Introduction to Life Sciences Practice Exam Quiz
What is the basic unit of life in all living organisms?
Atom
B. Molecule
C. Cell
D. Tissue
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of living organisms?
Growth
B. Respiration
C. Reproduction
D. Crystallization
What is the process by which plants produce their own food?
Respiration
B. Digestion
C. Photosynthesis
D. Fermentation
Which macromolecule is primarily responsible for storing genetic information?
Proteins
B. Lipids
C. DNA
D. Carbohydrates
Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?
Ribosome
B. Nucleus
C. Mitochondrion
D. Endoplasmic Reticulum
What is the primary function of red blood cells in the human body?
Fighting infections
B. Transporting oxygen
C. Clotting blood
D. Producing energy
Which kingdom includes multicellular, photosynthetic organisms?
Fungi
B. Plantae
C. Animalia
D. Protista
What is the role of enzymes in biological systems?
Provide energy
B. Catalyze chemical reactions
C. Store genetic material
D. Maintain cell structure
Which type of bond holds water molecules together?
Ionic bonds
B. Hydrogen bonds
C. Covalent bonds
D. Metallic bonds
What is the scientific study of heredity called?
Ecology
B. Genetics
C. Evolution
D. Microbiology
Which of the following is a prokaryotic organism?
Animal cell
B. Plant cell
C. Bacteria
D. Fungi
What type of organism can make its own food?
Heterotroph
B. Autotroph
C. Parasite
D. Saprotroph
What is the function of chlorophyll in plants?
Absorbing water
B. Capturing sunlight
C. Storing energy
D. Breaking down glucose
What is the largest organ in the human body?
Liver
B. Brain
C. Skin
D. Heart
What type of reproduction involves only one parent?
Sexual reproduction
B. Pollination
C. Binary fission
D. Germination
What is the term for a group of ecosystems that share similar climates and organisms?
Population
B. Community
C. Biome
D. Habitat
In which part of the cell does protein synthesis occur?
Golgi apparatus
B. Mitochondria
C. Ribosomes
D. Lysosomes
Which gas is essential for photosynthesis?
Oxygen
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Nitrogen
D. Methane
What is the function of xylem in plants?
Transporting food
B. Transporting water
C. Photosynthesis
D. Respiration
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
B. Dinucleotide Acid
C. Disaccharide Nucleic Acid
D. Dichloride Acid
What is the term for organisms that break down dead material for energy?
Producers
B. Consumers
C. Decomposers
D. Herbivores
Which molecule is known as the energy currency of the cell?
Glucose
B. ATP
C. NADH
D. DNA
Which structure regulates the movement of substances into and out of a cell?
Cell wall
B. Nucleus
C. Cytoplasm
D. Cell membrane
What is the process of cell division in somatic cells called?
Mitosis
B. Meiosis
C. Binary fission
D. Cytokinesis
Which of the following is a monosaccharide?
Glucose
B. Starch
C. Cellulose
D. Glycogen
What term describes an organism’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment?
Adaptation
B. Evolution
C. Homeostasis
D. Reproduction
What is the smallest level of biological organization?
Tissue
B. Organ
C. Cell
D. Molecule
What is the primary function of the large intestine?
Digesting proteins
B. Absorbing nutrients
C. Absorbing water
D. Breaking down fats
Which term describes the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat?
Population
B. Biodiversity
C. Ecology
D. Ecosystem
What process describes the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane?
Diffusion
B. Osmosis
C. Active transport
D. Facilitated diffusion
What is the first step of the scientific method?
Conducting experiments
B. Formulating a hypothesis
C. Making observations
D. Drawing conclusions
A testable statement that explains a scientific observation is called:
A theory
B. A hypothesis
C. A law
D. An experiment
What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?
To test multiple hypotheses
B. To isolate the effect of the variable being tested
C. To ensure all variables are changed simultaneously
D. To repeat the experiment
The process of forming mRNA from DNA is called:
Translation
B. Transcription
C. Replication
D. Splicing
Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?
Nucleus
B. Ribosome
C. Mitochondria
D. Golgi apparatus
What is the role of tRNA during translation?
Synthesizing mRNA
B. Transferring amino acids to the ribosome
C. Unzipping the DNA strand
D. Replicating the DNA
DNA replication occurs during which phase of the cell cycle?
G1 phase
B. S phase
C. G2 phase
D. M phase
Which part of the cell is responsible for energy production?
Nucleus
B. Endoplasmic reticulum
C. Mitochondria
D. Lysosome
Enzymes function by:
Increasing the activation energy of a reaction
B. Lowering the activation energy of a reaction
C. Being consumed during the reaction
D. Providing energy for the reaction
Which of the following is a product of glycolysis?
Pyruvate
B. Glucose
C. Oxygen
D. NADP+
During which process is oxygen used as the final electron acceptor?
