Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry Practice Exam
Which of the following elements is most commonly found in organic compounds?
Sodium
B. Carbon
C. Helium
D. Oxygen
What is the chemical formula for water?
H2O
B. H2O2
C. CO2
D. O2
Which of the following is a characteristic of an acid?
It has a pH greater than 7.
B. It donates protons (H+).
C. It accepts protons (H+).
D. It has a bitter taste.
What type of bond is formed when two atoms share electrons equally?
Ionic bond
B. Polar covalent bond
C. Non-polar covalent bond
D. Hydrogen bond
Which of the following is an example of a chemical reaction?
Water evaporating
B. Iron rusting
C. Ice melting
D. Sugar dissolving in water
What is the primary function of enzymes in biochemical reactions?
They speed up reactions by lowering activation energy.
B. They increase the temperature of the reaction.
C. They absorb excess heat.
D. They change the equilibrium of reactions.
Which of the following best describes an exothermic reaction?
It absorbs heat.
B. It releases heat.
C. It does not involve a change in heat.
D. It does not occur spontaneously.
What is the molecular formula of methane?
CH3
B. C2H6
C. CH4
D. C3H8
In an acid-base reaction, what is formed when an acid donates a proton?
Water
B. Salt
C. Hydroxide ion
D. Hydronium ion
Which of the following is an example of a molecule with a polar covalent bond?
Oxygen gas (O2)
B. Methane (CH4)
C. Water (H2O)
D. Nitrogen gas (N2)
What is the oxidation state of oxygen in most compounds?
+1
B. -1
C. -2
D. +2
What is the process called when a solid turns directly into a gas?
Condensation
B. Freezing
C. Sublimation
D. Evaporation
Which of the following best describes a functional group in organic chemistry?
A group of atoms that imparts specific chemical properties to a molecule.
B. A group of atoms with a constant charge.
C. A group of atoms that determines the molecular weight of a compound.
D. A group of atoms that is always neutral.
Which of the following is an example of an alkane?
C2H4
B. C3H8
C. C2H2
D. CH4
What is the name of the bond formed between two amino acids in proteins?
Ionic bond
B. Peptide bond
C. Covalent bond
D. Hydrogen bond
Which of the following describes an amphipathic molecule?
A molecule that is hydrophobic only.
B. A molecule that is hydrophilic only.
C. A molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.
D. A molecule that forms a solution with water.
Which of the following statements is true about isotopes of the same element?
They have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
B. They have different numbers of protons.
C. They have the same number of neutrons.
D. They have different chemical properties.
Which of the following is a property of a base?
It turns litmus paper red.
B. It has a sour taste.
C. It donates hydroxide ions (OH−).
D. It reacts with acids to form salts and hydrogen gas.
What does the term “hydrophobic” mean in the context of organic molecules?
Molecules that are attracted to water.
B. Molecules that dissolve in water.
C. Molecules that repel water.
D. Molecules that form hydrogen bonds with water.
Which of the following elements is commonly found in biological molecules, especially in proteins?
Calcium
B. Nitrogen
C. Phosphorus
D. Helium
Which of the following describes a dehydration synthesis reaction?
Water is consumed to break bonds.
B. Water is produced as bonds are formed.
C. Only covalent bonds are formed.
D. Only ionic bonds are formed.
What is the main function of carbohydrates in the body?
To store genetic information.
B. To provide energy.
C. To form structural components of cells.
D. To transport oxygen.
What is the pH of a neutral solution?
0
B. 7
C. 14
D. 10
Which of the following is a characteristic of a polymer?
It consists of a single monomer.
B. It is made up of repeating subunits.
C. It has a simple structure.
D. It does not contain carbon.
Which of the following types of chemical bonds is the strongest in water?
Hydrogen bonds
B. Ionic bonds
C. Covalent bonds
D. Van der Waals forces
What is the function of nucleic acids in cells?
They store and transmit genetic information.
B. They provide structural support.
C. They catalyze biochemical reactions.
D. They store energy.
Which of the following molecules is not a lipid?
Cholesterol
B. Fatty acid
C. Phospholipid
D. Starch
What type of bond is formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another?
Ionic bond
B. Covalent bond
C. Metallic bond
D. Hydrogen bond
Which of the following best describes a hydrogen bond?
A bond between two hydrogen atoms.
B. A bond between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.
C. A strong covalent bond between two nonmetals.
D. A bond formed by sharing electrons between two atoms.
Which of the following elements is most likely to form a covalent bond with hydrogen?
Helium
B. Nitrogen
C. Calcium
D. Sodium
What is the primary difference between organic and inorganic compounds?
Organic compounds always contain carbon, while inorganic compounds do not.
B. Organic compounds contain carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen, while inorganic compounds do not.
C. Organic compounds are only found in living organisms, while inorganic compounds are not.
D. Organic compounds are always ionic, while inorganic compounds are covalent.
What is the name of the bond formed when one atom donates an electron to another atom?
Covalent bond
B. Ionic bond
C. Hydrogen bond
D. Metallic bond
Which of the following molecules is an example of a monosaccharide?
Sucrose
B. Glucose
C. Lactose
D. Starch
What type of reaction occurs when a polymer is broken down into its monomers by the addition of water?
Hydrolysis
B. Dehydration synthesis
C. Redox reaction
D. Combustion reaction
Which of the following is a characteristic of a base?
It donates hydrogen ions.
B. It has a bitter taste.
C. It has a sour taste.
D. It reacts with metals to form hydrogen gas.
Which of the following compounds is most likely to dissolve in water?
Non-polar molecules
B. Hydrophobic molecules
C. Polar molecules
D. Lipids
What is the main characteristic of a saturated fat?
It contains one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.
B. It contains no double bonds between carbon atoms.
C. It is liquid at room temperature.
D. It is found primarily in plant-based foods.
Which of the following statements is true about acids and bases?
Acids increase the concentration of hydroxide ions in a solution.
B. Bases increase the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
C. Acids increase the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
D. Bases decrease the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
Which of the following is a characteristic of enzymes?
Enzymes increase the activation energy of reactions.
B. Enzymes are not affected by temperature changes.
C. Enzymes lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions.
D. Enzymes are consumed in chemical reactions.
Which of the following compounds is most commonly used in biological systems to store energy?
Nucleic acids
B. Proteins
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
In an oxidation-reduction reaction, what happens to the substance that is oxidized?
It gains electrons.
B. It loses electrons.
C. It gains protons.
D. It loses protons.
Which of the following is a feature of the structure of proteins?
They consist of chains of nucleotides.
B. They are composed of amino acid subunits.
C. They contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
D. They have a sugar backbone.
What is the primary role of RNA in protein synthesis?
To store genetic information
B. To transport proteins to the ribosome
C. To transfer amino acids to the ribosome
D. To act as a template for protein synthesis
Which of the following best describes a characteristic of an alkene?
It contains only single bonds between carbon atoms.
B. It contains one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.
C. It is a saturated compound.
D. It contains only hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
What is the term used to describe the shape of a protein’s three-dimensional structure?
Primary structure
B. Secondary structure
C. Tertiary structure
D. Quaternary structure
Which of the following is the correct formula for ethanol?
C2H4
B. C2H6O
C. C3H6O
D. CH3OH
Which type of bond holds the two strands of a DNA molecule together?
Hydrogen bonds
B. Ionic bonds
C. Covalent bonds
D. Metallic bonds
What type of chemical reaction is used to break down large molecules into smaller molecules in digestion?
Dehydration synthesis
B. Hydrolysis
C. Oxidation
D. Combustion
Which of the following is a characteristic of a hydrogen bond?
It is a very strong bond that involves the sharing of electrons.
B. It is a weak bond formed between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.
C. It occurs only between two hydrogen atoms.
D. It is the strongest type of bond in biology.
What is the primary function of lipids in biological systems?
To serve as the main source of energy for cells
B. To provide structural support to cells
C. To store genetic information
D. To act as hormones and facilitate communication between cells
Which of the following is true about ionic bonds?
They form when atoms share electrons.
B. They occur when atoms transfer electrons.
C. They occur between nonmetals only.
D. They are weaker than covalent bonds.
Which of the following is a characteristic of a polar covalent bond?
Electrons are shared equally between two atoms.
