B) Egocentric thinking
C) Logical reasoning
D) Abstract thought
Which type of intelligence refers to the ability to think logically about abstract ideas and concepts?
A) Fluid intelligence
B) Crystallized intelligence
C) Practical intelligence
D) Emotional intelligence
At which stage of psychosocial development do individuals explore their identities and role in society?
A) Infancy
B) Adolescence
C) Early adulthood
D) Late adulthood
What is the main idea behind the concept of “self-actualization” in Maslow’s hierarchy?
A) Fulfilling one’s potential and becoming the best version of oneself
B) Seeking approval and validation from others
C) Ensuring basic physiological needs are met
D) Developing a sense of community with others
According to Erikson, which stage of development is characterized by the challenge of trust versus mistrust?
A) Infancy
B) Adolescence
C) Middle adulthood
D) Late adulthood
Which of the following is an example of an extrinsic reward in motivation?
A) Feeling proud of personal achievement
B) Studying to improve one’s future career prospects
C) Reading for enjoyment
D) Working to get a bonus
Which of the following is a key characteristic of formal operational thinking?
A) Mastery of conservation
B) Logical thinking about abstract concepts
C) Focus on concrete events
D) Egocentric thought
At which stage do children typically develop object permanence, according to Piaget?
A) Sensorimotor
B) Preoperational
C) Concrete operational
D) Formal operational
According to Freud, which psychosexual stage is associated with the development of sexual identity?
A) Oral stage
B) Anal stage
C) Phallic stage
D) Latency stage
In which of Erikson’s stages do individuals face the challenge of integrity versus despair?
A) Adolescence
B) Early adulthood
C) Middle adulthood
D) Late adulthood
What is the concept of “identity foreclosure” as described by Marcia?
A) Developing a strong sense of self after exploring different options
B) Committing to an identity without having explored other options
C) Being uncertain about one’s personal identity
D) Rejecting societal norms and creating a unique identity
Which of the following is an example of a child exhibiting “egocentric thinking,” according to Piaget?
A) Believing that others share their thoughts and feelings
B) Understanding that others have different perspectives
C) Solving problems using logical reasoning
D) Using symbolic play to represent real-life situations
Which term refers to a child’s ability to understand that the amount of liquid in a container does not change when the container’s shape changes?
A) Conservation
B) Object permanence
C) Object constancy
D) Reversibility
What is the most prominent characteristic of a child’s cognitive development during the concrete operational stage?
A) Ability to think logically about concrete events
B) Ability to think abstractly
C) Use of symbolic play
D) Egocentric thinking
In the context of Erikson’s theory, what is generativity?
A) The ability to form intimate relationships
B) The ability to contribute to society and future generations
C) The ability to reflect on one’s life
D) The ability to maintain a sense of trust
At what age do most children begin to display basic social skills, such as sharing and taking turns?
A) 2-3 years
B) 3-4 years
C) 4-5 years
D) 5-6 years
Which of the following is an example of a teratogen?
A) A healthy diet
B) Excessive alcohol consumption during pregnancy
C) Adequate prenatal care
D) Exercise during pregnancy
According to Vygotsky, what role does language play in cognitive development?
A) It is unrelated to cognitive development
B) It is a tool for social interaction but not learning
C) It helps develop self-regulation and problem-solving
D) It only influences emotional development
Which of the following is an example of a reflex that infants are born with?
A) Grasping reflex
B) Conservation
C) Logical reasoning
D) Symbolic thought
What does the term “temperament” refer to in the context of early development?
A) The ability to learn new skills
B) The overall physical health of an infant
C) A child’s characteristic mood and behavior patterns
D) A child’s ability to form attachments
Which theory emphasizes the importance of environmental influences and modeling in learning?
A) Behaviorism
B) Social learning theory
C) Cognitive development theory
D) Psychoanalytic theory
Which of the following is an example of intrinsic motivation?
A) Studying to earn an A on an exam
B) Working hard to win a prize
C) Reading a book because you enjoy the story
D) Exercising to improve your health
In the context of development, what is “theory of mind”?
