Media Theory Practice Exam Quiz

Media Theory Practice Exam Quiz

 

Which of the following best describes the media effects theory?

A) Media have a minimal impact on audience behavior.
B) Media messages shape and influence audience perceptions and behavior.
C) Audiences are passive consumers of media content.
D) Media messages are universally interpreted in the same way.

 

According to cultivation theory, long-term exposure to media content can lead to which of the following?

A) A more accurate perception of reality.
B) A shift in attitudes towards a specific media topic.
C) An increase in skepticism about media sources.
D) A distorted view of the world, especially regarding violence and social norms.

 

The Uses and Gratifications theory suggests that audiences use media for which of the following reasons?

A) To be passively influenced by media messages.
B) To fulfill personal needs such as entertainment, information, or social interaction.
C) To become more politically active.
D) To conform to social norms.

 

In the context of framing theory, what is the main role of the media?

A) To educate audiences on political issues.
B) To tell stories that shape how audiences interpret events.
C) To provide the truth without any bias.
D) To entertain audiences with fictional content.

 

Social Cognitive Theory focuses on how media influences behavior through which mechanism?

A) By shaping the social context of media messages.
B) By reinforcing existing behavioral patterns in audiences.
C) By providing role models that audiences mimic through observation.
D) By controlling the availability of media content.

 

According to the Agenda-Setting theory, media primarily influences which of the following?

A) What topics audiences discuss and think about.
B) How audiences perceive specific political figures.
C) The purchase behavior of consumers.
D) The level of education in a society.

 

Which media theory suggests that media content is interpreted differently by different audience groups?

A) Agenda-Setting Theory.
B) Cultivation Theory.
C) Reception Theory.
D) Uses and Gratifications Theory.

 

What is the main difference between traditional and new media platforms in the context of media theory?

A) New media platforms only provide entertainment, while traditional media focuses on information.
B) Traditional media is more controlled by producers, whereas new media allows for greater audience interaction.
C) New media focuses on passive audience consumption, while traditional media is more interactive.
D) Traditional media focuses on digital content, while new media focuses on physical broadcasts.

 

The Spiral of Silence theory addresses how which of the following affects public opinion?

A) The dominant media narrative discourages dissenting opinions.
B) Audiences are increasingly unwilling to express their views in public.
C) Social networks have eliminated the effects of media on public opinion.
D) Media content influences how individuals vote in elections.

 

In the context of media theory, “active audiences” refer to which of the following?

A) Audiences who passively accept the media messages presented to them.
B) Audiences who interpret and interact with media content based on their own experiences and backgrounds.
C) Audiences who ignore media content and focus on other activities.
D) Audiences who rely solely on social media platforms for news.

 

According to the Social Learning Theory, individuals learn behavior by observing which of the following?

A) The way media represent gender and race.
B) The behavior of media producers.
C) The behavior of others, especially media role models.
D) Media censorship policies.

 

What is the main premise of the Hypodermic Needle Theory?

A) Media messages are selectively filtered by audiences.
B) Media messages directly affect passive audiences.
C) Media content is modified to meet the needs of audiences.
D) Audiences actively seek out media content.

 

The term “media convergence” refers to which of the following?

A) The shift from traditional media to social media platforms.
B) The merging of traditional and new media platforms into integrated experiences.
C) The concentration of media ownership by a few large companies.
D) The way media companies increase production of local news content.

 

In media theory, which of the following is a key characteristic of new media?

A) Limited interactivity between producers and audiences.
B) Greater accessibility to media content across various devices.
C) A narrow focus on content distribution.
D) Media content is mostly produced by a few large companies.

 

According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model, which of the following is true for audiences engaged in central route processing?

A) They are likely to be persuaded by superficial aspects of a message, such as its source.
B) They engage deeply with the content, evaluating the arguments presented.
C) They ignore the content of a message and focus on peripheral cues.
D) They prefer emotional appeals over rational arguments.

 

In the context of media, what does “media literacy” entail?

A) The ability to analyze and evaluate media content critically.
B) The ability to consume media content without being influenced.
C) The skills necessary to produce media content for various platforms.
D) The knowledge of how to access media through different devices.

 

The “Two-Step Flow Theory” suggests that:

A) Media messages have a direct and uniform effect on all individuals.
B) Information from media is first filtered through opinion leaders, then spread to the wider audience.
C) Media messages have no influence on audience behavior.
D) The media cannot influence audiences in the digital age.

 

In the context of media theory, “media hegemony” refers to:

A) The domination of media content by governmental authorities.
B) The ability of media companies to monopolize certain media platforms.
C) The process by which media messages reinforce the power of dominant social groups.
D) The shift of media production to non-profit organizations.

 

The media dependency theory argues that individuals depend on media for:

A) Entertainment and social connection.
B) Validation of their own pre-existing beliefs.
C) Information, especially during times of social change or uncertainty.
D) The promotion of alternative lifestyles.

 

Which of the following best exemplifies the concept of “media framing”?

A) A news outlet emphasizing a positive perspective on a political issue, while another emphasizes a negative one.
B) A documentary presenting factual information about an event without any bias.
C) A media campaign that uses celebrities to endorse a product.
D) A public service announcement focused solely on consumer safety.

 

The term “digital divide” refers to:

A) The difference in media content between various digital platforms.
B) The gap between those who have access to digital technologies and those who do not.
C) The rise of digital content over traditional broadcast media.
D) The varying levels of media literacy across different generations.

 

According to the Social Responsibility Theory, the media:

A) Should be primarily concerned with profit maximization.
B) Have a duty to serve the public interest, beyond just delivering content.
C) Should avoid controversial topics to maintain neutrality.
D) Should limit their role in shaping social values.

 

Which of the following theories suggests that media audiences are passive, rather than active, recipients of media messages?

A) Uses and Gratifications Theory.
B) Social Learning Theory.
C) Hypodermic Needle Theory.
D) Spiral of Silence Theory.

 

Which of the following is an example of a “gatekeeping” role in media theory?

A) A journalist deciding what information to include in a news report.
B) An audience member selecting their favorite TV shows.
C) A media company producing content with a global reach.
D) A government regulating media ownership.

 

The term “media convergence” refers to:

A) The blending of various media formats, like television, internet, and print, into a single platform.
B) The isolation of media genres into distinct categories.
C) The diminishing role of traditional media in the digital age.
D) The consolidation of media power among a few corporations.