B. Electrons are shared unequally, creating a partial charge on each atom.
C. The atoms involved are the same element.
D. The bond is formed between metal and nonmetal atoms.
What is the role of ATP in metabolism?
To store genetic information
B. To serve as an energy carrier in cells
C. To transport proteins
D. To act as a signaling molecule
Which of the following is a type of lipid?
Phospholipid
B. Starch
C. Cellulose
D. Protein
Which of the following describes a chemical property of acids?
Acids increase the concentration of hydroxide ions.
B. Acids have a bitter taste.
C. Acids donate protons (H+).
D. Acids form salts with bases.
What is the name of the bond formed between the phosphate groups and the ribose sugar in nucleic acids?
Hydrogen bond
B. Peptide bond
C. Phosphodiester bond
D. Glycosidic bond
Which of the following is the monomer of proteins?
Nucleotides
B. Fatty acids
C. Amino acids
D. Sugars
What type of molecule is a steroid?
Protein
B. Carbohydrate
C. Lipid
D. Nucleic acid
What is the process of converting light energy into chemical energy in plants called?
Photosynthesis
B. Respiration
C. Fermentation
D. Glycolysis
What is the term for a molecule that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process?
Catalyst
B. Reactant
C. Substrate
D. Product
Which of the following is an example of a functional group found in organic molecules?
Alkene
B. Carbonyl group
C. Hydrocarbon chain
D. Carbohydrate
What is the name of the process that occurs when a polymer is synthesized by removing a water molecule?
Hydrolysis
B. Dehydration synthesis
C. Oxidation
D. Fermentation
Which of the following elements is commonly found in organic molecules?
Sodium
B. Oxygen
C. Phosphorus
D. Calcium
Which of the following best describes a characteristic of an aldehyde?
It contains a carbonyl group attached to a hydrogen atom.
B. It contains a hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom.
C. It contains a carboxyl group attached to a nitrogen atom.
D. It contains a carbonyl group attached to a methyl group.
What type of bond forms when two atoms share electrons?
Ionic bond
B. Covalent bond
C. Hydrogen bond
D. Van der Waals bond
What is the primary structural component of the cell membrane?
Proteins
B. Nucleic acids
C. Lipids
D. Carbohydrates
Which of the following is an example of a disaccharide?
Glucose
B. Fructose
C. Sucrose
D. Lactose
Which of the following is a property of water that makes it important for living organisms?
It is a non-polar solvent.
B. It has a high heat capacity.
C. It forms covalent bonds with other substances.
D. It is insoluble in polar substances.
Which of the following is an example of a saturated hydrocarbon?
Methane
B. Ethene
C. Propene
D. Butane
Which of the following molecules is responsible for carrying genetic information in cells?
Proteins
B. Carbohydrates
C. Nucleic acids
D. Lipids
What is the main function of enzymes in biochemical reactions?
To increase the energy required for the reaction to proceed
B. To speed up the reaction by lowering the activation energy
C. To provide energy for the reaction
D. To increase the concentration of reactants
Which of the following is true about nonpolar covalent bonds?
Electrons are shared unequally between atoms.
B. The atoms involved are highly electronegative.
C. The electrons are shared equally between the atoms.
D. The bond is formed between a metal and a non-metal atom.
Which of the following molecules is a key energy carrier in cells?
Glucose
B. ATP
C. DNA
D. Proteins
What type of reaction is involved in the formation of a peptide bond between amino acids?
Hydrolysis
B. Dehydration synthesis
C. Combustion
D. Redox reaction
Which of the following elements is most commonly found in the structure of proteins?
Carbon
B. Phosphorus
C. Nitrogen
D. Sulfur
Which of the following is a characteristic of an alkane?
It contains one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.
B. It contains only single bonds between carbon atoms.
C. It is a highly reactive compound.
D. It contains at least one functional group.
What type of bond is responsible for the double helix structure of DNA?
Ionic bonds
B. Covalent bonds
C. Hydrogen bonds
D. Van der Waals forces
Which of the following molecules can act as a buffer in biological systems?
Water
B. Amino acids
C. Carbohydrates
D. Enzymes
Which of the following is a characteristic of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
The enzyme is consumed in the reaction.
B. The reaction proceeds at a slower rate without the enzyme.
C. The enzyme lowers the activation energy of the reaction.
D. The enzyme binds with the product at the active site.
Which of the following is a type of carbohydrate?
Triglyceride
B. Glucose
C. Steroid
D. Phospholipid
What is the term for a molecule that has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions?
Amphipathic
B. Hydrophobic
C. Hydrophilic
D. Monomer
Which of the following is the primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?
To provide structural support to cells
B. To store and release energy
C. To carry genetic information
D. To transport materials across cell membranes
What type of molecule is cholesterol?
Carbohydrate
B. Lipid
C. Protein
D. Nucleic acid
Which of the following is the monomer of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
B. Amino acids
C. Fatty acids
D. Glucose
Which of the following describes the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?
To carry genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosome
B. To bring amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis
C. To catalyze the formation of peptide bonds
D. To store the genetic code in the form of mRNA
What is the primary function of mitochondria in cells?
To synthesize proteins
B. To store energy in the form of glucose
C. To produce ATP through cellular respiration
D. To synthesize lipids
Which of the following is true about a molecule with a double bond between two carbon atoms?
The molecule is a saturated hydrocarbon.
B. The molecule is a polyunsaturated fatty acid.
C. The molecule is an alkene.
D. The molecule is a saturated fat.
What type of bond is formed when a hydrogen atom is attracted to an electronegative atom in another molecule?
Covalent bond
B. Ionic bond
C. Hydrogen bond
D. Van der Waals bond
Which of the following compounds is most likely to dissolve in a nonpolar solvent?
Salt
B. Water
C. Ethanol
D. Oil
Which of the following is a role of proteins in biological systems?
They serve as a primary energy source.
B. They store genetic information.
C. They catalyze chemical reactions.
D. They are the building blocks of nucleic acids.
Which of the following best describes a hydrocarbon?
A compound made only of hydrogen and oxygen
B. A compound made only of carbon and hydrogen
C. A compound made of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
D. A compound made of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen
Which type of molecule is primarily used for long-term energy storage in animals?
Proteins
B. Carbohydrates
C. Nucleic acids
D. Lipids
Which of the following elements is most commonly associated with the formation of biological macromolecules?
Carbon
B. Nitrogen
C. Helium
D. Argon
What is the name of the functional group –OH?
Amino group
B. Hydroxyl group
C. Carbonyl group
D. Carboxyl group
Which of the following is a characteristic of a solution that contains a strong acid?
It has a pH greater than 7.
B. It dissociates completely in water.
C. It produces fewer H⁺ ions than a weak acid.
D. It has a low concentration of hydronium ions.
What is the primary role of nucleic acids in cells?
Storing and transferring energy
B. Storing genetic information
C. Catalyzing chemical reactions
D. Forming the structural framework of cells
Which of the following is a characteristic of ionic bonds?
Electrons are shared equally between atoms.
B. Electrons are transferred between atoms, creating ions.
C. They are typically formed between two nonmetals.
D. They involve the sharing of protons between atoms.
Which of the following molecules is considered a polysaccharide?
Glucose
B. Sucrose
C. Starch
D. Fructose
What is the name of the process where water is added to break a bond in a polymer?
Hydrolysis
B. Dehydration synthesis
C. Transcription
D. Replication
Which of the following is the monomer of proteins?
Nucleotides
B. Amino acids
C. Fatty acids
D. Glucose
Which of the following describes the role of ribosomes in cells?
To synthesize lipids
B. To process genetic material
C. To synthesize proteins
D. To break down waste material
Which of the following is a characteristic of saturated fatty acids?
They have one or more double bonds in their carbon chain.
B. They are solid at room temperature.
C. They contain fewer hydrogen atoms than unsaturated fats.
D. They are typically found in plant oils.
What is the process of converting glucose into pyruvate called?
Glycolysis
B. Fermentation
C. Citric acid cycle
D. Electron transport chain
Which of the following is the function of the cell membrane?
To synthesize proteins
B. To store genetic information
C. To regulate what enters and exits the cell
D. To produce energy
Which of the following is the basic unit of a carbohydrate?