A) The ability to think abstractly
B) The ability to understand that others have thoughts and perspectives different from one’s own
C) The ability to form complex thoughts
D) The ability to reason logically
According to Erikson, the challenge of adolescence is related to:
A) Developing intimacy with others
B) Establishing an identity
C) Achieving generativity
D) Resolving integrity versus despair
In late adulthood, individuals may experience which of the following according to Erikson’s stages?
A) A sense of despair
B) A sense of trust
C) A sense of autonomy
D) A sense of stagnation
Which of the following best describes the nature versus nurture debate in human development?
A) Whether genetic inheritance or environmental factors have more influence on development
B) Whether humans are born with free will
C) Whether early childhood experiences are the most important in shaping behavior
D) Whether behavior is determined by unconscious motives
According to Freud, which part of the psyche is responsible for making decisions based on reality?
A) Id
B) Ego
C) Superego
D) Subconscious
The ability to understand the permanence of objects, even when they are not visible, is called:
A) Object permanence
B) Conservation
C) Egocentrism
D) Symbolic thinking
Which of the following is the most significant development during adolescence, according to Erikson’s psychosocial theory?
A) Establishing autonomy
B) Developing a sense of intimacy
C) Developing a sense of identity
D) Achieving generativity
According to Jean Piaget, which cognitive development stage involves the ability to perform operations mentally, such as understanding reversibility?
A) Sensorimotor
B) Preoperational
C) Concrete operational
D) Formal operational
Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic reward in motivation?
A) Receiving a certificate for good performance
B) Feeling proud of completing a challenging task
C) Earning a promotion at work
D) Receiving a financial bonus
In the context of human growth and development, which of the following describes the concept of “emotional regulation”?
A) The ability to recognize emotions in oneself and others
B) The ability to express emotions freely without control
C) The ability to manage and modulate emotional responses
D) The inability to experience strong emotions
Which of the following statements is true about gender identity?
A) It is biologically determined and cannot be changed
B) It is the same as biological sex
C) It refers to an individual’s personal sense of being male, female, or something else
D) It is fixed at birth and cannot evolve over time
In Vygotsky’s theory, which of the following is considered an essential tool for cognitive development?
A) Instruction from peers
B) Independent problem solving
C) Social interaction and language
D) Fixed formal education
According to Kohlberg, at which level of moral development do individuals make decisions based on self-interest and avoiding punishment?
A) Preconventional
B) Conventional
C) Postconventional
D) Autonomous
In early childhood, what is the primary development task according to Erikson’s psychosocial theory?
A) Initiative versus guilt
B) Trust versus mistrust
C) Autonomy versus shame
D) Generativity versus stagnation
According to Freud, the id is primarily concerned with which of the following?
A) Reality and reasoning
B) Moral values and ethics
C) Instant gratification of basic needs and desires
D) Logical thinking
The “generativity” stage of Erikson’s psychosocial theory typically occurs during which stage of life?
A) Adolescence
B) Young adulthood
C) Middle adulthood
D) Late adulthood
In the context of Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, what is scaffolding?
A) The process of developing independent learning skills
B) The temporary support provided by a more knowledgeable person to help a learner achieve a task
C) The stage when a child becomes self-sufficient
D) The permanent loss of support as a child grows
According to Erikson, the challenge of adolescence is resolving which conflict?
A) Identity versus role confusion
B) Trust versus mistrust
C) Integrity versus despair
D) Intimacy versus isolation
In Piaget’s theory, which of the following is the key feature of the concrete operational stage?
A) Thinking logically about concrete events
B) Mastery of abstract thinking
C) Egocentric thought
D) Development of moral reasoning
According to Maslow, which of the following needs must be satisfied first in the hierarchy of needs?
A) Esteem needs
B) Safety needs
C) Self-actualization needs
D) Physiological needs
Which of the following describes the concept of “classical conditioning,” as proposed by Ivan Pavlov?
A) Learning through reinforcement and punishment
B) Learning through observation and imitation
C) Learning through association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
D) Learning by trial and error
According to attachment theory, a secure attachment bond is likely to lead to which of the following outcomes in early childhood?
A) Difficulty forming relationships later in life
B) Confidence to explore the world and form healthy relationships
C) Anxiety and difficulty with emotional regulation
D) Aggression towards peers
In which stage of cognitive development do individuals typically begin to think abstractly and engage in hypothetical reasoning?