Glycolysis
B. Fermentation
C. Citric acid cycle
D. Electron transport chain
What happens during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?
DNA replication
B. Cell growth and preparation for DNA synthesis
C. Chromosome alignment
D. Cytoplasmic division
Which stage of mitosis is characterized by chromosomes aligning at the cell’s equator?
Prophase
B. Metaphase
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase
What is the role of spindle fibers during cell division?
To replicate chromosomes
B. To separate chromatids
C. To divide the cytoplasm
D. To form the nuclear envelope
Which type of tissue forms the lining of organs and body cavities?
Connective tissue
B. Nervous tissue
C. Muscle tissue
D. Epithelial tissue
Which organ system is responsible for transporting nutrients and oxygen throughout the body?
Nervous system
B. Endocrine system
C. Circulatory system
D. Muscular system
Which organ is part of both the respiratory and digestive systems?
Stomach
B. Esophagus
C. Pharynx
D. Trachea
The primary function of the small intestine is:
Breaking down proteins
B. Absorbing nutrients
C. Storing bile
D. Producing enzymes
What part of the brain regulates vital functions like heartbeat and breathing?
Cerebrum
B. Cerebellum
C. Medulla oblongata
D. Hypothalamus
Which component of the immune system produces antibodies?
Macrophages
B. T-cells
C. B-cells
D. Platelets
What is the primary function of the kidney?
Absorbing nutrients
B. Filtering blood and forming urine
C. Producing insulin
D. Regulating body temperature
In humans, where does fertilization of the egg typically occur?
Ovary
B. Uterus
C. Fallopian tube
D. Cervix
Which of the following hormones regulates blood sugar levels?
Adrenaline
B. Insulin
C. Thyroxine
D. Estrogen
The process by which white blood cells engulf bacteria is called:
Exocytosis
B. Pinocytosis
C. Phagocytosis
D. Diffusion
What is the main function of the respiratory system?
Pumping blood
B. Producing hormones
C. Exchanging gases
D. Filtering waste
What is the largest organ in the human body?
Liver
B. Skin
C. Brain
D. Heart
Which macromolecule stores the most energy per gram?
Carbohydrates
B. Proteins
C. Lipids
D. Nucleic acids
What type of feedback mechanism is involved in maintaining body temperature?
Positive feedback
B. Negative feedback
C. Neutral feedback
D. Homeostatic feedback
What does the term “homeostasis” mean?
Cell division
B. Maintaining a stable internal environment
C. Growth and development
D. Energy production
Which structure in the cell is responsible for packaging and modifying proteins?
Ribosomes
B. Lysosomes
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Nucleus
What is the primary purpose of the scientific method?
To prove a hypothesis
B. To collect as much data as possible
C. To systematically investigate and explain phenomena
D. To generate new theories
Which type of bond holds the two strands of a DNA molecule together?
Covalent bonds
B. Ionic bonds
C. Hydrogen bonds
D. Peptide bonds
The building blocks of proteins are:
Fatty acids
B. Nucleotides
C. Amino acids
D. Monosaccharides
The organelle where photosynthesis occurs is:
Mitochondria
B. Chloroplast
C. Ribosome
D. Golgi apparatus
What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells lack a cell membrane
B. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus
C. Eukaryotic cells lack ribosomes
D. Prokaryotic cells have mitochondria
During DNA replication, the enzyme responsible for adding new nucleotides is:
Helicase
B. DNA polymerase
C. Ligase
D. Primase
What is the role of mitochondria in a cell?
Storing genetic material
B. Synthesizing lipids
C. Producing ATP through cellular respiration
D. Packaging proteins
Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?
Glycolysis
B. Citric acid cycle
C. Electron transport chain
D. Fermentation
Which molecule carries the genetic instructions from DNA to the ribosome?
tRNA
B. rRNA
C. mRNA
D. DNA polymerase
Which of the following occurs during prophase of mitosis?
Chromosomes align at the equator
B. The nuclear envelope breaks down
C. Sister chromatids are separated
D. The cell divides into two daughter cells
The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate is called:
Glycolysis
B. Oxidative phosphorylation
C. Fermentation
D. Gluconeogenesis
What type of macromolecule is DNA?
Carbohydrate
B. Lipid
C. Protein
D. Nucleic acid
Which of the following is a characteristic of enzymes?
They are consumed during the reaction
B. They are specific to substrates
C. They increase the activation energy
D. They function only in acidic environments
The phase of the cell cycle in which the cell prepares for mitosis is:
G1 phase
B. S phase
C. G2 phase
D. Cytokinesis
The heart is part of which organ system?
Respiratory system
B. Nervous system
C. Circulatory system
D. Endocrine system
The brain is protected by:
Spinal fluid
B. Cartilage
C. The cranium
D. Ligaments
Which hormone regulates water balance in the body?