Amino acids
B. Fatty acids
C. Nucleotides
D. Monosaccharides
Which of the following functional groups is involved in the formation of an ester bond?
Carboxyl group
B. Hydroxyl group
C. Amino group
D. Carbonyl group
Which of the following best describes a condensation reaction?
It involves the addition of water to break down a polymer.
B. It produces water as a byproduct while forming a bond between molecules.
C. It forms a double bond between two atoms.
D. It is a process that occurs only in the presence of enzymes.
What is the main function of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?
To store nutrients
B. To produce proteins
C. To carry out cellular respiration
D. To regulate cell division
Which of the following statements about enzymes is true?
Enzymes are consumed in a chemical reaction.
B. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by raising the activation energy.
C. Enzymes are typically very specific for their substrates.
D. Enzymes are not affected by temperature or pH.
Which of the following types of bonds are responsible for the secondary structure of proteins?
Hydrogen bonds
B. Ionic bonds
C. Covalent bonds
D. Peptide bonds
Which of the following molecules is an example of an unsaturated fatty acid?
Stearic acid
B. Palmitic acid
C. Oleic acid
D. Butyric acid
Which of the following is a property of acids?
They taste bitter and feel slippery.
B. They increase the concentration of OH⁻ ions in a solution.
C. They decrease the concentration of H⁺ ions in a solution.
D. They have a pH less than 7.
What is the primary structure of a protein determined by?
The sequence of nucleotides in DNA
B. The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
C. The interactions between side chains of amino acids
D. The folding of the polypeptide into its three-dimensional shape
What is the process by which cells convert fatty acids into ATP?
Glycolysis
B. Beta-oxidation
C. Fermentation
D. The citric acid cycle
Which of the following is a property of the electron transport chain?
It takes place in the cytoplasm.
B. It involves the transfer of electrons through a series of membrane-bound proteins.
C. It produces glucose from carbon dioxide and water.
D. It occurs only in the presence of oxygen.
Which of the following macromolecules is responsible for carrying genetic information?
Proteins
B. Nucleic acids
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
Which of the following statements about catalysts is true?
Catalysts are consumed in a chemical reaction.
B. Catalysts speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy.
C. Catalysts increase the amount of reactants needed for a reaction.
D. Catalysts can only be used once in a reaction.
What is the role of ATP in cellular processes?
To carry out chemical reactions
B. To store energy
C. To form proteins
D. To transmit genetic information
Which of the following types of bonds is responsible for the formation of a salt?
Hydrogen bonds
B. Ionic bonds
C. Covalent bonds
D. Metallic bonds
What is the primary function of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in cells?
To store genetic information
B. To carry the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome
C. To catalyze metabolic reactions
D. To form structural components of the cell
What is the most important element for the formation of organic compounds?
Oxygen
B. Carbon
C. Nitrogen
D. Hydrogen
What is the main purpose of enzymes in biochemical reactions?
To act as reactants in chemical reactions
B. To provide energy for reactions
C. To lower the activation energy of reactions
D. To bind to products and slow down reactions
What type of bond occurs between two amino acids to form a protein?
Ionic bond
B. Hydrogen bond
C. Peptide bond
D. Covalent bond
Which of the following describes an endothermic reaction?
It releases energy in the form of heat.
B. It absorbs energy from the surroundings.
C. It occurs spontaneously without any energy change.
D. It has a negative change in enthalpy.
What is the main component of the cell membrane?
Proteins
B. Carbohydrates
C. Nucleic acids
D. Phospholipids
Which of the following describes the structure of DNA?
A single strand of nucleotides
B. Two complementary strands of nucleotides wound into a double helix
C. A protein structure composed of amino acids
D. A carbohydrate chain of sugars and phosphates
Which of the following compounds is considered a strong acid?
Acetic acid (CH₃COOH)
B. Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
C. Carbonic acid (H₂CO₃)
D. Citric acid (C₆H₈O₇)
Which of the following is true about unsaturated fatty acids?
They contain no double bonds between carbon atoms.
B. They are typically solid at room temperature.
C. They contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.
D. They are found exclusively in animal products.
Which of the following molecules is the most energy-dense?
Proteins
B. Carbohydrates
C. Nucleic acids
D. Lipids
Which of the following molecules is composed of repeating nucleotide units?
Proteins
B. Nucleic acids
C. Polysaccharides
D. Fatty acids
What is the process by which proteins are synthesized from amino acids?
Glycolysis
B. Translation
C. Replication
D. Transcription
Which of the following molecules is formed by the process of dehydration synthesis?
Glucose
B. Water
C. Polysaccharides
D. Amino acids
Which of the following describes a disaccharide?
A simple sugar with one sugar molecule
B. A molecule formed from two monosaccharides
C. A complex sugar made from three sugar molecules
D. A molecule consisting of a long chain of amino acids
Which type of bond holds the two strands of DNA together?
Covalent bonds
B. Hydrogen bonds
C. Ionic bonds
D. Peptide bonds
Which of the following is an example of a monosaccharide?
Sucrose
B. Glucose
C. Starch
D. Lactose
Which of the following is the role of ATP in cellular processes?
It acts as a carrier of electrons in the electron transport chain.
B. It provides the energy required for various cellular functions.
C. It stores genetic information.
D. It catalyzes biochemical reactions.
What is the function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?
To carry genetic instructions from DNA to the ribosome
B. To form the core structure of ribosomes
C. To transfer amino acids to the ribosome
D. To store genetic information in cells
What type of chemical reaction involves the combination of two molecules to form a larger one, releasing water as a byproduct?
Dehydration synthesis
B. Hydrolysis
C. Oxidation
D. Reduction
What is the primary source of energy for most living organisms?
Glucose
B. ATP
C. Fatty acids
D. Amino acids
Which of the following best describes the tertiary structure of a protein?
The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
B. The folding of a polypeptide chain into a three-dimensional shape
C. The interaction between multiple polypeptide chains
D. The interaction between the amino and carboxyl groups of amino acids
What is the name of the bond formed between the nitrogenous bases of two complementary strands of DNA?
Peptide bond
B. Phosphodiester bond
C. Hydrogen bond
D. Ionic bond
Which of the following is the function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?
To produce ribosomes
B. To synthesize proteins
C. To modify and package proteins
D. To regulate the movement of molecules in and out of the cell
Which of the following enzymes is responsible for copying DNA during replication?
RNA polymerase
B. DNA polymerase
C. Ligase
D. Helicase
Which of the following is an example of a secondary structure in proteins?
The folding of the polypeptide into a three-dimensional shape
B. The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
C. The coiling of the polypeptide into an alpha helix
D. The interaction between multiple polypeptide chains
Which of the following molecules is used in the process of cellular respiration to release energy?
Oxygen
B. Glucose
C. ATP
D. Carbon dioxide
Which of the following is a characteristic of saturated fats?
They have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.
B. They are liquid at room temperature.
C. They are found primarily in plant oils.
D. They are solid at room temperature.
Which of the following elements is most commonly found in proteins?
Oxygen
B. Carbon
C. Nitrogen
D. Phosphorus
Which of the following is the most basic unit of life?
Atom
B. Molecule
C. Cell
D. Organ
What is the role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a cell?
To synthesize proteins
B. To store genetic material
C. To synthesize lipids and detoxify harmful substances
D. To produce ATP
What is the process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template?
Translation
B. Replication
C. Transcription
D. Dehydration synthesis
What is the function of the mitochondria in cells?
Protein synthesis
B. Cellular respiration and energy production
C. Storage of genetic information
D. Detoxification of harmful substances
Which of the following is a characteristic of enzymes?
They are consumed in the reactions they catalyze
B. They increase the activation energy of reactions
C. They can catalyze only one specific type of reaction
D. They are only found in prokaryotic cells
What is the role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in the process of protein synthesis?
It carries genetic information from the DNA to the ribosome
B. It catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids
C. It carries amino acids to the ribosome for protein assembly
D. It helps to fold the protein into its correct shape
Which of the following structures is responsible for protein synthesis in the cell?
Mitochondrion
B. Ribosome
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Lysosome
What is the purpose of the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis?