A) Sensorimotor
B) Preoperational
C) Concrete operational
D) Formal operational
According to Erikson, which stage of psychosocial development involves developing the ability to form intimate relationships?
A) Trust versus mistrust
B) Autonomy versus shame
C) Intimacy versus isolation
D) Generativity versus stagnation
Which of the following best describes “teratogens”?
A) Nutrients necessary for fetal growth
B) Environmental factors that cause harm during pregnancy
C) Genetic conditions passed down from parents
D) Protective factors that promote prenatal development
What is the focus of the preoperational stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget?
A) Mastery of conservation
B) Symbolic thinking and egocentrism
C) Logical thinking and abstract reasoning
D) Problem-solving with concrete objects
In the context of human development, what does the term “cognitive dissonance” refer to?
A) The tendency to seek new information that aligns with current beliefs
B) The discomfort experienced when holding two conflicting beliefs or attitudes
C) The process of integrating new information into existing cognitive schemas
D) The process of adapting to social norms
In terms of moral development, what is the focus of the conventional level in Kohlberg’s theory?
A) Obeying rules to avoid punishment
B) Making decisions based on social norms and expectations
C) Following self-chosen ethical principles
D) Seeking personal gain
Which of the following is a key factor in adolescent identity formation?
A) Parental approval
B) Peer influence
C) Abstract thinking and self-reflection
D) Strict adherence to societal norms
What is the central development task during young adulthood, according to Erikson?
A) Developing a sense of autonomy
B) Forming intimate relationships
C) Achieving generativity
D) Managing integrity versus despair
Which of the following cognitive skills develops in the formal operational stage according to Piaget?
A) Egocentrism
B) Conservation
C) Hypothetical-deductive reasoning
D) Object permanence
Which of the following is an example of a psychosocial transition in adulthood, according to Erikson?
A) Identity versus role confusion
B) Integrity versus despair
C) Intimacy versus isolation
D) Generativity versus stagnation
According to the ecological systems theory, which of the following is part of the macrosystem?
A) A child’s family
B) A child’s school
C) Cultural values and societal beliefs
D) A child’s close friends
In which stage of cognitive development do children typically begin using mental operations to solve concrete problems?
A) Sensorimotor
B) Preoperational
C) Concrete operational
D) Formal operational
Which of the following describes the concept of “self-actualization” according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A) Fulfilling basic physiological needs
B) Achieving one’s full potential and creativity
C) Developing healthy relationships
D) Acquiring safety and security
According to Bowlby’s attachment theory, the first bond formed between an infant and caregiver is typically:
A) Insecure and avoidant
B) Secure and dependable
C) Resistant and unpredictable
D) Anxious and ambivalent
According to Freud, during which stage of psychosexual development does the Oedipus complex occur?
A) Oral stage
B) Phallic stage
C) Latency stage
D) Genital stage
Which of the following best describes the term “cognitive development”?
A) The changes in physical and motor abilities over time
B) The processes involved in acquiring knowledge and understanding
C) The social relationships that develop over time
D) The genetic factors influencing behavior
In which stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development theory do individuals primarily focus on establishing close relationships?
A) Trust versus mistrust
B) Autonomy versus shame
C) Intimacy versus isolation
D) Generativity versus stagnation
Which of the following is the most characteristic feature of the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?
A) Understanding the concept of conservation
B) Development of abstract thinking
C) Object permanence
D) Egocentrism
According to Erikson, which of the following is the main task during the stage of generativity versus stagnation?
A) Forming intimate relationships
B) Developing a sense of self-identity
C) Nurturing the next generation or contributing to society
D) Developing wisdom
In which stage of moral development do individuals base their moral decisions on universal ethical principles and justice?
A) Preconventional
B) Conventional
C) Postconventional
D) Autonomous
In Vygotsky’s theory, what is the “zone of proximal development”?
A) The difference between what a child can do alone and what they can do with assistance
B) The period when a child can master tasks without guidance
C) The point at which a child becomes independent of external help
D) A zone in which a child experiences no learning difficulties
The ability to understand that others may have different thoughts, feelings, and perspectives is called:
A) Theory of mind
B) Object permanence
C) Conservation
D) Egocentrism
According to Freud, the superego develops as a result of:
A) Innate biological impulses
B) Environmental reinforcement
C) Internalizing societal and parental standards of right and wrong
D) A person’s desire to maximize pleasure
Which of the following is a key characteristic of the preoperational stage of cognitive development?