Insulin
B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C. Adrenaline
D. Glucagon
The primary function of red blood cells is:
Fighting infections
B. Clotting blood
C. Transporting oxygen
D. Regulating temperature
What is the role of the large intestine in digestion?
Absorbing nutrients
B. Breaking down proteins
C. Absorbing water and electrolytes
D. Digesting fats
The organ responsible for filtering blood and removing waste products is the:
Liver
B. Kidney
C. Spleen
D. Pancreas
In the human respiratory system, gas exchange occurs in the:
Bronchi
B. Alveoli
C. Trachea
D. Nasal cavity
The smallest functional unit of the nervous system is the:
Axon
B. Dendrite
C. Neuron
D. Synapse
Which type of muscle is under voluntary control?
Smooth muscle
B. Skeletal muscle
C. Cardiac muscle
D. None of the above
The process by which white blood cells engulf and digest pathogens is called:
Phagocytosis
B. Endocytosis
C. Exocytosis
D. Pinocytosis
Which type of feedback amplifies a physiological process?
Positive feedback
B. Negative feedback
C. Homeostatic feedback
D. Regulatory feedback
Which organ system includes the skin, hair, and nails?
Muscular system
B. Integumentary system
C. Skeletal system
D. Endocrine system
In the circulatory system, oxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the rest of the body through the:
Veins
B. Capillaries
C. Pulmonary arteries
D. Aorta
What is the function of hemoglobin in the blood?
Breaking down glucose
B. Transporting oxygen
C. Clotting blood
D. Fighting infections
Which structure in the digestive system stores bile?
Liver
B. Gallbladder
C. Pancreas
D. Small intestine
The process of breaking down food into smaller molecules for absorption is called:
Ingestion
B. Digestion
C. Excretion
D. Absorption
Which of the following best describes a hypothesis?
A proven fact
B. A testable statement based on observations
C. A random guess
D. An unchangeable rule
Which phase of the cell cycle involves DNA replication?
G1 phase
B. S phase
C. G2 phase
D. M phase
Which macromolecule is the primary energy source for cellular processes?
Proteins
B. Lipids
C. Carbohydrates
D. Nucleic acids
What is the function of ribosomes in a cell?
Energy production
B. Protein synthesis
C. DNA replication
D. Waste removal
Which of the following is an example of a eukaryotic organism?
Bacteria
B. Archaea
C. Fungi
D. Viruses
The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called:
Diffusion
B. Osmosis
C. Active transport
D. Facilitated diffusion
In glycolysis, glucose is broken down into:
Two ATP molecules
B. Two pyruvate molecules
C. Lactic acid
D. Acetyl-CoA
Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in cells?
It stores genetic information
B. It is the main energy currency
C. It acts as a structural component
D. It regulates membrane permeability
What are the products of photosynthesis?
Oxygen and glucose
B. Carbon dioxide and water
C. ATP and oxygen
D. Pyruvate and ATP
The double helix structure of DNA was discovered by:
Charles Darwin
B. Gregor Mendel
C. Watson and Crick
D. Rosalind Franklin
Which process is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs?
Active transport
B. Diffusion
C. Osmosis
D. Endocytosis
What is the function of the endocrine system?
Transport nutrients
B. Coordinate body activities using hormones
C. Protect against infections
D. Remove metabolic waste
Which organ produces insulin?
Liver
B. Pancreas
C. Kidneys
D. Thyroid
The basic structural unit of the nervous system is:
A synapse
B. A neuron
C. A receptor
D. An axon
The primary function of the skeletal system is to:
Produce red blood cells
B. Protect vital organs
C. Facilitate movement
D. All of the above
Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?
Veins
B. Capillaries
C. Arteries
D. Venules
Which organ system removes nitrogenous waste from the body?
Digestive system
B. Circulatory system
C. Respiratory system
D. Excretory system
What is the primary function of hemoglobin?
Transporting oxygen
B. Clotting blood
C. Breaking down proteins
D. Fighting infections
In the small intestine, nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream through:
Villi
B. Alveoli
C. Nephrons
D. Osteons
The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy is:
Respiration
B. Photosynthesis
C. Fermentation
D. Transpiration
What structure connects muscles to bones?
Ligaments
B. Tendons
C. Cartilage
D. Fascia
The pulmonary veins carry:
Oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
B. Oxygen-rich blood to the heart
C. Oxygen-poor blood to the heart
D. Oxygen-rich blood to the lungs
Which organ system regulates body temperature?
Nervous system
B. Integumentary system
C. Endocrine system
D. Skeletal system
The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism is:
The organ
B. The cell
C. The tissue
D. The molecule
In animals, the process of breaking down food into simpler molecules is called:
Metabolism
B. Digestion
C. Excretion
D. Respiration
The hormone responsible for regulating metabolism is:
Insulin
B. Thyroxine
C. Cortisol
D. Adrenaline
Which organ is part of both the respiratory and digestive systems?