To produce glucose using energy from light
B. To convert carbon dioxide into glucose using energy from ATP
C. To produce oxygen as a byproduct of light reactions
D. To break down glucose for energy
Which of the following compounds is formed by the breakdown of glucose during glycolysis?
Lactic acid
B. Pyruvate
C. ATP
D. Acetyl-CoA
What is the name of the process by which RNA is translated into a protein?
Replication
B. Transcription
C. Glycolysis
D. Translation
Which of the following is a function of the large intestine in the digestive system?
Digestion of proteins
B. Absorption of nutrients
C. Absorption of water and formation of feces
D. Production of bile
What is the main difference between an aldehyde and a ketone?
Aldehydes have a carbonyl group at the end of the molecule, while ketones have it in the middle
B. Aldehydes are made of carbon and oxygen, while ketones are made of carbon and hydrogen
C. Aldehydes are liquids, while ketones are solids
D. Aldehydes contain no double bonds, while ketones do
Which of the following is a function of carbohydrates in living organisms?
To serve as the primary structural component of cell membranes
B. To store and transmit genetic information
C. To provide energy and serve as energy storage
D. To catalyze biochemical reactions
What is the main component of a nucleotide?
Sugar, amino acid, and phosphate group
B. Phosphate group, nitrogenous base, and sugar
C. Glycerol, fatty acid, and phosphate group
D. Phosphate group, ribose, and nucleic acid
Which of the following compounds is a primary energy source for the brain?
Fatty acids
B. Glucose
C. Protein
D. Lactate
Which of the following describes a covalent bond?
A bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms
B. A bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another
C. A bond formed by the attraction between charged ions
D. A bond that only occurs between metal atoms
What type of reaction is responsible for the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones?
Dehydration synthesis
B. Hydrolysis
C. Oxidation
D. Reduction
What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?
To carry genetic information from DNA to the ribosome
B. To transport amino acids to the ribosome for incorporation into proteins
C. To catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids
D. To fold proteins into their functional shape
Which of the following molecules stores genetic information in cells?
Proteins
B. Carbohydrates
C. Lipids
D. Nucleic acids
Which of the following types of RNA carries the code from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis?
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
B. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
C. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
D. Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)
Which of the following structures is involved in the synthesis of lipids and detoxification of harmful substances in the cell?
Mitochondria
B. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
C. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D. Lysosomes
What is the result of the reaction between an acid and a base?
Formation of water and salt
B. Formation of a gas
C. Formation of a new acid
D. No reaction occurs
Which of the following is a characteristic of a saturated fatty acid?
It contains one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
B. It is usually liquid at room temperature
C. It is typically found in plant oils
D. It is solid at room temperature
Which of the following is a component of the atomic structure?
Neutrons, electrons, protons
B. Electrons and neutrons only
C. Protons and neutrons only
D. Neutrons, protons, and isotopes
Which of the following best describes a chemical reaction where an atom gains electrons?
Oxidation
B. Reduction
C. Precipitation
D. Hydrolysis
What is the primary function of cholesterol in the body?
To act as an energy source
B. To form cell membranes and produce hormones
C. To store genetic information
D. To carry oxygen in the blood
Which of the following is a property of bases?
They have a pH less than 7
B. They release hydrogen ions in solution
C. They are slippery to the touch
D. They are sour in taste
Which of the following is true about the structure of amino acids?
Each amino acid has an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain
B. Amino acids are composed of sugars and phosphates
C. Amino acids contain only a carboxyl group
D. Amino acids do not have a variable side chain
What type of bond is formed when two atoms share electrons?
Ionic bond
B. Hydrogen bond
C. Covalent bond
D. Van der Waals force
What is the main function of carbohydrates in living organisms?
To store energy
B. To catalyze biochemical reactions
C. To serve as structural components of cells
D. To store genetic information
What is the primary role of the ribosome in protein synthesis?
To synthesize ATP
B. To assemble amino acids into proteins
C. To replicate DNA
D. To transport proteins to the Golgi apparatus
What is the primary component of the cell wall in plants?
Lipids
B. Carbohydrates
C. Nucleic acids
D. Proteins
Which of the following describes a solution with a pH greater than 7?
Acidic
B. Neutral
C. Basic
D. Alkaline
What is the primary function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in cells?
Synthesis of proteins and lipids
B. Breakdown of waste materials
C. Storage of genetic information
D. Transport of oxygen in the blood
Which of the following best describes an exothermic reaction?
A reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings
B. A reaction that releases heat to the surroundings
C. A reaction that occurs only at high temperatures
D. A reaction that requires the input of light
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in cells?
Protein synthesis
B. Protein modification, sorting, and packaging
C. Detoxification of harmful substances
D. Production of energy in the form of ATP
What is the result of a dehydration synthesis reaction?
A molecule is broken down into smaller units
B. Water is added to form a new compound
C. Two molecules are joined by the removal of water
D. Two molecules are joined by the addition of water
What is the function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
To store genetic information
B. To transport oxygen throughout the body
C. To assist in protein synthesis
D. To break down glucose into energy
Which of the following is an example of a simple carbohydrate?
Sucrose
B. Glucose
C. Starch
D. Cellulose
Which of the following is true about acids?
They have a pH greater than 7
B. They release hydroxide ions in solution
C. They have a sour taste
D. They feel slippery to the touch
Which of the following is a characteristic of unsaturated fatty acids?
They have no double bonds between carbon atoms
B. They are typically solid at room temperature
C. They are found in animal fats
D. They have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
To produce glucose for the body
B. To synthesize proteins for cell growth
C. To break down glucose and produce ATP
D. To store genetic information in DNA
Which of the following is true about ionic bonds?
They form by sharing electrons between atoms
B. They involve the transfer of electrons between atoms
C. They are weaker than covalent bonds
D. They occur only in organic compounds
Which of the following is the function of DNA in cells?
To provide energy for cellular processes
B. To synthesize proteins
C. To store and transmit genetic information
D. To transport molecules across the cell membrane
Which of the following molecules is used to store energy in cells?
Proteins
B. Carbohydrates
C. Lipids
D. Nucleic acids
What is the result of a condensation reaction?
Two molecules are joined by the addition of water
B. Water is removed, and a new bond is formed between molecules
C. Two molecules are split apart by the addition of water
D. A chemical bond is broken by the release of energy
Which of the following statements is true about enzymes?
Enzymes are consumed in the reactions they catalyze
B. Enzymes decrease the activation energy of reactions
C. Enzymes function best at high temperatures
D. Enzymes work in only a narrow pH range
What is the role of coenzymes in biochemical reactions?
They act as catalysts in reactions
B. They help in the activation of enzymes
C. They provide the energy for reactions to occur
D. They are involved in the structural support of cells
What is the basic unit of a protein?
Nucleotide
B. Amino acid
C. Monosaccharide
D. Fatty acid
What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
Protein synthesis
B. DNA replication
C. Photosynthesis
D. ATP production
Which of the following describes an isotonic solution?
The concentration of solutes is higher inside the cell than outside
B. The concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside the cell
C. The solution has a pH of 7
D. The solution contains more water than solutes
What is the primary component of the cell membrane?
Proteins
B. Carbohydrates
C. Lipids
D. Nucleic acids
What is the purpose of the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration?
To produce glucose
B. To produce oxygen
C. To generate ATP and electron carriers
D. To break down fatty acids
Which of the following is a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
They have a nucleus
B. They lack membrane-bound organelles
C. They contain a large central vacuole
D. They have a complex cytoskeleton
What is the relationship between a molecule’s structure and its function?
The structure of a molecule determines how it interacts with other molecules
B. The function of a molecule is determined solely by its size
C. A molecule’s structure is irrelevant to its function
D. The function of a molecule is based on its atomic weight
What is the primary function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?
To carry genetic information from DNA to the ribosome
B. To catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids
C. To form the structure of ribosomes
D. To transport amino acids to the ribosome
Which of the following molecules is responsible for storing energy in the form of high-energy bonds?
Carbohydrates
B. Nucleic acids
C. Proteins
D. ATP
Which of the following is a function of lipids in the body?
Catalyze biochemical reactions
B. Store and transmit genetic information
C. Provide insulation and store energy
D. Transport oxygen in the blood
What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid?
Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds
B. Saturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature, while unsaturated fatty acids are solid
C. Saturated fatty acids contain more hydrogen atoms than unsaturated fatty acids
D. There is no difference between them
Which of the following is true about the relationship between enzymes and substrates?
Enzymes bind to substrates at the active site
B. Enzymes are chemically altered by the substrates they bind to
C. Substrates increase the activation energy of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
D. Enzymes can catalyze only one type of reaction
What is the name of the process by which cells take in large particles or liquids by engulfing them?
Exocytosis
B. Osmosis
C. Endocytosis
D. Diffusion
Which of the following is true about the chemical properties of water?
Water is a poor solvent for polar molecules
B. Water has high heat capacity
C. Water is non-polar
D. Water evaporates at low temperatures
Which of the following structures are found in both plant and animal cells?
Cell wall and chloroplasts
B. Mitochondria and nucleus
C. Chloroplasts and vacuole
D. Central vacuole and cell wall
What is the basic unit of carbohydrates?
Amino acids
B. Fatty acids
C. Nucleotides
D. Monosaccharides
Which of the following is a characteristic of covalent bonds?
Electrons are transferred between atoms
B. Electrons are shared between atoms
C. They form only between metals
D. They are weaker than ionic bonds
Which of the following is an example of a disaccharide?
Glucose
B. Sucrose
C. Starch
D. Fructose
What is the primary role of ATP in the cell?
To provide energy for cellular activities
B. To store genetic information
C. To transport molecules across the membrane
D. To facilitate protein synthesis
Which of the following is true about the pH scale?
A pH of 7 is acidic
B. A pH of 14 is neutral
C. A pH of 1 is basic
D. A pH of 7 is neutral
What type of bond forms between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms of a water molecule?
Ionic bond
B. Covalent bond
C. Hydrogen bond
D. Metallic bond
Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins?
Enzyme catalysis
B. Storage of genetic information
C. Structural support
D. Transport of molecules
Which of the following is the function of an enzyme?
To increase the activation energy of a reaction
B. To lower the activation energy of a reaction
C. To act as a catalyst that is consumed in the reaction
D. To speed up the reaction by increasing temperature
What is the process by which a protein loses its functional shape?
Denaturation
B. Hydrolysis
C. Transcription
D. Condensation
Which of the following is true about the structure of DNA?
It is a single-stranded molecule
B. It contains the sugar ribose
C. It is composed of nucleotides
D. It has no base pairing
Which of the following elements is most commonly found in organic molecules?
Oxygen
B. Nitrogen
C. Carbon
D. Sodium
What is the main function of nucleic acids in living organisms?
Providing structure to the cell
B. Storing and transmitting genetic information
C. Providing energy for cellular activities
D. Acting as catalysts in biochemical reactions
Which of the following types of lipids are found in the cell membrane?
Phospholipids
B. Triglycerides
C. Steroids
D. Waxes
What is the name of the process by which an RNA molecule is synthesized from a DNA template?
Translation
B. Replication
C. Transcription
D. Glycolysis
Which of the following best describes an anabolic reaction?
A reaction that breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones
B. A reaction that synthesizes larger molecules from smaller ones
C. A reaction that releases energy
D. A reaction that occurs spontaneously without energy input
Which of the following is true about enzymes and their substrates?
Enzymes bind to substrates at the active site
B. Substrates are produced by enzymes during the reaction
C. Enzymes are used up during the reaction
D. Substrates change the shape of the enzyme permanently
What type of bond forms between the nitrogenous bases of two strands of DNA?
Hydrogen bond
B. Ionic bond
C. Covalent bond
D. Peptide bond
What is the function of the mitochondria in a cell?
Protein synthesis
B. Photosynthesis
C. Energy production through cellular respiration
D. Packaging and shipping of proteins
What is the process of breaking down glucose to produce ATP?
Photosynthesis
B. Glycolysis
C. Fermentation
D. Citric acid cycle
Which of the following is true about the structure of proteins?
Proteins are made up of nucleotides
B. Proteins consist of long chains of amino acids
C. Proteins are composed of simple sugars
D. Proteins are composed of fatty acids and glycerol
What type of bond connects amino acids in a protein?
Peptide bond
B. Hydrogen bond
C. Ionic bond
D. Disulfide bond
What is the function of RNA in protein synthesis?
To store genetic information
B. To carry amino acids to the ribosome
C. To provide energy for the cell
D. To catalyze chemical reactions
Which of the following is true about the function of carbohydrates in living organisms?
They provide structural support in cells
B. They store genetic information
C. They provide energy and are a major energy source
D. They act as enzymes to speed up reactions
Which of the following is a function of bile?
To break down carbohydrates into simple sugars
B. To neutralize stomach acids
C. To emulsify fats in the small intestine
D. To store vitamins
Which of the following is an example of a complex carbohydrate?
Sucrose
B. Glucose
C. Cellulose
D. Fructose
Which of the following elements is necessary for the formation of nucleic acids?
Carbon
B. Phosphorus
C. Nitrogen
D. All of the above
What is the main function of the ribosome in a cell?
Synthesis of proteins
B. Production of energy
C. Transport of molecules
D. Breakdown of waste products
Which of the following is the function of a buffer in biological systems?
To speed up chemical reactions
B. To regulate pH levels and maintain homeostasis
C. To transport molecules across the membrane
D. To catalyze enzymatic reactions
Which of the following describes a hydrolysis reaction?
The process of joining molecules by removing water
B. The process of breaking down a molecule by adding water
C. The formation of a covalent bond between two molecules
D. The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule
Which of the following is a component of a nucleotide?
Glycerol
B. Amino acid
C. Sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
D. Fatty acid and glycerol
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?
Energy production
B. Protein synthesis
C. Modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion
D. Genetic information storage
Which of the following is a type of lipid found in the cell membrane?
Triglycerides
B. Phospholipids
C. Proteins
D. Nucleic acids
What type of reaction involves the breaking of bonds by the addition of water?
Condensation
B. Hydrolysis
C. Reduction
D. Oxidation
Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?
Enzymes increase the temperature of the reaction
B. Enzymes decrease the activation energy of a reaction
C. Enzymes are consumed during the reaction
D. Enzymes lower the concentration of substrates
What is the purpose of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
To produce glucose
B. To transfer electrons and generate ATP
C. To break down fatty acids
D. To synthesize amino acids
Which of the following is a characteristic of saturated fats?
They contain at least one double bond between carbon atoms
B. They are solid at room temperature
C. They are liquid at room temperature
D. They contain fewer hydrogen atoms than unsaturated fats
Which of the following is the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element?
Atom
B. Molecule
C. Proton
D. Neutron
Which of the following types of RNA is responsible for carrying genetic information from the DNA to the ribosome?
mRNA (messenger RNA)
B. tRNA (transfer RNA)
C. rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
D. snRNA (small nuclear RNA)
Which of the following compounds is considered an organic molecule?
H2O
B. NaCl
C. C6H12O6 (glucose)
D. O2
Which of the following bonds is formed between an atom of hydrogen and an atom of oxygen in a water molecule?
Ionic bond
B. Covalent bond
C. Hydrogen bond
D. Van der Waals bond
What is the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane?
To provide energy
B. To enhance membrane fluidity
C. To store genetic information
D. To provide structural support
What type of reaction results in the formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids?
Hydrolysis
B. Condensation (dehydration synthesis)
C. Oxidation
D. Reduction
What is the primary structure of a protein?
The sequence of amino acids
B. The folding of the polypeptide chain into an alpha helix or beta sheet
C. The three-dimensional shape of the protein
D. The interaction between different polypeptide chains
Which of the following is a function of lipids in the body?
To store genetic information
B. To catalyze chemical reactions
C. To store energy and provide insulation
D. To carry oxygen in the blood
Which of the following is a characteristic of an exergonic reaction?
Energy is absorbed during the reaction
B. The products have more free energy than the reactants
C. The reaction releases energy
D. It requires energy input to proceed
Which of the following is the process by which glucose is broken down into pyruvate?
Citric acid cycle
B. Glycolysis
C. Oxidative phosphorylation
D. Calvin cycle
Which of the following types of bonds are responsible for holding together the two strands of a DNA molecule?