A) Mastery of logical thought
B) Development of abstract reasoning
C) Egocentrism and symbolic play
D) Understanding of conservation
The concept of “scaffolding” in Vygotsky’s theory refers to:
A) The gradual reduction of support as a learner becomes more competent
B) The constant support from a teacher throughout a learner’s development
C) The process of learning through trial and error
D) The formation of mental representations of the world
According to Erikson, which of the following is the central challenge of middle adulthood?
A) Trust versus mistrust
B) Autonomy versus shame
C) Generativity versus stagnation
D) Integrity versus despair
In terms of moral development, what does the preconventional level focus on?
A) Obeying laws for the sake of societal good
B) Making moral decisions based on self-interest and avoiding punishment
C) Acting based on universal ethical principles
D) Acting in accordance with social norms and expectations
Which of the following is an example of a non-normative life event?
A) A child going to school for the first time
B) A teenager graduating from high school
C) A person experiencing the death of a parent at a young age
D) A person retiring from work at the age of 65
According to Erikson, the primary developmental task in infancy is:
A) Developing trust in caregivers
B) Developing a sense of independence
C) Establishing intimacy with others
D) Achieving a sense of identity
In Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, which of the following best describes the concrete operational stage?
A) Thinking in abstract terms
B) Focus on concrete objects and situations
C) Mastery of symbolic thinking
D) Development of egocentric thinking
According to Maslow, what must be satisfied before an individual can pursue self-actualization?
A) Physiological and safety needs
B) Esteem and social needs
C) Cognitive and self-esteem needs
D) Emotional and personal growth needs
Which of the following is a feature of the latent stage of psychosexual development, according to Freud?
A) Focus on sexual energy and attraction
B) Development of intellectual and social skills
C) Development of trust and attachment
D) Focus on achieving a sense of identity
What is the primary characteristic of a “secure attachment” in infancy?
A) The child feels distressed when the caregiver leaves but is easily comforted upon return
B) The child ignores the caregiver’s presence and does not seek comfort
C) The child becomes overly dependent on the caregiver for all needs
D) The child experiences anxiety and discomfort in new situations
Which of the following is the primary focus of psychosocial development during adolescence, according to Erikson?
A) Establishing independence from parents
B) Developing a sense of identity
C) Establishing generativity
D) Building relationships with peers
Which of the following is the central focus of cognitive development in adolescence, according to Piaget?
A) Abstract thinking and hypothetical reasoning
B) Development of moral values
C) Mastery of conservation tasks
D) Object permanence
According to Vygotsky, which of the following is a key factor in cognitive development?
A) Independent learning without assistance
B) Active interaction with the physical environment
C) Collaborative learning with more knowledgeable others
D) The use of standardized tests to measure progress
Which of the following is an example of a formal operational thinking process according to Piaget?
A) Solving problems based on logic and abstract reasoning
B) Using trial and error to solve problems
C) Developing a theory about the world based on sensory experiences
D) Recognizing that quantities remain constant despite changes in appearance
According to Erikson, the main challenge of adolescence is:
A) Trust versus mistrust
B) Identity versus role confusion
C) Intimacy versus isolation
D) Integrity versus despair
In which of Freud’s psychosexual stages does the child first experience the development of sexual feelings toward the opposite-sex parent?
A) Oral stage
B) Phallic stage
C) Latency stage
D) Genital stage
According to Vygotsky, what is the role of language in cognitive development?
A) Language restricts cognitive development by focusing on external factors
B) Language has no effect on cognitive development
C) Language helps children internalize their thoughts and knowledge
D) Language is only used for social communication, not for cognitive development
Which of the following statements best describes Kohlberg’s preconventional level of moral development?
A) Moral decisions are based on upholding laws and social order
B) Moral decisions are based on abstract ethical principles
C) Moral decisions are made based on self-interest and avoiding punishment
D) Moral decisions are based on what is best for the collective society
In Erikson’s theory, the challenge of “intimacy versus isolation” is most associated with which stage of development?