Trachea
B. Pharynx
C. Esophagus
D. Larynx
The functional unit of the kidney is called:
A nephron
B. A villus
C. A glomerulus
D. A tubule
What is the role of white blood cells in the body?
Transporting oxygen
B. Clotting blood
C. Fighting infections
D. Carrying nutrients
Which organ system coordinates voluntary and involuntary actions?
Nervous system
B. Endocrine system
C. Circulatory system
D. Digestive system
What is the primary purpose of the scientific method?
To create theories
B. To systematically answer questions and test hypotheses
C. To collect random observations
D. To validate all scientific ideas
In DNA, adenine pairs with:
Cytosine
B. Guanine
C. Thymine
D. Uracil
Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding DNA during replication?
DNA polymerase
B. Helicase
C. Ligase
D. RNA polymerase
What is the role of tRNA during protein synthesis?
Transcribing DNA into RNA
B. Carrying amino acids to the ribosome
C. Splicing out introns from mRNA
D. Catalyzing peptide bond formation
The mitochondria are often referred to as:
The control center of the cell
B. The powerhouse of the cell
C. The protein factory of the cell
D. The recycling center of the cell
Which type of bond holds the two strands of DNA together?
Ionic bonds
B. Hydrogen bonds
C. Covalent bonds
D. Peptide bonds
The organelle responsible for packaging and transporting proteins is:
Lysosome
B. Endoplasmic reticulum
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Nucleus
What happens during metaphase of mitosis?
Chromosomes are replicated
B. Chromosomes line up at the cell’s equator
C. The nuclear membrane reforms
D. Sister chromatids separate
Which phase of the cell cycle is the longest?
M phase
B. G2 phase
C. G1 phase
D. S phase
Which of the following is not a characteristic of enzymes?
They are reusable
B. They lower activation energy
C. They are consumed during reactions
D. They are specific to substrates
What is the function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
Fight infections
B. Transport carbon dioxide
C. Transport oxygen
D. Produce ATP
Which system controls the body’s response to changes in the environment?
Circulatory system
B. Nervous system
C. Endocrine system
D. Digestive system
In mammals, the heart is divided into:
Two chambers
B. Three chambers
C. Four chambers
D. Five chambers
What is the role of alveoli in the respiratory system?
Filter dust from inhaled air
B. Produce mucus
C. Exchange gases with blood
D. Warm inhaled air
Which muscle contracts during inhalation to allow the lungs to expand?
Diaphragm
B. Intercostal muscles
C. Abdominal muscles
D. Pectoral muscles
The liver performs all the following functions except:
Producing bile
B. Storing glycogen
C. Filtering blood toxins
D. Producing insulin
What is the smallest blood vessel in the body?
Arteries
B. Veins
C. Capillaries
D. Arterioles
Which part of the brain regulates balance and coordination?
Cerebrum
B. Cerebellum
C. Brainstem
D. Hypothalamus
Which part of the digestive system absorbs most nutrients?
Stomach
B. Small intestine
C. Large intestine
D. Pancreas
What is the function of platelets in the blood?
Fight infections
B. Carry oxygen
C. Clot blood
D. Regulate blood pressure
The functional unit of the nervous system is:
Axon
B. Synapse
C. Neuron
D. Dendrite
The term “gene expression” refers to:
DNA replication
B. Protein synthesis
C. The process of inheritance
D. The activation of a gene to produce RNA and protein
What structure protects the lungs?
Ribs
B. Sternum
C. Skull
D. Pelvis
Which of the following describes endocytosis?
Movement of molecules from high to low concentration
B. Transport of materials out of the cell
C. Engulfing of substances into the cell
D. Diffusion of water
How many chromosomes do human somatic cells typically contain?
23
B. 46
C. 48
D. 92
Which organ regulates blood sugar levels?
Liver
B. Pancreas
C. Kidneys
D. Gallbladder
Which molecule is used during transcription to create RNA?
DNA
B. tRNA
C. Ribosomes
D. Proteins
What is the main function of lysosomes in animal cells?
Store nutrients
B. Synthesize proteins
C. Break down waste materials
D. Produce ATP
What is the role of the kidneys in the excretory system?
Produce bile
B. Filter nitrogenous waste from the blood
C. Digest proteins
D. Regulate calcium levels
Which system defends the body against pathogens?
Circulatory system
B. Nervous system
C. Immune system
D. Skeletal system
Which of the following best describes osmosis?
Movement of solutes from high to low concentration
B. Movement of water from low to high solute concentration
C. Movement of solutes from low to high concentration
D. Movement of water from high to low solute concentration
In glycolysis, glucose is broken down into:
Lactic acid
B. Pyruvate
C. Acetyl-CoA
D. Citric acid
Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells?
Mitochondria
B. Chloroplast
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Nucleus
Which step of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?
Glycolysis
B. Krebs cycle
C. Electron transport chain
D. Fermentation
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Monosaccharides
B. Fatty acids
C. Amino acids
D. Nucleotides
Which phase of mitosis involves the separation of sister chromatids?