 

What is the main critique of the hypodermic needle theory?

A) It underestimates the active role of audiences in interpreting media messages.
B) It overstates the influence of media on individual behavior.
C) It ignores the role of media producers in shaping content.
D) It suggests that media is harmless and does not impact social attitudes.

 

According to the Technological Determinism theory, media technologies:

A) Are shaped by the social environment in which they are used.
B) Influence human behavior and shape social structures.
C) Are neutral and have no impact on society.
D) Are only relevant in the digital age.

 

Which of the following describes the “digital natives” concept?

A) Individuals who are experts in traditional media formats.
B) People who have grown up with digital technology and the internet.
C) People who prefer traditional forms of media, like newspapers.
D) Individuals who are unfamiliar with online platforms.

 

Which theory argues that media is not just a reflection of society but actively shapes and constructs reality?

A) Social Cognitive Theory.
B) Cultural Studies Theory.
C) Cultivation Theory.
D) Social Learning Theory.

 

What does the “Third-Person Effect” theory suggest?

A) Media messages affect only the third person in a group, not the sender or receiver.
B) People believe media messages affect others more than themselves.
C) People are often unaffected by media exposure.
D) People react to media messages in the same way.

 

 

The Media Ecology Theory suggests that:

A) Media technologies shape how societies function and individuals interact.
B) Media merely reflect societal values without influencing them.
C) Media are neutral tools that do not affect audience behavior.
D) Media should be strictly regulated to ensure ethical content.

 

In the context of media theories, “ideology” refers to:

A) The technical aspects of how media are produced.
B) A set of beliefs and values conveyed through media messages.
C) The process by which audiences ignore media content.
D) The influence of economic factors on media content.

 

According to the Spiral of Silence theory, individuals are more likely to remain silent when:

A) They agree with the majority opinion.
B) They believe their opinion is in the minority.
C) They have no opinion on the topic.
D) They are in a public space with others.

 

Which of the following best describes “the public sphere” in media theory?

A) A space where only professionals are allowed to discuss media.
B) A concept where individuals can freely exchange ideas, typically facilitated by the media.
C) A social platform for promoting entertainment and leisure.
D) A traditional media channel for public communication.

 

The “encoding/decoding” model by Stuart Hall suggests that:

A) Media messages are encoded by producers and interpreted by audiences in a single, uniform way.
B) Media messages are decoded based on individual audience interpretations influenced by cultural and social contexts.
C) Media messages are only decoded in relation to advertising.
D) Media messages have no encoding process and are directly interpreted by all viewers.

 

In terms of media effects, “desensitization” refers to:

A) The process of audiences becoming more responsive to shocking media content over time.
B) Audiences becoming less influenced by repeated media messages.
C) The reduction in media content due to censorship.
D) The adaptation of media to fit the cultural preferences of audiences.

 

The concept of “media literacy” is critical for understanding which of the following?

A) The technology used to create digital media.
B) The ethical implications of media production.
C) How audiences critically interpret and evaluate media content.
D) How to use social media platforms effectively for personal branding.

 

The “tuning in, tuning out” model of media theory is associated with:

A) The way media influence our emotional responses.
B) The process of selective media exposure based on personal interests and beliefs.
C) The fact that audiences view media as pure entertainment, without deeper implications.
D) The development of media from traditional to modern formats.

 

The “magic bullet” theory of media effects is another name for:

A) The Uses and Gratifications theory.
B) The Hypodermic Needle theory.
C) The Framing theory.
D) The Social Learning theory.

 

According to the Social Cognitive Theory, what role do “vicarious experiences” play in media?

A) They enable people to observe others’ experiences and adopt similar behaviors.
B) They discourage people from engaging in new behaviors.
C) They suggest that media has no real impact on human behavior.
D) They allow people to escape real-life experiences.

 

“Interpellation” in media theory refers to:

A) The way individuals are actively engaged in media production.
B) The process by which media calls upon individuals to assume certain roles or identities.
C) The regulation of media content by government agencies.
D) The formation of public opinion through repeated exposure.

 

In the context of media effects, “priming” refers to:

A) The way media can influence individuals’ subsequent thoughts, decisions, and behaviors.
B) The process of selecting the most important media content for an audience.
C) The immediate reaction of audiences to a media message.
D) The process of evaluating the ethical implications of media content.

 

According to the Cultivation Theory, people who consume heavy amounts of media are more likely to:

A) Have a distorted perception of reality, particularly with regard to violence and crime.
B) Develop a more balanced view of social and political issues.
C) Become more active participants in society.
D) Become more critical of media content.

 

The concept of “media convergence” suggests that:

A) Different types of media will remain completely separate.
B) Media companies are consolidating into fewer, larger corporations.
C) The internet will eventually replace all traditional forms of media.
D) Traditional and digital media platforms are merging into a single media experience.

 

In media theory, “perception management” refers to:

A) How audiences construct their own media experiences.
B) How media producers create and manage the way audiences perceive messages.
C) The regulation of media content to avoid negative perceptions.
D) The process of correcting false media portrayals.

 

The “Third-Person Effect” suggests that:

A) Media influence is stronger on others than on oneself.
B) People believe media has no effect on anyone, including themselves.
C) Media influence is equally distributed among all viewers.
D) The media only influences those in power.

 

The concept of “advertorials” refers to:

A) Advertisements that blend into the content of a news report.
B) News content designed to inform the audience objectively.
C) The ethical guidelines for advertising in media.
D) Digital ads placed in social media posts by influencers.

 

In the context of media theory, “citizen journalism” is:

A) Media content created by professional journalists and editors.
B) News created by ordinary people outside traditional media organizations.
C) A media trend focused on global political news.
D) The act of journalists sharing their personal opinions online.

 

“Moral panic” in media theory refers to:

A) The public’s excitement about positive media content.
B) The way media exaggerate a social issue, leading to widespread fear and reaction.
C) The collective approval of media portrayals of violence.
D) The need for censorship of sensitive media topics.

 

“Cultural Imperialism” in media theory argues that:

A) Local cultures are always resistant to foreign media.
B) Western media culture dominates and undermines local cultures.
C) Media should be censored to protect cultural diversity.
D) Media is a universal platform for sharing culture equally across the world.

 

Which of the following is a criticism of the Uses and Gratifications Theory?