Peptide bonds
B. Hydrogen bonds
C. Ionic bonds
D. Covalent bonds
Which of the following molecules is the direct source of energy for most cellular activities?
NADH
B. ATP
C. GTP
D. FADH2
Which of the following is true about the structure of enzymes?
Enzymes can be used up during the reaction
B. Enzymes bind specifically to their substrates at the active site
C. Enzymes can function at any pH and temperature
D. Enzymes are primarily composed of lipids
Which of the following is a function of nucleotides?
To provide structural support to cells
B. To store and transmit genetic information
C. To store energy
D. To catalyze chemical reactions
What is the name of the process by which DNA is replicated?
Translation
B. Transcription
C. Replication
D. Glycolysis
Which of the following is a function of carbohydrates in the body?
To store energy
B. To catalyze biochemical reactions
C. To form structural components of cells
D. To store genetic information
What is the primary difference between RNA and DNA?
RNA is double-stranded, while DNA is single-stranded
B. RNA contains the sugar ribose, while DNA contains deoxyribose
C. RNA contains thymine, while DNA contains uracil
D. RNA is found in the nucleus, while DNA is found in the cytoplasm
Which of the following is an example of a coenzyme?
ATP
B. NAD+
C. Glucose
D. Fatty acid
Which of the following is a function of vitamins in the body?
To store energy
B. To act as coenzymes in biochemical reactions
C. To provide structural support to cells
D. To store genetic information
Which of the following is true about unsaturated fats?
They are solid at room temperature
B. They contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
C. They are more likely to be found in animal products
D. They are more stable than saturated fats
Which of the following is a characteristic of a hydrogen bond?
It is a strong bond that forms between two oxygen atoms
B. It forms between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen
C. It is a type of covalent bond
D. It forms when two ions of opposite charges attract each other
Which of the following is an example of a polysaccharide?
Sucrose
B. Glucose
C. Glycogen
D. Fructose
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the cell?
Protein synthesis
B. Lipid synthesis and detoxification
C. Packaging and transport of proteins
D. Storage of genetic information
What is the process by which mRNA is used to synthesize proteins?
Translation
B. Replication
C. Transcription
D. Glycolysis
Which of the following elements is most commonly found in organic molecules?
Carbon
B. Sodium
C. Nitrogen
D. Calcium
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?
To provide genetic material
B. To store and release energy
C. To protect the cell from damage
D. To build cell membranes
What type of bond connects amino acids in a protein?
Ionic bond
B. Hydrogen bond
C. Peptide bond
D. Covalent bond
What is the primary source of energy for human cells?
Fatty acids
B. Glucose
C. Proteins
D. Oxygen
What process occurs in the mitochondria and generates most of the cell’s ATP?
Glycolysis
B. Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)
C. Calvin cycle
D. Electron transport chain
Which type of reaction involves the addition of water to break down a molecule?
Condensation reaction
B. Hydrolysis reaction
C. Redox reaction
D. Dehydration synthesis
Which of the following is a function of the ribosome in a cell?
To synthesize proteins
B. To store genetic material
C. To transport lipids
D. To generate ATP
Which of the following is NOT a function of lipids in the body?
Storing energy
B. Insulating and protecting organs
C. Catalyzing metabolic reactions
D. Forming cell membranes
Which of the following is the primary component of the cell membrane?
Proteins
B. Nucleic acids
C. Lipids
D. Carbohydrates
What is the name of the bond that forms between two monosaccharides to create a disaccharide?
Glycosidic bond
B. Peptide bond
C. Hydrogen bond
D. Ionic bond
Which of the following is the function of NAD+ in cellular respiration?
To provide energy for the cell
B. To transport electrons
C. To break down glucose
D. To form ATP
Which of the following is true of enzymes?
They increase the activation energy of a reaction
B. They are consumed in the reaction
C. They speed up biochemical reactions without being consumed
D. They are always proteins
Which of the following is a characteristic of an anabolic reaction?
It breaks down large molecules into smaller molecules
B. It releases energy
C. It requires energy to build complex molecules
D. It occurs without the need for enzymes
Which of the following molecules is composed of a glycerol backbone and three fatty acids?
Phospholipid
B. Triglyceride
C. Steroid
D. Cholesterol
Which of the following is a structural feature of RNA that distinguishes it from DNA?
RNA is double-stranded, while DNA is single-stranded
B. RNA contains uracil, while DNA contains thymine
C. RNA contains deoxyribose, while DNA contains ribose
D. RNA stores genetic information, while DNA catalyzes biochemical reactions
Which of the following is a component of a nucleotide?
Fatty acid
B. Amino acid
C. Nitrogenous base
D. Glycerol
What is the process by which glucose is converted into pyruvate in the cytoplasm?
Krebs cycle
B. Glycolysis
C. Fermentation
D. Oxidative phosphorylation
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
Lack of a nucleus
B. Presence of a cell membrane
C. Presence of membrane-bound organelles
D. Smaller size compared to eukaryotic cells
Which of the following is the primary difference between DNA and RNA?
RNA contains uracil, and DNA contains thymine
B. DNA is single-stranded, and RNA is double-stranded
C. RNA is made of ribonucleic acid, while DNA is made of deoxyribonucleic acid
D. DNA is responsible for protein synthesis, while RNA stores genetic information
Which of the following types of bonds is responsible for the secondary structure of proteins (alpha helix and beta-pleated sheets)?
Hydrogen bonds
B. Peptide bonds
C. Ionic bonds
D. Disulfide bonds
What is the primary role of tRNA in protein synthesis?
To carry amino acids to the ribosome
B. To transcribe DNA into mRNA
C. To catalyze the formation of peptide bonds
D. To break down mRNA after translation
Which of the following is true regarding the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)?
It occurs in the cytoplasm
B. It is the first step of cellular respiration
C. It generates ATP and electron carriers for the electron transport chain
D. It produces oxygen
Which of the following is a characteristic of a saturated fatty acid?
It has one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
B. It is liquid at room temperature
C. It has the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon atoms
D. It contains a cis configuration
Which of the following is the process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template?
Translation
B. Replication
C. Transcription
D. Glycolysis
Which of the following is a function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
Lipid synthesis
B. Protein synthesis
C. Energy production
D. Detoxification of harmful substances
Which of the following is a characteristic of an exergonic reaction?
It requires energy input to proceed
B. The products have more energy than the reactants
C. Energy is released during the reaction
D. It occurs without the involvement of enzymes
Which of the following is a common function of all enzymes?
To serve as a catalyst in biochemical reactions
B. To store genetic information
C. To provide structural support to cells
D. To break down proteins
Which of the following is the most abundant protein in the human body?
Collagen
B. Hemoglobin
C. Actin
D. Myosin
What is the primary function of the cell wall in plant cells?
To store genetic information
B. To protect the cell and maintain its shape
C. To produce energy
D. To synthesize proteins
Which of the following molecules is used to store short-term energy in cells?
ATP
B. DNA
C. Cholesterol
D. Polysaccharides
What is the term used for the energy required to start a chemical reaction?
Activation energy
B. Free energy
C. Bond energy
D. Heat of reaction
What type of bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms?
Ionic bond
B. Covalent bond
C. Hydrogen bond
D. Metallic bond
Which of the following is true about an enzyme’s active site?
It is where the enzyme’s products are synthesized.
B. It is the region where the substrate binds and the reaction occurs.
C. It is where the enzyme is stored.
D. It is where energy is produced.
Which of the following is true of unsaturated fats?
They are usually solid at room temperature.
B. They contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.
C. They are composed entirely of saturated fatty acids.
D. They are generally less healthy than saturated fats.
What is the chemical formula for glucose?
C6H12O6
B. C6H10O5
C. C6H14O6
D. C5H10O5
What is the process by which glucose is converted into lactate in the absence of oxygen?
Aerobic respiration
B. Glycolysis
C. Fermentation
D. Oxidative phosphorylation
Which of the following is the most common type of lipid found in the human body?
Triglycerides
B. Phospholipids
C. Cholesterol
D. Steroids
What is the major difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell?
Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells do not.
B. Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.
C. Prokaryotic cells are larger than eukaryotic cells.
D. Eukaryotic cells lack ribosomes, while prokaryotic cells contain them.
Which of the following is NOT a nitrogenous base found in RNA?