Prophase
B. Metaphase
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase
What is the primary purpose of the ribosome?
Replicate DNA
B. Synthesize RNA
C. Translate mRNA into proteins
D. Break down cellular waste
In eukaryotic cells, where does transcription occur?
Cytoplasm
B. Ribosome
C. Nucleus
D. Mitochondria
During DNA replication, which enzyme synthesizes the new DNA strand?
DNA helicase
B. DNA polymerase
C. RNA polymerase
D. Ligase
Which process occurs during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
Carbon fixation
B. Splitting of water molecules
C. Production of glucose
D. Release of oxygen from carbon dioxide
What is the structural and functional unit of life?
Tissue
B. Organelle
C. Cell
D. Molecule
Which macromolecule stores genetic information?
Proteins
B. Lipids
C. Carbohydrates
D. Nucleic acids
In humans, where does fertilization typically occur?
Uterus
B. Ovary
C. Fallopian tube
D. Cervix
Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating involuntary actions like breathing and heart rate?
Cerebrum
B. Cerebellum
C. Medulla oblongata
D. Hypothalamus
What is the main role of bile in digestion?
Breakdown of proteins
B. Emulsification of fats
C. Absorption of carbohydrates
D. Neutralization of stomach acid
Which molecule is the primary energy carrier in cells?
ATP
B. DNA
C. Glucose
D. NADH
What type of joint is found in the shoulder?
Hinge joint
B. Ball-and-socket joint
C. Pivot joint
D. Saddle joint
Which hormone regulates blood calcium levels?
Insulin
B. Parathyroid hormone
C. Thyroxine
D. Cortisol
The main structural component of plant cell walls is:
Starch
B. Cellulose
C. Glycogen
D. Chitin
Which part of a neuron receives signals from other neurons?
Axon
B. Dendrites
C. Synapse
D. Cell body
Which organ filters and detoxifies blood?
Pancreas
B. Liver
C. Kidneys
D. Spleen
Which type of tissue is responsible for contraction and movement?
Connective tissue
B. Nervous tissue
C. Epithelial tissue
D. Muscle tissue
Which process ensures genetic diversity during meiosis?
DNA replication
B. Crossing over
C. Cytokinesis
D. Chromosome alignment
In human physiology, the primary function of the large intestine is:
Absorption of nutrients
B. Absorption of water
C. Breakdown of fats
D. Digestion of proteins
The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element is:
Molecule
B. Atom
C. Proton
D. Electron
Which of the following is an example of active transport?
Diffusion
B. Osmosis
C. Sodium-potassium pump
D. Facilitated diffusion
The functional unit of the kidney is the:
Glomerulus
B. Nephron
C. Ureter
D. Loop of Henle
What is the purpose of myelin sheaths on neurons?
To produce neurotransmitters
B. To protect the axon and increase signal speed
C. To regulate ion channels
D. To generate electrical impulses
Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?
Veins
B. Capillaries
C. Arteries
D. Venules
Which part of the immune system produces antibodies?
Red blood cells
B. Platelets
C. B cells
D. T cells
What is the first step in the scientific method?
Formulating a hypothesis
B. Making observations
C. Conducting experiments
D. Analyzing data
Which of the following best defines a hypothesis?
A proven scientific fact
B. A tentative explanation based on observations
C. A set of experimental procedures
D. A collection of data
In prokaryotic cells, the genetic material is located in:
The nucleus
B. The cytoplasm
C. The nucleoid
D. The ribosome
Which molecule is directly responsible for transporting oxygen in red blood cells?
Hemoglobin
B. Myoglobin
C. Albumin
D. Ferritin
Which enzyme is responsible for unzipping DNA during replication?
Helicase
B. DNA polymerase
C. Ligase
D. Primase
What is the function of tRNA in protein synthesis?
Transcription of DNA
B. Carrying amino acids to the ribosome
C. Synthesizing proteins
D. Splicing mRNA
The Calvin cycle is a part of which biological process?
Glycolysis
B. Photosynthesis
C. Cellular respiration
D. Fermentation
Which of the following structures is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Nucleus
B. Mitochondria
C. Ribosome
D. Golgi apparatus
Which of the following is a polysaccharide?
Glucose
B. Starch
C. Fructose
D. Sucrose
The energy stored in ATP is released when:
A phosphate group is added
B. A phosphate group is removed
C. Glucose is broken down
D. Water is produced
The primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is:
Lipid synthesis
B. Protein synthesis
C. Detoxification
D. Energy production
Which of the following is NOT a phase of the cell cycle?
Interphase
B. Cytokinesis
C. Metaphase
D. Apoptosis
Which type of bond holds the two strands of DNA together?
Ionic bond
B. Covalent bond
C. Hydrogen bond
D. Peptide bond
Which organ system is responsible for the production of hormones?