A) It assumes that audiences are passive and do not have any agency.
B) It overestimates the power of media to influence societal attitudes.
C) It focuses only on the media content and ignores how audiences use media.
D) It places too much responsibility on media producers and not enough on audience interpretations.

 

The concept of “audience fragmentation” refers to:

A) The unification of media content across various platforms.
B) The diversification of audience interests and preferences, leading to niche media markets.
C) The decline of mass media audiences.
D) The dominance of traditional media channels in the digital era.

 

According to the concept of “symbolic interactionism” in media theory, how do media influence behavior?

A) Media provide a fixed meaning that influences behavior uniformly.
B) Media content shapes societal roles, behaviors, and perceptions through symbols and language.
C) Media messages have minimal impact on individual behavior.
D) Media messages are universally accepted by all individuals.

 

The “Two-Step Flow of Communication” theory suggests that:

A) Media messages flow directly from producers to passive audiences.
B) Opinion leaders filter media content before spreading it to the masses.
C) Media messages have no impact on public opinion.
D) Media is entirely controlled by audience preferences.

 

The term “self-censorship” in media refers to:

A) The process by which audiences regulate their media consumption.
B) The filtering of content to comply with government regulations.
C) The restriction of media content by the creators based on personal values or fear of backlash.
D) The ethical consideration to avoid offensive content in media.

 

What is the core concept of the “Digital Disruption” theory in media?

A) The shift from traditional forms of media to fully digital experiences, often displacing older media systems.
B) The increased number of users abandoning digital media in favor of traditional forms.
C) The regulation of digital media to prevent overuse of technology.
D) The rise of digital media being controlled by government agencies.

 

“Hyperreality” in media theory refers to:

A) The portrayal of idealized and unrealistic versions of reality.
B) The seamless integration of reality and virtual experiences in media content.
C) The factual and straightforward portrayal of events.
D) The constant exaggeration of real-world issues in the media.

 

“Disinformation” in media refers to:

A) The spreading of false or misleading information deliberately to mislead others.
B) The act of spreading political propaganda.
C) The use of media to encourage critical thinking.
D) The use of factual information to distort public opinion.

 

“Influencer culture” in media theory refers to:

A) The rise of celebrities who make public appearances to discuss media messages.
B) The increasing role of individuals who use social media to influence opinions and behaviors.
C) The censorship of influencers by social media platforms.
D) The focus on traditional media figures to create news stories.

 

Which of the following best describes the “audience-as-producer” concept in media theory?

A) Audiences passively consume media created by professionals.
B) Audiences create and share media content, blurring the lines between media producers and consumers.
C) Audiences prefer traditional media formats over digital platforms.
D) Media producers control all aspects of content creation.

 

 

The concept of “media framing” suggests that:

A) Media outlets present news in a neutral, unbiased manner.
B) The way media frames an issue influences how the audience interprets it.
C) Media outlets are only responsible for factual reporting.
D) Audience members do not influence the framing of media content.

 

The “uses and gratifications” theory primarily focuses on:

A) The negative effects of media on audience behavior.
B) The active role audiences play in selecting media to satisfy their needs.
C) The passive consumption of media content.
D) The ethical implications of media production.

 

According to Marshall McLuhan, “The medium is the message” means:

A) The content of a media message is more important than the medium delivering it.
B) The way media are delivered shapes the way we think and perceive the world.
C) The message of media is irrelevant as long as it entertains.
D) Media are primarily tools for communication, not cultural influencers.

 

The “cultivation differential” refers to:

A) The difference in perceptions between heavy and light media consumers.
B) The way audiences cultivate different tastes through media consumption.
C) The shift from traditional to modern media.
D) The regulation of media content to reflect societal values.

 

The “third-person effect” suggests that:

A) Media messages are equally impactful for everyone.
B) People believe others are more influenced by media than they are themselves.
C) Media only influence the behaviors of those in power.
D) Media messages have no measurable impact on any individual.

 

According to “agenda-setting theory,” media influence the public agenda by:

A) Directly telling audiences what to think.
B) Focusing attention on specific issues, making them appear more important.
C) Ignoring issues that are not relevant to the majority.
D) Presenting a variety of perspectives to allow for audience autonomy.

 

The “social responsibility” theory of media suggests that:

A) Media should act primarily as a profit-driven business.
B) Media should serve the public interest and contribute to a democratic society.
C) Media should not be regulated and should operate freely.
D) Media should be controlled by government regulations to avoid bias.

 

The “knowledge gap” theory suggests that:

A) All audiences have equal access to media and interpret it in the same way.
B) Individuals with more knowledge tend to acquire more media information, widening the knowledge gap.
C) Media have no real influence on the knowledge of individuals.
D) The internet eliminates knowledge gaps between different social groups.

 

The “two-step flow” of communication suggests that:

A) Media messages are transmitted directly from producers to audiences without any mediation.
B) Media messages are filtered through opinion leaders who then influence the broader public.
C) Audiences only receive messages from their direct social circles.
D) Media content is ineffective without the involvement of the government.

 

The “mirror metaphor” in media theory suggests that:

A) Media reflects the culture of society without influencing it.
B) Media distorts reality to reflect a particular viewpoint.
C) Media holds a mirror to the individual, showing their personal desires.
D) Media actively shapes society rather than reflects it.

 

The “digital divide” refers to:

A) The difference between traditional and digital media formats.
B) The gap in access to digital media technology and the internet among different social groups.
C) The rise of digital media platforms taking over traditional forms.
D) The disconnect between content producers and audiences in the digital world.

 

“Media convergence” refers to:

A) The unification of media content across all platforms and devices.
B) The decline of traditional media in favor of newer, more advanced technologies.
C) The struggle between different media industries for dominance.
D) The process by which audiences reject new forms of media.

 

The “priming effect” suggests that:

A) Media influences people’s later decisions by making certain ideas or concepts more accessible in memory.
B) Media consumption has no lasting impact on viewers’ decisions.
C) Audiences are actively resisting the impact of media content.
D) Media content influences attitudes only when it is related to current events.

 

According to “cultivation theory,” heavy consumption of media may lead to:

A) A more accurate and realistic understanding of the world.
B) Distorted perceptions of reality, such as overestimating the prevalence of violence.
C) A heightened ability to critically evaluate media content.
D) Less involvement in social issues.