Thymine
B. Uracil
C. Cytosine
D. Adenine
What is the main purpose of glycolysis in cellular respiration?
To produce glucose
B. To generate ATP and NADH from glucose
C. To synthesize oxygen
D. To oxidize fatty acids
Which of the following is a product of the Krebs cycle?
Glucose
B. Oxygen
C. NADH
D. Water
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an ionic bond?
It involves the transfer of electrons between atoms.
B. It typically occurs between a metal and a nonmetal.
C. It results in the formation of charged ions.
D. It involves the sharing of electrons.
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a cell?
Protein synthesis
B. Lipid and carbohydrate synthesis
C. Detoxification of harmful substances
D. Storage of genetic information
What molecule is produced as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
Glucose
B. Oxygen
C. Water
D. ATP
What is the term for the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA?
Replication
B. Transcription
C. Translation
D. Mutation
Which of the following is an example of a disaccharide?
Glucose
B. Sucrose
C. Fructose
D. Galactose
What is the function of the mitochondria in a cell?
Synthesize proteins
B. Store genetic material
C. Generate ATP through cellular respiration
D. Detoxify harmful substances
Which of the following is NOT a component of the nucleotides that make up DNA?
Phosphate group
B. Ribose sugar
C. Nitrogenous base
D. Deoxyribose sugar
Which of the following is a function of cholesterol in the body?
It acts as a precursor to steroid hormones.
B. It stores energy in the form of fat.
C. It forms the cell membrane.
D. It aids in digestion.
Which of the following types of reactions involves the removal of water to join two molecules together?
Hydrolysis
B. Dehydration synthesis
C. Oxidation
D. Reduction
Which of the following is a characteristic of enzymes?
They are consumed during the reaction.
B. They lower the activation energy of a reaction.
C. They are not specific in their reactions.
D. They always require heat to function.
What is the function of mRNA in protein synthesis?
It carries genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosome.
B. It catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids.
C. It synthesizes proteins in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
D. It transfers amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
Which of the following is the primary role of ATP in cellular processes?
To store genetic information
B. To act as a signal molecule
C. To provide energy for cellular activities
D. To transport electrons
Which of the following is a characteristic of a base?
It donates protons (H+) in solution.
B. It accepts protons (H+) in solution.
C. It produces hydronium ions (H3O+) in solution.
D. It lowers the pH of a solution.
What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?
To produce ribosomes
B. To synthesize proteins
C. To package and transport proteins and lipids
D. To generate ATP
Which of the following is an example of a saturated fatty acid?
Oleic acid
B. Stearic acid
C. Linoleic acid
D. Arachidonic acid
Which of the following molecules is NOT a protein?
Enzyme
B. Antibody
C. Hemoglobin
D. Glucose
What type of bond connects the atoms in a water molecule?
Ionic bond
B. Covalent bond
C. Hydrogen bond
D. Polar bond
What is the main function of the cell membrane?
To store genetic information
B. To produce proteins
C. To regulate the movement of substances into and out of the cell
D. To generate energy for the cell
Which of the following is a characteristic of a polysaccharide?
It is a simple sugar.
B. It is composed of many sugar units linked together.
C. It has a sweet taste.
D. It is a protein molecule.
Which of the following is a primary function of proteins?
Store genetic information
B. Provide energy for the body
C. Serve as enzymes to catalyze biochemical reactions
D. Store energy in the form of glycogen
What type of molecule is an enzyme?
Carbohydrate
B. Protein
C. Lipid
D. Nucleic acid
Which of the following is an example of a protein’s secondary structure?
Alpha helix
B. Polypeptide chain
C. Hydrogen bonds
D. Amino acid sequence
What is the term used for the process of a substance gaining electrons?
Oxidation
B. Reduction
C. Hydrolysis
D. Dehydration
Which of the following is the most abundant element in the human body?
Oxygen
B. Carbon
C. Hydrogen
D. Nitrogen
What is the primary function of nucleic acids?
Store and transmit genetic information
B. Provide energy for the body
C. Catalyze chemical reactions
D. Provide structural support to cells
Which of the following is a characteristic of an exergonic reaction?
The reaction absorbs energy from the surroundings.
B. The reaction releases energy to the surroundings.
C. The reaction is reversible only in the presence of light.
D. The reaction is independent of temperature.
What is the role of ATP in cellular metabolism?
It stores genetic information.
B. It provides energy for biochemical reactions.
C. It acts as a messenger between cells.
D. It assists in the formation of nucleic acids.
Which of the following is true about lipids?
They are soluble in water.
B. They are composed of fatty acids and glycerol.
C. They contain large amounts of nitrogen.
D. They are made up of amino acids.
What type of bond holds the two strands of DNA together?
Hydrogen bonds
B. Ionic bonds
C. Covalent bonds
D. Peptide bonds
Which of the following is a product of the citric acid cycle?
NADH
B. Glucose
C. Oxygen
D. ATP
Which element is the backbone of organic molecules?
Oxygen
B. Nitrogen
C. Carbon
D. Hydrogen
Which type of reaction involves the breaking of a chemical bond by the addition of water?
Dehydration synthesis
B. Hydrolysis
C. Redox
D. Condensation
What is the basic unit of carbohydrates?
Nucleotides
B. Fatty acids
C. Amino acids
D. Monosaccharides
Which of the following molecules contains nitrogen?
Glucose
B. Protein
C. Fatty acid
D. Nucleic acid
Which of the following is the process of producing ATP in the mitochondria?
Glycolysis
B. Krebs cycle
C. Electron transport chain
D. All of the above
Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the body?
Catalyze metabolic reactions
B. Provide structural support
C. Store genetic information
D. Transport molecules
Which of the following is a characteristic of a saturated fatty acid?
Contains double bonds between carbon atoms
B. Contains only single bonds between carbon atoms
C. Found in plant oils
D. Is liquid at room temperature
What is the process called when an RNA molecule is used to synthesize a protein?
Replication
B. Transcription
C. Translation
D. Duplication
Which of the following is a property of water that makes it important for life?
It is a good solvent for many substances.
B. It has a low heat capacity.
C. It is nonpolar.
D. It is a poor conductor of heat.
Which of the following is true about the pH scale?
A pH value below 7 is acidic.
B. A pH value above 7 is neutral.
C. A pH value of 7 indicates a base.
D. A pH of 14 is considered acidic.
Which of the following is a function of phospholipids?
Provide energy for the body
B. Form the cell membrane
C. Store genetic information
D. Catalyze biochemical reactions
What is the term used for the process of DNA replication?
Transcription
B. Translation
C. Replication
D. Mutation
What type of reaction involves the removal of water to join two molecules?
Hydrolysis
B. Dehydration synthesis
C. Combustion
D. Redox
Which of the following is a monosaccharide?
Sucrose
B. Lactose
C. Glucose
D. Maltose
What is the term for the ability of a substance to dissolve in water?
Solubility
B. Hydrophobicity
C. Hydrophilicity
D. Polarity
Which of the following best describes an enzyme?
A molecule that speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed
B. A protein that increases the activation energy required for a reaction
C. A substance that only works in the presence of oxygen
D. A lipid that stores energy in cells
Which of the following molecules is responsible for the storage of genetic information?
Protein
B. Carbohydrate
C. Nucleic acid
D. Lipid
Which of the following is true of a chemical reaction that is in equilibrium?
The forward and reverse reactions stop.
B. The concentrations of reactants and products remain constant.
C. The reaction favors the products exclusively.
D. The reaction only occurs in one direction.
Which of the following is a major function of carbohydrates in the body?
Provide insulation and protection
B. Store genetic information
C. Provide energy
D. Catalyze chemical reactions
What type of bond is formed when two atoms share electrons?
Ionic bond
B. Covalent bond
C. Hydrogen bond
D. Metallic bond
Which of the following best describes an acid?
A substance that donates electrons
B. A substance that accepts protons
C. A substance that donates protons
D. A substance that forms hydroxide ions in solution
Which of the following is the simplest form of a carbohydrate?
Polysaccharide
B. Disaccharide
C. Monosaccharide
D. Glycogen
In what form is energy primarily stored in muscles for short bursts of activity?