Nervous system
B. Endocrine system
C. Digestive system
D. Circulatory system
The part of the brain that controls memory and learning is:
Cerebrum
B. Cerebellum
C. Brainstem
D. Hippocampus
What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
Transport oxygen and nutrients
B. Remove carbon dioxide from cells
C. Return interstitial fluid to the bloodstream
D. Break down food into smaller molecules
The process of copying DNA into RNA is called:
Replication
B. Translation
C. Transcription
D. Splicing
What is the role of the mitochondria in a cell?
Protein synthesis
B. DNA replication
C. Energy production
D. Waste disposal
Which organ system is primarily responsible for regulating pH levels in the body?
Digestive system
B. Respiratory system
C. Nervous system
D. Urinary system
What structure is involved in the exchange of gases in the lungs?
Alveoli
B. Bronchi
C. Trachea
D. Larynx
The primary purpose of meiosis is to:
Produce identical daughter cells
B. Generate gametes with half the chromosome number
C. Repair damaged cells
D. Facilitate cellular respiration
Which hormone increases blood glucose levels?
Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Oxytocin
D. Aldosterone
Which molecule serves as the template for mRNA synthesis?
tRNA
B. DNA
C. rRNA
D. Protein
Which of the following describes the function of lysosomes?
Protein synthesis
B. Energy production
C. Breakdown of cellular waste
D. Cell signaling
Which part of the eye is responsible for focusing light?
Retina
B. Cornea
C. Lens
D. Optic nerve
Which type of feedback mechanism maintains homeostasis in the body?
Positive feedback
B. Negative feedback
C. Amplification feedback
D. Neutral feedback
What is the basic unit of heredity?
Chromosome
B. Gene
C. Allele
D. Codon
During an action potential, which ion enters the neuron to depolarize the membrane?
Potassium (K⁺)
B. Sodium (Na⁺)
C. Calcium (Ca²⁺)
D. Chloride (Cl⁻)
The functional unit of the muscular system is:
Myosin
B. Sarcomere
C. Actin
D. Myofibril
In plants, which structure transports water from roots to leaves?
Phloem
B. Stomata
C. Xylem
D. Chloroplast
Which of the following structures is responsible for synthesizing lipids in the cell?
Rough ER
B. Smooth ER
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Ribosome
Which molecule is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
Carbon dioxide
B. Oxygen
C. Water
D. ATP
Which phase of mitosis involves the separation of sister chromatids?
Prophase
B. Metaphase
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase
What is the primary purpose of glycolysis?
Generate carbon dioxide
B. Produce pyruvate and ATP
C. Release oxygen
D. Create NADPH for photosynthesis
Which of the following organelles is involved in packaging and modifying proteins?
Golgi apparatus
B. Lysosome
C. Ribosome
D. Mitochondria
What term describes the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane?
Active transport
B. Osmosis
C. Facilitated diffusion
D. Exocytosis
Which macromolecule serves as the primary source of energy for most cellular processes?
Proteins
B. Carbohydrates
C. Lipids
D. Nucleic acids
In DNA, the nitrogenous base adenine pairs with:
Cytosine
B. Guanine
C. Thymine
D. Uracil
Which metabolic pathway occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell?
Glycolysis
B. Krebs cycle
C. Electron transport chain
D. Calvin cycle
Which part of the brain regulates basic life functions such as heart rate and breathing?
Hypothalamus
B. Cerebrum
C. Medulla oblongata
D. Cerebellum
In human physiology, the primary function of the kidneys is:
Digestion of nutrients
B. Production of red blood cells
C. Filtration of waste from the blood
D. Regulation of body temperature
What type of cell division is responsible for producing gametes?
Binary fission
B. Mitosis
C. Meiosis
D. Budding
Which part of a neuron transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body?
Dendrite
B. Axon
C. Soma
D. Synapse
Which organ system is responsible for protecting the body against disease?
Integumentary system
B. Nervous system
C. Immune system
D. Endocrine system
Which of the following molecules carries genetic information?
RNA
B. Protein
C. DNA
D. ATP
Which stage of cellular respiration generates the most ATP?
Glycolysis
B. Krebs cycle
C. Electron transport chain
D. Fermentation
What is the smallest unit of life?
Organ
B. Tissue
C. Cell
D. Molecule
Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?
Chloroplast
B. Nucleus
C. Mitochondria
D. Ribosome
What type of connective tissue stores energy in the form of fat?
Cartilage
B. Bone
C. Adipose tissue
D. Tendon
Which of the following best describes active transport?
Movement of molecules from high to low concentration
B. Movement of molecules from low to high concentration requiring energy
C. Passive movement of water across a membrane
D. Transport of large molecules without energy input
Which process produces lactic acid as a byproduct?
Aerobic respiration
B. Anaerobic respiration
C. Photosynthesis
D. Transcription
In the heart, which chamber pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body?