 

The “uses and gratifications” theory focuses on:

A) The passive nature of audience media consumption.
B) The way media affects audiences based on individual needs and desires.
C) The effectiveness of mass media campaigns.
D) The regulation of media content for public good.

 

“Framing theory” is primarily concerned with:

A) The physical space where media content is produced.
B) The way media present and organize news stories, shaping audience perceptions.
C) The economic factors influencing media production.
D) The use of media to create political awareness.

 

“Media pluralism” refers to:

A) The regulation of media outlets to ensure diversity.
B) The dominance of a single media outlet in a society.
C) The presence of multiple media voices and viewpoints in the public sphere.
D) The focus on non-digital media formats.

 

“Social learning theory” suggests that media:

A) Have no effect on viewers’ behavior.
B) Act as mirrors reflecting society’s behavior.
C) Influence behavior by encouraging audiences to imitate observed actions.
D) Provide only entertainment with no lasting impact.

 

The “hypodermic needle theory” (also known as the “magic bullet” theory) suggests that:

A) Audiences have the power to resist media influence.
B) Media messages have a direct, powerful effect on audiences.
C) Media messages are neutral and have no effect on audience behavior.
D) Media messages are only influential in specific cultures.

 

According to “the medium theory,” different media forms:

A) Are irrelevant to how audiences consume information.
B) Have unique effects on audiences based on their characteristics (e.g., print, television, or digital).
C) All have the same impact on audience behavior.
D) Should be censored to prevent negative effects on society.

 

 

“Hyperreality,” a concept by Jean Baudrillard, refers to:

A) The blurred line between reality and media representations, where the representation becomes more real than reality itself.
B) The distortion of reality in media portrayals.
C) The exact replication of reality in media.
D) The reality of media content being entirely fictional.

 

“Spiral of Silence” theory suggests that:

A) People tend to remain silent when they hold views that they believe are in the minority.
B) Audiences always express their opinions, regardless of social pressure.
C) People will speak out more when media coverage is balanced.
D) The louder the media, the stronger the opinions of the audience.

 

“The mirror stage” in media theory refers to:

A) The time when a person recognizes themselves in a mirror.
B) The process by which individuals identify with media representations of themselves.
C) The use of media to directly reflect societal norms and behaviors.
D) The gap between media and reality that shapes audience perspectives.

 

“Selective Exposure Theory” suggests that:

A) Audiences are passive and will watch any media content.
B) People tend to seek out media content that aligns with their existing beliefs and attitudes.
C) Media outlets select content that fits the preferences of all their audiences.
D) People tend to avoid media content that reinforces their viewpoints.

 

The concept of “second-order effects” in media theory refers to:

A) The initial impact of media messages on audience behavior.
B) The way media messages affect social norms and attitudes over time.
C) The direct emotional impact of a single media piece.
D) The measurable economic effects of media consumption.

 

“Social Cognitive Theory” posits that:

A) Media has no real influence on individuals’ behaviors.
B) People learn behaviors by observing others, particularly those seen in the media.
C) Media consumption primarily shapes individuals’ values.
D) All media messages are absorbed passively without any personal reflection.

 

“Mediatization theory” suggests that:

A) The media are increasingly being influenced by politics and economics.
B) The media have become an essential part of every aspect of social life, affecting how people communicate, think, and behave.
C) Media should be regulated to maintain control over societal outcomes.
D) Media has no significant impact on the cultural structure of society.

 

“Ethnographic methods” in media studies refer to:

A) The study of media content through qualitative coding and categorization.
B) A hands-off, detached observation of media usage without interference.
C) The study of media audiences in their natural environments through direct interaction and observation.
D) Quantitative methods used to assess media consumption patterns.

 

The “autonomy of the media” theory suggests that:

A) Media are heavily influenced by political and economic forces, and have no autonomy.
B) Media are independent and act freely from external influences, including government control.
C) Media are primarily controlled by governmental regulations.
D) Media control all societal actions and opinions through external regulations.

 

“Encoding/decoding” theory, developed by Stuart Hall, suggests that:

A) Media messages are always decoded the same way by all audiences.
B) Audiences passively receive messages without any interpretation.
C) Audiences actively decode messages based on their own cultural background and social context.
D) Media producers control the meanings of their messages completely.

 

According to “critical media theory,” the media:

A) Provide an unbiased and neutral view of society.
B) Serve to reinforce dominant societal ideologies and power structures.
C) Are free from economic and political influences.
D) Do not influence audiences’ perceptions of reality.

 

“The digital turn” refers to:

A) The decline of traditional media forms such as print and radio.
B) The shift from analog to digital technologies, which has transformed media production and consumption.
C) The resistance of audiences to adopt new forms of digital media.
D) The increased government control over digital media platforms.

 

“The narrative paradigm” posits that:

A) All forms of media content are strictly factual and objective.
B) Humans are storytelling beings, and narratives are the primary way in which people make sense of the world.
C) Media have no narrative structure, only visual impact.
D) The media function solely to entertain and do not convey meaningful stories.

 

The “hyperlink structure” of the internet refers to:

A) The linear nature of how information is consumed online.
B) The interconnected network of information across websites that allows for easy navigation.
C) The restriction of content to only a few categories online.
D) The unstructured chaos of information found on the internet.

 

“Media imperialism” refers to:

A) The spread of local media content globally.
B) The dominance of certain media systems, particularly those of powerful countries, over others.
C) The ability of media to promote independence and democracy.
D) The complete disregard for global media standards.

 

“Hegemony” in media theory refers to:

A) The complete independence of media outlets from external influence.
B) The dominance of one social class or ideology, often perpetuated through media messages.
C) The rise of non-traditional media sources such as podcasts.
D) The resistance of society to media manipulation.

 

“Digital activism” is:

A) The use of traditional media to spread political messages.
B) The use of digital platforms and social media for political activism and social change.
C) The attempt by governments to control digital spaces for activism.
D) The passive consumption of political media content by audiences.

 

The “Bobo doll experiment” by Albert Bandura is associated with:

A) Media’s role in shaping public policy.
B) The idea that children learn through imitation, especially when they observe violent behaviors in media.
C) The effects of positive media portrayals on children’s self-esteem.
D) The influence of social media on children’s academic performance.

 

“Communication accommodation theory” (CAT) suggests that:

A) People adapt their communication style based on the social context and relationships with others.
B) Communication is static and does not change based on context.
C) Media have no role in communication adaptation.
D) People always maintain their communication style, regardless of the audience.