Glucose
B. Glycogen
C. ATP
D. Triglycerides
Which of the following is a characteristic of a base?
Releases hydrogen ions in water
B. Increases the concentration of hydroxide ions in water
C. Has a pH less than 7
D. Has a sour taste
Which of the following molecules is classified as an enzyme?
Amylase
B. Glucose
C. ATP
D. Cholesterol
Which of the following describes a peptide bond?
A bond formed between two amino acids
B. A bond between a carbohydrate and a lipid
C. A bond between two glucose molecules
D. A bond between two nucleotides
What is the basic unit of proteins?
Amino acids
B. Fatty acids
C. Nucleotides
D. Monosaccharides
Which of the following is NOT a function of lipids?
Store energy
B. Provide insulation
C. Form cell membranes
D. Store genetic information
What type of reaction breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones, often releasing energy?
Dehydration synthesis
B. Hydrolysis
C. Anabolism
D. Catabolism
Which of the following is the function of chlorophyll in plants?
Convert sunlight into chemical energy
B. Store energy in the form of ATP
C. Break down glucose during cellular respiration
D. Protect the plant from toxins
Which of the following statements is true about enzymes?
Enzymes are consumed in the reaction they catalyze.
B. Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction.
C. Enzymes are used in only one specific type of reaction.
D. Enzymes increase the temperature of the reaction.
What is the primary energy source for the brain and nervous system?
Proteins
B. Carbohydrates
C. Fats
D. Nucleic acids
Which of the following is the main component of the cell membrane?
Proteins
B. Phospholipids
C. Nucleic acids
D. Carbohydrates
What is the function of RNA?
Store genetic information
B. Store energy
C. Carry out protein synthesis
D. Store fats
Which of the following is a key feature of a redox reaction?
The transfer of water molecules
B. The transfer of electrons
C. The formation of hydrogen bonds
D. The breaking of peptide bonds
What is the function of the enzyme ATP synthase?
Break down glucose to release energy
B. Synthesize ATP from ADP and phosphate
C. Synthesize proteins from amino acids
D. Transport ions across the cell membrane
Which of the following is a characteristic of unsaturated fatty acids?
They contain only single bonds between carbon atoms
B. They are solid at room temperature
C. They contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
D. They are composed of only carbon and hydrogen
Which of the following is a characteristic of a covalent bond?
It is formed by the transfer of electrons
B. It is a weak bond between ions
C. It involves the sharing of electrons between atoms
D. It is formed between a metal and a nonmetal
What is the process of protein synthesis that occurs in the ribosome called?
Replication
B. Translation
C. Transcription
D. Mutation
Which of the following molecules stores the genetic blueprint for an organism?
Protein
B. DNA
C. ATP
D. Lipids
What is the function of mitochondria in a cell?
Synthesize proteins
B. Store genetic information
C. Produce ATP through cellular respiration
D. Package and transport proteins
Which of the following is an example of a disaccharide?
Glucose
B. Lactose
C. Cellulose
D. Starch
Which of the following is a feature of a catalyst?
It is consumed in the reaction it catalyzes.
B. It increases the activation energy required for a reaction.
C. It speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed.
D. It changes the products of the reaction.
What is the process by which plants make their own food using sunlight called?
Respiration
B. Fermentation
C. Photosynthesis
D. Digestion
Which of the following is a product of glycolysis?
Oxygen
B. Pyruvate
C. Carbon dioxide
D. NADPH
Which of the following is the most common monosaccharide?
Sucrose
B. Fructose
C. Glucose
D. Maltose
Which of the following is a function of the liver in metabolism?
Store glucose as glycogen
B. Store amino acids for protein synthesis
C. Detoxify harmful substances
D. All of the above
Which of the following is true about the structure of a nucleotide?
A nucleotide contains a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
B. A nucleotide contains two fatty acids and a glycerol group.
C. A nucleotide contains a protein and a nucleic acid.
D. A nucleotide contains an amino acid and a carbohydrate.
What is the pH of a neutral solution?
0
B. 7
C. 14
D. 3
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of enzymes?
They are biological catalysts.
B. They increase the activation energy of a reaction.
C. They speed up chemical reactions.
D. They are not consumed in the reaction.
What type of bond holds the two strands of a DNA molecule together?
Ionic bonds
B. Hydrogen bonds
C. Covalent bonds
D. Peptide bonds
Which of the following is the most abundant element in living organisms?
Oxygen
B. Nitrogen
C. Carbon
D. Hydrogen
What is the function of carbohydrates in the human body?
Provide energy
B. Store genetic information
C. Catalyze chemical reactions
D. Store oxygen
Which of the following is the building block of nucleic acids?
Amino acids
B. Fatty acids
C. Nucleotides
D. Glucose
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in protein synthesis?
Transcription → Translation → Replication
B. Replication → Transcription → Translation
C. Translation → Replication → Transcription
D. Transcription → Replication → Translation
Which of the following is a property of a strong acid?
It dissociates partially in water.
B. It dissociates completely in water.
C. It has a pH of 7.
D. It is non-corrosive.
In which organelle does cellular respiration occur?
Nucleus
B. Mitochondrion
C. Ribosome
D. Golgi apparatus
What is the function of cholesterol in cell membranes?
Provides structure and stability
B. Stores energy
C. Transports proteins
D. Catalyzes chemical reactions
Which of the following molecules is a polysaccharide?
Sucrose
B. Glucose
C. Starch
D. Fructose
What is the primary purpose of the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis?
To produce oxygen
B. To convert glucose into ATP
C. To fix carbon dioxide into organic molecules
D. To break down water
Which of the following is a feature of a lipid molecule?
It contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
B. It is soluble in water.
C. It is used for energy storage and cell membrane structure.
D. It is composed of amino acids.
Which of the following is true about saturated fatty acids?
They have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.
B. They are liquid at room temperature.
C. They contain no double bonds between carbon atoms.
D. They are found in plant oils.
What is the main function of ribosomes in a cell?
Produce energy
B. Synthesize proteins
C. Store genetic information
D. Transport molecules
Which of the following is an example of an inorganic compound?
Water
B. Glucose
C. DNA
D. Protein
What is the product of the hydrolysis of a disaccharide?
Two monosaccharides
B. One monosaccharide and one fatty acid
C. One amino acid and one nucleotide
D. Two nucleotides
Which of the following molecules are involved in the transfer of electrons during cellular respiration?
NAD+ and NADH
B. ATP and ADP
C. CO2 and O2
D. Glucose and fructose
What is the main component of the cell wall in plants?
Starch
B. Cellulose
C. Chitin
D. Glycogen
What is the main function of DNA in cells?
Synthesize proteins
B. Store genetic information
C. Provide energy
D. Catalyze chemical reactions
What type of bond holds the atoms together in a molecule of water (H2O)?
Ionic bond
B. Covalent bond
C. Hydrogen bond
D. Metallic bond
Which of the following types of molecules are enzymes classified as?
Nucleic acids
B. Carbohydrates
C. Proteins
D. Lipids
What is the process of converting glucose into ATP called?
Photosynthesis
B. Glycolysis
C. Fermentation
D. Cellular respiration
What is the role of ATP in the cell?
To store genetic information
B. To provide energy for cellular processes
C. To transport proteins across membranes
D. To act as a structural component of the cell
Which of the following is an example of a monosaccharide?
Sucrose
B. Starch
C. Fructose
D. Lactose
What is the process by which cells divide to form two identical daughter cells?
Meiosis
B. Mitosis
C. Binary fission
D. Transcription
Which of the following is the main function of proteins in the body?
Provide long-term energy storage
B. Form the structure of cell membranes
C. Catalyze chemical reactions
D. Store genetic information
What is the pH range of an acidic solution?
0–7
B. 7–14
C. 0–14
D. 3–6
What is the result of a dehydration synthesis reaction?
Two smaller molecules are joined together with the release of water.
B. A larger molecule is broken down into smaller molecules.
C. Two molecules are joined by hydrogen bonds.
D. Water is absorbed from the reaction.
Which of the following elements is commonly found in organic molecules?
Carbon
B. Nitrogen
C. Oxygen
D. All of the above
Which of the following is the correct chemical formula for glucose?
C6H12O6
B. C12H24O12
C. C6H6O6
D. C8H16O8