Right atrium
B. Left atrium
C. Right ventricle
D. Left ventricle
What is the function of hemoglobin?
Break down carbohydrates
B. Transport oxygen
C. Protect against infections
D. Store energy
Which of the following is a characteristic of enzymes?
They are used up in chemical reactions
B. They slow down reactions
C. They are specific to substrates
D. They provide energy for reactions
What is the primary function of the large intestine?
Absorption of nutrients
B. Production of digestive enzymes
C. Absorption of water and electrolytes
D. Storage of bile
Which of the following best describes a synapse?
A gap between muscle fibers
B. A junction between two neurons
C. A protein on the cell membrane
D. A part of the nucleus
Which organ is primarily responsible for detoxifying harmful substances in the blood?
Stomach
B. Liver
C. Kidney
D. Pancreas
The role of ribosomes in a cell is to:
Store genetic material
B. Synthesize proteins
C. Regulate the cell cycle
D. Break down waste
Which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of the heart?
Smooth muscle
B. Cardiac muscle
C. Skeletal muscle
D. Voluntary muscle
Which molecule acts as a messenger in the process of transcription?
DNA
B. mRNA
C. tRNA
D. rRNA
What is the primary role of the nucleolus in a cell?
Synthesize proteins
B. Produce ribosomal RNA
C. Store genetic information
D. Control cell division
Which of the following best describes a function of mitochondria?
Protein synthesis
B. Energy production via ATP
C. Lipid storage
D. DNA replication
What is the main function of the cell membrane?
Provide energy
B. Control movement of substances into and out of the cell
C. Store genetic material
D. Regulate cell division
Which of the following structures is unique to plant cells?
Ribosomes
B. Chloroplasts
C. Mitochondria
D. Endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following is not a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
Lack of membrane-bound organelles
B. Circular DNA
C. Presence of a nucleus
D. Smaller size compared to eukaryotic cells
In which part of the cell does DNA replication occur?
Nucleus
B. Mitochondria
C. Cytoplasm
D. Ribosome
Which of the following is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
Protein synthesis
B. Lipid synthesis and detoxification
C. Transport of proteins
D. Storage of calcium ions
Which enzyme is responsible for adding nucleotides during DNA replication?
Ligase
B. Helicase
C. DNA polymerase
D. RNA polymerase
Which of the following is a product of the Krebs cycle?
Glucose
B. Oxygen
C. NADH and FADH2
D. Lactic acid
What process converts glucose into pyruvate?
Glycolysis
B. Krebs cycle
C. Oxidative phosphorylation
D. Photosynthesis
What is the function of tRNA in protein synthesis?
Carry amino acids to the ribosome
B. Synthesize proteins
C. Unwind DNA for transcription
D. Build the protein chain
Which molecule is responsible for transferring genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosome for protein synthesis?
mRNA
B. tRNA
C. rRNA
D. DNA
During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
G1 phase
B. S phase
C. G2 phase
D. M phase
Which of the following best describes the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Break down waste materials
B. Synthesize proteins
C. Package and distribute proteins and lipids
D. Store calcium ions
What is the term for the spread of cancerous cells to other parts of the body?
Metastasis
B. Proliferation
C. Apoptosis
D. Differentiation
Which organ system is responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients throughout the body?
Respiratory system
B. Circulatory system
C. Endocrine system
D. Nervous system
What type of tissue forms the covering of body surfaces and organs?
Nervous tissue
B. Epithelial tissue
C. Connective tissue
D. Muscle tissue
Which of the following is a function of the lymphatic system?
Digest food
B. Filter blood
C. Protect against infection
D. Produce hormones
In humans, what type of blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?
Arteries
B. Veins
C. Capillaries
D. Venules
Which structure of the human digestive system is primarily responsible for the absorption of nutrients?
Stomach
B. Small intestine
C. Large intestine
D. Liver
What part of the brain controls voluntary muscle movements?
Cerebellum
B. Medulla oblongata
C. Cerebrum
D. Hypothalamus
Which of the following is a function of the human skeletal system?
Producing hormones
B. Storing nutrients
C. Producing red blood cells
D. Regulating body temperature
What is the role of the hormone insulin?
Increase blood sugar levels
B. Decrease blood sugar levels
C. Stimulate digestion
D. Stimulate the production of red blood cells
What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?
Control voluntary movements
B. Regulate involuntary functions
C. Store sensory information
D. Process thoughts and emotions
Which part of the human circulatory system contains valves that prevent backflow of blood?
Arteries
B. Veins
C. Capillaries
D. Lymphatic vessels
What is the role of the pulmonary system?
Carry oxygenated blood to the body
B. Remove carbon dioxide from the body
C. Transport hormones throughout the body
D. Digest food
Which of the following is a correct pairing of a body system and its primary function?