 

The concept of “media literacy” involves:

A) The ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media content in various forms.
B) The regulation of content to make it suitable for all audiences.
C) The process of selecting the right media channels for advertisements.
D) The passive consumption of media without any critical evaluation.

 

 

The “Two-step flow of communication” model suggests that:

A) Media messages directly influence audiences without any intermediary.
B) Opinion leaders mediate the influence of media on the general public.
C) Audiences passively absorb media content without interpreting it.
D) Media content is filtered through social media platforms before reaching audiences.

 

“Agenda-setting theory” posits that:

A) Media tell people what to think about, but not necessarily how to think about it.
B) Audiences completely control the flow of media content.
C) Media cannot influence public opinions or beliefs.
D) People are not influenced by media, but instead shape it entirely.

 

“Uses and gratifications theory” suggests that:

A) Audiences are passive recipients of media messages.
B) Audiences actively choose media based on their needs and desires.
C) Media has no impact on an individual’s emotions.
D) Media is only used for entertainment, not for practical needs.

 

“Cultivation theory” suggests that:

A) Media consumption has no effect on people’s worldviews.
B) Long-term media exposure shapes the audience’s perception of reality, often creating a distorted view.
C) People have no preferences for media content.
D) Only traditional media have any influence on the public.

 

“Framing theory” focuses on:

A) How media outlets select and emphasize certain aspects of a story to influence public interpretation.
B) The physical framing of media devices like TVs and computers.
C) The ethical concerns around framing stories in a truthful manner.
D) The framing of media content in a historical context.

 

“Technological determinism” suggests that:

A) Technology has no effect on social or cultural changes.
B) Technology plays a central role in shaping society and its values.
C) Society’s cultural values determine technological advancements.
D) Technological developments are driven solely by economic needs.

 

“The hypodermic needle theory” suggests that:

A) Media messages have a direct and powerful effect on audience behavior, akin to being “injected” with ideas.
B) Media content is not impactful and has minimal effect on audiences.
C) Audiences are selective about media messages and critically engage with content.
D) Media is primarily used for entertainment and does not influence behavior.

 

“Postmodern media theory” is characterized by:

A) A strict focus on realism and objective representations in media.
B) The questioning of traditional truths and the emphasis on subjective interpretations and multiple truths.
C) The belief that all media content is purely factual and non-fictional.
D) The restriction of media to a single cultural perspective.

 

“Critical race theory” in media suggests that:

A) Media content is always neutral and does not reflect societal power structures.
B) Media often perpetuate racial inequalities and reflect dominant cultural narratives.
C) Racial issues are rarely discussed in mainstream media.
D) Media representations do not affect how racial minorities are perceived.

 

“Media convergence” refers to:

A) The blending of multiple media platforms, where content can be shared across different forms of media.
B) The narrowing of media content to focus on a single issue.
C) The competition between media companies in the digital age.
D) The increased regulation of media by governments worldwide.

 

“Network society theory” by Manuel Castells posits that:

A) Society is increasingly structured around hierarchical media organizations.
B) Media networks have fragmented society into isolated groups.
C) The structure of society is influenced by digital communication networks, leading to a new type of social organization.
D) Society has remained unchanged by technological advances.

 

“Media ecology theory” suggests that:

A) Media content has no relation to the environment.
B) Media environments, like any other ecological systems, evolve and shape human perception and behavior.
C) The media’s role in shaping environmental behavior is insignificant.
D) Media ecology solely focuses on how the media affects politics.

 

“Communication privacy management theory” addresses:

A) How media outlets control and manipulate audience behavior.
B) The rules individuals follow in managing the boundaries between private and public information.
C) The need for media organizations to be transparent about their operations.
D) How people use media to share personal experiences.

 

“The public sphere” concept by Jürgen Habermas refers to:

A) A space where media outlets are completely controlled by the government.
B) The private spaces individuals use to consume media in isolation.
C) A domain of social life where individuals come together to freely discuss and identify societal issues.
D) The section of society where media content is purely for entertainment purposes.

 

“Networked individualism” suggests that:

A) Individuals are increasingly part of larger communities rather than isolated.
B) People interact with media primarily through traditional mass communication methods.
C) Individuals are the central nodes in a complex web of digital networks, leading to a personalized and fragmented media experience.
D) People completely reject digital media in favor of traditional forms of communication.

 

“Interpellation” in media theory, as defined by Louis Althusser, refers to:

A) The process by which people reject media ideologies.
B) The way media address individuals, calling them into a specific social identity or role.
C) The method by which media create new cultural norms.
D) The ways that media manipulate audiences into ignoring societal issues.

 

“Moral panic” theory, as developed by Stanley Cohen, suggests that:

A) Media do not influence public perception of moral issues.
B) Media amplify social fears, often surrounding deviance or threats, leading to widespread public anxiety.
C) Media create positive moral norms in society.
D) Public fear decreases in response to media portrayals of crises.

 

“Mediated communication” refers to:

A) Direct face-to-face communication between individuals.
B) Communication that is transmitted through a medium, such as radio, television, or social media.
C) Communication that takes place only through print media.
D) The regulation of communication content by governments.

 

“The digital divide” refers to:

A) The gap between rich and poor countries in terms of access to digital media and technologies.
B) The competition between different digital platforms.
C) The resistance of younger generations to use digital devices.
D) The equal access of all people to the internet and digital technologies.

 

“Media ritual” theory suggests that:

A) Media rituals have no impact on the public.
B) Media content is a product of political ideologies.
C) Media rituals reinforce social norms and values through regular, repetitive practices like news broadcasts or sports events.
D) Media rituals are always entertaining and are never linked to cultural rituals.

 

 

The “Spiral of Silence” theory, proposed by Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, suggests that:

A) Individuals who hold minority views are more likely to express them publicly.
B) People are silent when they feel their views are in the majority.
C) People are less likely to voice their opinions when they believe their views are in the minority.
D) Media has no impact on public opinion.

 

“Social cognitive theory” by Albert Bandura emphasizes that:

A) People passively consume media content without imitating behavior.
B) Media exposure has no influence on individual behavior.
C) Individuals learn from observing others in media and imitate their behavior, especially when consequences are observed.
D) Only positive portrayals of behavior are effective in influencing individuals.