A) Adolescence
B) Young adulthood
C) Middle adulthood
D) Late adulthood
According to Piaget, at which stage do children typically develop the ability to use logical operations, such as understanding conservation?
A) Sensorimotor
B) Preoperational
C) Concrete operational
D) Formal operational
According to Maslow, which of the following needs must be fulfilled before a person can pursue self-esteem needs?
A) Safety needs
B) Social belonging needs
C) Esteem needs
D) Physiological needs
Which of the following describes a characteristic of moral reasoning at the postconventional level, according to Kohlberg?
A) Moral decisions are made based on obedience and avoiding punishment
B) Moral decisions are made based on what is best for the collective good
C) Moral decisions are made based on universal ethical principles
D) Moral decisions are made based on maintaining social order
According to Erikson, the primary developmental task in late adulthood is:
A) Generativity versus stagnation
B) Identity versus role confusion
C) Integrity versus despair
D) Intimacy versus isolation
In which of Freud’s stages is the child’s focus on satisfying the libido through oral activities, such as sucking and biting?
A) Oral stage
B) Phallic stage
C) Latency stage
D) Genital stage
According to Vygotsky, what is the most important factor in children’s cognitive development?
A) The biological maturation of the child
B) The child’s ability to solve problems independently
C) The guidance and interaction with more knowledgeable others
D) The child’s capacity to think abstractly
In the context of Erikson’s psychosocial stages, what is the primary challenge in early adulthood?
A) Trust versus mistrust
B) Identity versus role confusion
C) Intimacy versus isolation
D) Generativity versus stagnation
Which of the following is an example of a “normative age-graded influence” on development?
A) An unexpected illness at age 50
B) Starting school at age 6
C) A traumatic life event
D) A personal decision to travel the world
According to Freud, which component of personality operates based on the “pleasure principle”?
A) Ego
B) Superego
C) Id
D) Conscience
According to Erikson, the task of “generativity versus stagnation” is most associated with:
A) Early adulthood
B) Adolescence
C) Middle adulthood
D) Late adulthood
Which of the following statements best characterizes the formal operational stage of cognitive development?
A) The child uses concrete objects and operations to solve problems
B) The child develops the ability to think abstractly and hypothetically
C) The child is unable to understand logical operations
D) The child focuses on solving problems based on sensory experiences
Which of the following best describes the idea of “object permanence,” according to Piaget?
A) The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen or heard
B) The ability to think logically about objects and events
C) The ability to understand that objects can change shape but retain their quantity
D) The understanding of basic moral principles and justice
According to Maslow, which needs must be satisfied first in his hierarchy of needs?
A) Physiological needs
B) Esteem needs
C) Social belonging needs
D) Safety needs
Which of the following best defines the concept of “socialization” in human development?
A) The process of learning to behave according to the expectations of society
B) The process of developing cognitive abilities
C) The process of acquiring language skills
D) The process of satisfying biological needs
According to Freud’s theory, the latency stage of development is characterized by:
A) The development of sexual feelings
B) The development of intellectual and social skills
C) The focus on pleasure through oral activities
D) The resolution of the Oedipus complex
Which of the following is the primary task of adolescents according to Erikson?
A) Developing trust in others
B) Gaining independence and establishing an identity
C) Nurturing future generations
D) Establishing close and intimate relationships
According to Kohlberg, at which stage of moral development do individuals begin to consider the welfare of others and base their decisions on justice and fairness?
A) Preconventional
B) Conventional
C) Postconventional
D) Autonomous
According to Erikson, which challenge is most associated with the development of early childhood?
A) Trust versus mistrust
B) Autonomy versus shame and doubt
C) Initiative versus guilt
D) Integrity versus despair
In Piaget’s theory, the sensorimotor stage is characterized by:
A) The ability to perform operations mentally
B) The use of symbols and language to represent objects
C) The development of object permanence
D) The ability to think abstractly
According to Maslow, the need for esteem and self-respect is categorized as:
A) Physiological needs
B) Safety needs
C) Esteem needs
D) Self-actualization needs
Which of the following is true of the “trust versus mistrust” stage in Erikson’s theory?
A) The child must develop a sense of autonomy
B) The infant learns to trust caregivers and the world around them
C) The child must form intimate relationships with others
D) The child struggles with issues of self-worth