Respiratory system – transport nutrients
B. Nervous system – regulate body temperature
C. Muscular system – produce movement
D. Endocrine system – exchange gases
What type of muscle tissue is involuntary and found in the walls of internal organs?
Skeletal muscle
B. Cardiac muscle
C. Smooth muscle
D. Striated muscle
Which part of the neuron receives signals from other cells?
Axon
B. Soma
C. Dendrites
D. Myelin sheath
What is the function of the hormone adrenaline (epinephrine)?
Lower blood sugar levels
B. Increase heart rate and blood flow to muscles
C. Stimulate digestion
D. Regulate metabolism
Which structure is responsible for controlling what enters and exits the nucleus?
Nuclear membrane
B. Nucleolus
C. Mitochondria
D. Ribosome
What is the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms?
Organ
B. Cell
C. Tissue
D. Organ system
Which of the following is a function of ribosomes in the cell?
Package proteins
B. Synthesize proteins
C. Store genetic information
D. Produce ATP
Which phase of the cell cycle involves the division of the cytoplasm?
G1 phase
B. S phase
C. M phase
D. Cytokinesis
Which of the following is a characteristic of meiosis?
Results in two identical cells
B. Occurs only in somatic cells
C. Involves two divisions of the cell
D. Produces genetically identical cells
What is the primary function of the enzyme helicase during DNA replication?
Add nucleotides to the growing strand
B. Unwind the DNA double helix
C. Seal the newly synthesized DNA strands
D. Proofread the DNA sequence
Which of the following is true about passive transport?
It requires energy in the form of ATP
B. It moves substances against their concentration gradient
C. It does not require energy
D. It involves the active movement of ions
What is the purpose of glycolysis in cellular respiration?
To produce oxygen
B. To generate ATP by breaking down glucose
C. To synthesize glucose
D. To transport electrons to the electron transport chain
Which molecule is produced during the process of fermentation?
Carbon dioxide
B. Oxygen
C. Lactic acid or ethanol
D. Glucose
Where does the electron transport chain take place in eukaryotic cells?
Nucleus
B. Cytoplasm
C. Mitochondrial inner membrane
D. Golgi apparatus
What is the function of chlorophyll in plants?
Store energy
B. Capture light energy for photosynthesis
C. Transport water
D. Synthesize proteins
In which part of the plant does photosynthesis occur?
Roots
B. Stem
C. Chloroplasts in leaves
D. Flowers
Which process produces ATP in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions?
Glycolysis
B. Krebs cycle
C. Electron transport chain
D. Fermentation
Which of the following is a product of photosynthesis?
Oxygen
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Water
D. Glucose
What is the role of mRNA during transcription?
To translate amino acids into proteins
B. To carry genetic information from the DNA to the ribosome
C. To build the ribosome
D. To break down RNA molecules
Which of the following types of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?
mRNA
B. tRNA
C. rRNA
D. sRNA
What type of bond connects the complementary bases in a DNA molecule?
Hydrogen bonds
B. Ionic bonds
C. Covalent bonds
D. Peptide bonds
Which of the following is true about the central dogma of molecular biology?
Information flows from RNA to DNA
B. Information flows from DNA to RNA to protein
C. Proteins can be directly converted to DNA
D. RNA is synthesized from proteins
What is the function of the p53 protein in the cell?
Stimulate DNA replication
B. Promote cell cycle progression
C. Induce apoptosis in damaged cells
D. Build the cell membrane
What is a key characteristic of stem cells?
They have a fixed function and structure
B. They can differentiate into many cell types
C. They only function in embryos
D. They cannot replicate
Which of the following processes occurs during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?
DNA replication
B. Mitosis
C. Cell growth and preparation for DNA replication
D. Cytokinesis
Which of the following is an example of an organ system?
Skin
B. Heart
C. Digestive system
D. Muscle
Which of the following is responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood?
White blood cells
B. Platelets
C. Hemoglobin in red blood cells
D. Plasma proteins
What type of joint allows for the widest range of movement?
Hinge joint
B. Ball-and-socket joint
C. Pivot joint
D. Saddle joint
What is the primary function of the skeletal system?
Produce hormones
B. Protect internal organs
C. Absorb nutrients
D. Store genetic information
Which of the following is a function of the liver?
Produce insulin
B. Filter toxins from the blood
C. Pump blood
D. Produce bile for digestion
Which structure is responsible for controlling the body’s response to stress?
Hypothalamus
B. Liver
C. Pancreas
D. Kidney
What is the role of the endocrine system?
Control voluntary movements
B. Regulate body functions through hormones
C. Process sensory information
D. Circulate blood throughout the body
Which of the following is a function of the kidney?
Regulate body temperature
B. Filter waste from the blood
C. Produce red blood cells
D. Store bile
What is the function of the diaphragm in human respiration?
Prevent air from entering the lungs
B. Facilitate the exchange of gases in the lungs
C. Contract and relax to aid in breathing
D. Protect the lungs from pathogens