 

The “Dependency Theory” suggests that:

A) Audiences are fully dependent on media content for shaping their beliefs and opinions.
B) People are less reliant on media as they grow older.
C) People depend on media more when they have fewer resources to satisfy their needs.
D) Media do not play a role in fulfilling societal needs.

 

“Uses and gratifications theory” primarily focuses on:

A) How audiences are affected by passive media consumption.
B) The idea that media content is purely entertaining.
C) The ways in which individuals actively use media to fulfill specific needs or desires.
D) The effects of media violence on public behavior.

 

“Social shaping of technology” suggests that:

A) Technology determines societal structure and cultural changes.
B) Society influences technological development, with media reflecting social needs and values.
C) Technology evolves without any societal influence.
D) Social behavior has no connection with technology.

 

The “Third-Person Effect” theory suggests that:

A) People believe that media affects others more than it affects themselves.
B) People think that media messages have no impact on anyone.
C) Media influences people equally regardless of their personal beliefs.
D) Media has a direct effect on only a small group of individuals.

 

“The media as the fourth estate” concept suggests that:

A) The media serves as an unofficial check on government power and authority.
B) The media should have no involvement in political discourse.
C) Media is primarily a tool for corporate profit.
D) Media should only represent government views.

 

“Critical political economy” theory focuses on:

A) The concentration of media ownership and its impact on diversity and democracy.
B) The importance of entertainment in media industries.
C) The influence of individual media producers on content creation.
D) The decline of traditional media outlets.

 

“The media logic” theory focuses on:

A) The idea that media producers are free from social and political influences.
B) The way media practices and formats influence how stories are told and perceived.
C) The lack of structure in media content.
D) The impact of global communication on local cultures.

 

“Encoding/decoding theory” by Stuart Hall suggests that:

A) Audiences receive messages exactly as they are intended by producers.
B) The media industry fully controls the interpretation of content.
C) The audience interprets media messages in ways that can either align with or challenge the intended meaning.
D) Media messages are purely factual and objective.

 

“Mediation theory” focuses on:

A) The ways in which media actively shape or mediate our understanding of reality.
B) The neutral transmission of reality through media.
C) The conflict between media companies and governmental regulations.
D) How media institutions are disconnected from audience perceptions.

 

“The medium is the message” concept, coined by Marshall McLuhan, argues that:

A) The content delivered by a medium is more important than the medium itself.
B) The medium through which information is transmitted has a significant effect on how the content is perceived.
C) People are unaffected by the medium, only the message itself.
D) New media technologies have no effect on society.

 

The “Active Audience Theory” suggests that:

A) Audiences are passive and entirely influenced by media content.
B) Audiences actively interpret and interact with media content, bringing their own experiences and perspectives.
C) Media content has a uniform and predictable effect on all individuals.
D) People no longer engage with media content in an active way.

 

“Technological utopianism” is the belief that:

A) Technology will ultimately lead to societal collapse.
B) Technology is irrelevant to human progress.
C) Technological advances will solve all social and cultural issues, leading to a better society.
D) The future of technology lies in a return to traditional media forms.

 

“Moral economy of the media” refers to:

A) The financial aspects of media companies.
B) How media content reflects and reinforces social values and ethics.
C) The economic challenges facing media organizations.
D) The manipulation of media audiences for financial gain.

 

“Hyperreality,” a concept from Jean Baudrillard, suggests that:

A) The media reflects a more accurate portrayal of reality than actual experiences.
B) Media representations and simulations have replaced or distorted real-life experiences, leading to a “hyperreality.”
C) There is no difference between real life and media representations.
D) Media creates fictional content that is disconnected from reality.

 

“The public sphere” concept by Habermas emphasizes:

A) The importance of keeping media content private.
B) Media’s role in promoting rational discourse in public settings.
C) The commercialization of media and its detachment from political matters.
D) Media’s total control over political opinion.

 

“Cultural imperialism” theory suggests that:

A) Media from powerful countries (especially Western nations) dominate and influence the cultures of less powerful countries.
B) Global media creates a universal cultural understanding.
C) Media content is universally accepted without cultural resistance.
D) Media only promotes local cultures and values.

 

“The digital panopticon” refers to:

A) A type of media regulation used to restrict digital content.
B) A metaphor for constant surveillance made possible by digital technologies, where individuals feel observed and controlled.
C) The ability of individuals to use digital media for personal privacy.
D) The free expression of all users in digital media.

 

“Subaltern counterpublics” refer to:

A) Publics that challenge mainstream cultural narratives and provide alternative views and voices.
B) The majority of the public in democratic societies.
C) The support for governmental media regulations.
D) The general apathy towards media in marginalized groups.

 

“The media consolidation” theory addresses:

A) The increase in media diversity due to global communication.
B) The concentration of media ownership in the hands of a few companies, limiting diversity and viewpoints.
C) The growth of non-profit media outlets.
D) The decline in the influence of media corporations.

 

“Virtual reality theory” suggests that:

A) Virtual reality has no impact on human interaction.
B) Virtual spaces provide real-world connections and experiences through digital media.
C) Virtual reality is purely fictional and has no connection to the real world.
D) Virtual reality replaces all forms of traditional media.

 

“Media convergence” in terms of technology refers to:

A) The fragmentation of media into separate and distinct platforms.
B) The merging of different media technologies, allowing for integrated access to content across platforms.
C) The decline of traditional media due to digital technologies.
D) The focus on single, traditional media outlets in society.

 

“Digital feminism” as a media theory refers to:

A) The representation of women in traditional media only.
B) The way digital platforms are used to challenge gender inequalities and promote feminist ideals.
C) The exclusion of feminist voices in digital spaces.
D) The shift of feminist movements away from digital technologies.

 

“Audience segmentation” in media refers to:

A) Treating the audience as a homogeneous group.
B) Dividing the audience into smaller groups based on specific demographic or psychographic factors to tailor content.
C) Creating content that is only targeted at one segment of the audience.
D) The random distribution of media content to all audiences.

 

“New media theory” primarily focuses on:

A) The irrelevance of digital media in contemporary society.
B) The impact of emerging digital technologies on culture, society, and communication.
C) The decline of traditional media forms like radio and television.
D) The unchanging nature of media since the advent of the internet.

 

“Digital storytelling” refers to:

A) The use of digital platforms to share traditional forms of storytelling.
B) The creation and sharing of narratives using digital technologies, often interactive and user-generated.
C) The decline of traditional storytelling methods in digital media.
D) The restriction of storytelling to one digital platform only.

 

“Emotional contagion” theory in media suggests that:

A) Media can transfer emotions and affective states between individuals in a group.
B) Media content is emotionally neutral and does not affect people.
C) People cannot be influenced emotionally by media.
D) Emotions spread only through personal interactions, not media.

 

“Technological determinism” posits that:

A) Social structures influence technological development.
B) Technology dictates societal changes and human behavior.
C) Society has no impact on technological advancements.
D) Technological advancements are purely driven by economic needs.

 

“The postmodern turn” in media theory is marked by:

A) The rejection of all traditional forms of media.
B) The questioning of objective truths and the embracing of fragmented, subjective realities in media.
C) The return to classical storytelling techniques.
D) A focus on the technical aspects of media production.

 

 

“The Long Tail” theory in digital media suggests that:

A) Media content with mass appeal is most successful.
B) Digital platforms favor niche content that appeals to smaller, specialized audiences.
C) Only the most popular media content is consumed.
D) Traditional media outlets are more profitable than digital platforms.

 

“The technological affordances” theory focuses on:

A) The capabilities and limitations that technology offers to users in terms of interaction and media creation.
B) The negative effects of technology on society.
C) How technology limits freedom of expression.
D) The consequences of not adopting new technologies in media.

 

“The representation theory” suggests that:

A) Media accurately represents reality without bias.
B) Media constructs representations of reality that shape our perceptions of people, events, and issues.
C) Representation is irrelevant in media production.
D) Only negative stereotypes are present in media.

 

“Framing theory” suggests that:

A) Media outlets present information in a neutral and objective manner.
B) Media outlets organize and present information in a way that influences how the audience interprets it.
C) Media has no influence on audience interpretation.
D) Media is solely about entertainment and does not affect perceptions of reality.

 

“The digital divide” refers to:

A) The equal access to technology and digital media by all individuals.
B) The gap between individuals who have access to digital technology and those who do not.
C) The decline of digital media in the global economy.
D) The seamless access to digital content by all groups.

 

“The Global Village” concept, introduced by Marshall McLuhan, suggests that:

A) The world becomes smaller as people across the globe become more isolated.
B) Technological advancements make the world a more interconnected and interdependent place.
C) The media divides people into separate communities.
D) Cultural differences are less important in the globalized world.

 

“Cognitive dissonance theory” in media suggests that:

A) People are likely to seek media content that aligns with their existing beliefs to avoid conflicting information.
B) Media content has no effect on people’s beliefs or actions.
C) People will ignore media that aligns with their beliefs.
D) Cognitive dissonance is irrelevant in media consumption.

 

“The idea of ‘hyperlinking'” refers to:

A) The practice of interconnecting different media outlets to create a uniform narrative.
B) The ability of digital media to connect different pieces of information and content from various sources.
C) A method of controlling the narrative by limiting media access.
D) The idea of making media content uniform across platforms.

 

“The Myth of the Mediatized Society” suggests that:

A) Society is constantly transformed by media and its influence on every aspect of life.
B) Media has no significant impact on social changes or societal structures.
C) Society is unchanged by the constant presence of media.
D) Media only influences certain aspects of culture.

 

“Media hegemony” theory suggests that:

A) Media content is primarily shaped by the preferences of small, powerful groups who dominate society.
B) Media content is completely unbiased and fair.
C) Media content is only influenced by audience preferences.
D) Media companies are only concerned with profitability and have no societal impact.

 

“The Public Interest Theory” suggests that:

A) Media should operate solely for profit.
B) Media should prioritize the public’s interest by offering diverse, quality content.
C) Media has no responsibility to serve the public interest.
D) Media content should always align with governmental regulations.

 

“The ‘One-Step’ Flow Model” in communication suggests that:

A) Media messages flow directly from the media to audiences without any intermediary.
B) Media messages are filtered through opinion leaders who interpret and pass them along to audiences.
C) Media messages have no direct impact on audiences.
D) Audiences interact with media in isolated, fragmented ways.

 

“The ‘Two-Step’ Flow Model” proposes that:

A) Media messages are only effective if received directly by the audience.
B) Opinion leaders first receive media messages and then influence the broader audience.
C) Media messages flow directly to audiences without any intermediaries.
D) Media content is disregarded by audiences.

 

“The ‘Uses and Gratifications’ approach” to media consumption suggests that:

A) Audiences consume media passively without any specific needs.
B) Audiences actively select media content to fulfill specific personal, social, and psychological needs.
C) The media controls all aspects of audience behavior.
D) Media content is irrelevant to audience satisfaction.

 

“The Media Conglomeration” theory emphasizes:

A) The fragmentation of media ownership and control.
B) The concentration of media ownership in the hands of a few large companies.
C) The decline of media industries due to smaller companies.
D) The spread of media ownership across public platforms.

 

“The ‘Diffusion of Innovations’ theory” focuses on:

A) The rate at which new technologies or ideas are adopted by the public.
B) The resistance of the public to new media content.
C) The negative effects of media content on public perceptions.
D) The influence of traditional media over digital media.

 

“The Mass Society Theory” suggests that:

A) Media has no impact on society.
B) Media is a reflection of individual societal values.
C) Media, as an entity, shapes and controls the culture of society, leading to a more homogeneous and controlled society.
D) Society controls media content through democratic participation.

 

“The Hyperreal” theory by Baudrillard suggests that:

A) Reality is perfectly reflected in media representations.
B) Media representations distort reality, creating a version of reality that is more intense than actual life.
C) Media has no effect on public perception.
D) Media merely documents reality without distortion.

 

“Agenda-Setting Theory” in media suggests that:

A) Media determine what topics are most important to the public by giving them attention.
B) Media only report on topics that the audience already considers important.
C) The public sets the media agenda.
D) Media have no influence on the issues considered important in society.

 

“The Uses and Gratifications Theory” argues that media content:

A) Has no specific purpose for its audience.
B) Is passively consumed by all individuals.
C) Is selected based on the specific needs and desires of audiences.
D) Is designed to manipulate the audience for corporate gain.

 

“The Mirror Model” of media content suggests that:

A) Media distorts reality to fit societal norms.
B) Media content perfectly reflects the real world without any influence from the media.
C) Media invents new worlds that bear no resemblance to reality.
D) Media does not focus on real-world issues.

 

“The Technological Singularity” concept suggests that:

A) Technology will stop progressing after reaching a certain point.
B) Technological advancements will continue indefinitely, surpassing human control.
C) The pace of technological development will slow down after a peak.
D) Technology’s influence on society will diminish in the coming years.

 

“The Networked Society” refers to:

A) A society where digital connections are limited and media are primarily traditional.
B) A society where individuals are increasingly connected through digital platforms, affecting social structures.
C) The breakdown of social structures due to excessive media use.
D) A shift back to physical, offline interactions in society.

 

“The Prosumer Model” refers to:

A) The idea that producers and consumers of media are distinct and separate groups.
B) Audiences create media content while also consuming it, blurring the lines between creators and consumers.
C) The idea that producers alone control all media content.
D) Consumers rely solely on traditional media without creating content.

 

“The ‘Echo Chamber’ effect” in media refers to:

A) The ability of media to challenge existing beliefs and opinions.
B) The reinforcement of existing beliefs and ideas as individuals are exposed to similar content repeatedly.
C) The creation of new perspectives through diverse media content.
D) The fragmentation of media content to suit niche audiences.

 

“The ‘Technological Determinism’ perspective” emphasizes that:

A) Society influences technology.
B) Technology dictates social change and human behavior.
C) People have no control over technological advancements.
D) Technology is neutral and does not affect human behavior.

 

“The ‘Public Sphere’ model” by Habermas suggests that:

A) Media serves as a forum where citizens can engage in rational discourse and influence democratic decisions.
B) The media is controlled by the government to maintain order.
C) Public discussions are irrelevant in shaping media content.
D) Only elite groups have access to the public sphere.

 

“The ‘Cultural Imperialism’ theory” argues that:

A) Media has no impact on global culture.
B) Powerful nations use media to impose their culture and values on weaker nations.
C) The spread of media content leads to cultural equality.
D) Media promotes cultural diversity.

 

“The ‘Mediation’ of culture” refers to:

A) The process through which media influences and shapes cultural values, beliefs, and norms.
B) The direct transmission of cultural practices without influence.
C) The replacement of traditional cultural values with modern ones.
D) The isolation of cultures from each other due to media differences.

 

 

The “Spiral of Silence” theory suggests that:

A) People are more likely to speak up if they believe their opinion is widely held.
B) People will remain silent if they feel their opinion is in the minority.
C) Media voices are equally representative of all social groups.
D) Public opinion has no effect on media content.

 

“The Encoding/Decoding” model by Stuart Hall suggests that:

A) Media messages are only understood in the same way by all viewers.
B) Audiences interpret media messages based on their cultural and social contexts.
C) Media messages are decoded the same way by every individual.
D) Media messages do not affect the audience’s understanding of reality.

 

“The Hypodermic Needle Theory” suggests that:

A) Media content directly and powerfully influences audience behavior and attitudes.
B) Media content has little to no effect on audiences.
C) Audiences selectively ignore media messages.
D) Media effects are determined by the audience’s pre-existing beliefs.

 

“The Cultivation Theory” suggests that:

A) Media has little influence over people’s perceptions of reality.
B) Prolonged exposure to media content can shape and influence individuals’ perceptions of the world.
C) The more media people consume, the less they are influenced by it.
D) Media influences people’s opinions, but only on specific topics.

 

“The Public Sphere” in media theory refers to:

A) A physical space where media content is produced.
B) A private space where individuals can consume media content in isolation.
C) A space where citizens engage in discourse and debate on public issues, facilitated by media.
D) A virtual space for only elite groups to control media content.

 

“The Communication Accommodation Theory” explains how:

A) Media platforms always seek to accommodate the interests of audiences.
B) People adjust their communication styles to fit in with others during interactions.
C) Media content is universally accepted without the need for adaptation.
D) Communication styles cannot change depending on the context.

 

“The Social Cognitive Theory” suggests that:

A) Media consumption has no role in shaping behavior.
B) People learn behaviors and norms by observing media portrayals and imitating them.
C) Media only serves as entertainment and not as a learning tool.
D) Media messages are ignored by individuals who do not already identify with them.

 

“The Technological Determinism” theory states that:

A) Society shapes technology.
B) Technology is a neutral force that has no effect on human behavior.
C) Technology drives social change and influences human behavior.
D) Technology can be ignored in media studies.

 

“The Diffusion of Innovations” theory explains how:

A) Innovations spread through society from mass media channels.
B) New ideas or products spread through a social system at different rates.
C) Innovations spread only through government regulation.
D) Innovations are universally accepted without resistance.

 

“The Social Network Theory” emphasizes:

A) Media has no effect on the relationship between individuals.
B) Individuals are isolated from their social circles by digital media.
C) Social relationships and networks are influenced and shaped by media interactions.
D) Social networks are irrelevant to media consumption.

 

“The Media Dependency Theory” argues that:

A) People are independent of media, using it as a secondary source of information.
B) People become more dependent on media as society becomes more complex.
C) Media has no significant impact on people’s daily lives.
D) Media content is irrelevant to individual decision-making.

 

“The Digital Natives” theory refers to:

A) People who have limited interaction with digital technologies.
B) People who have grown up with digital technologies and are adept at using them.
C) Older generations who are not familiar with digital technologies.
D) People who reject the use of technology in everyday life.

 

“The Fear of Missing Out (FOMO)” in digital media refers to:

A) A person’s fear of missing out on important social events, leading to constant media consumption.
B) The desire to disconnect from media to avoid unnecessary stress.
C) A fear that digital media will be banned in the future.
D) A natural tendency to ignore social media notifications.

 

“The Media Literacy Theory” suggests that:

A) Audiences should passively consume media without questioning it.
B) Media content is always objective and should not be analyzed.
C) Media literacy involves critically analyzing and understanding media messages.
D) Media literacy is unnecessary in the digital age.

 

“The Postmodern Media Theory” is characterized by:

A) A belief in a single, objective truth presented in media.
B) The rejection of all traditional media forms in favor of digital media.
C) The blending of reality and fiction in media representations, questioning truth and meaning.
D) A focus on promoting traditional cultural values.

 

“The Social Presence Theory” focuses on:

A) How the absence of social interaction in digital media reduces communication quality.
B) How digital platforms create a sense of human presence in communication.
C) How media excludes social presence in its content.
D) How digital platforms limit human interaction altogether.

 

“The Critical Theory” in media analysis suggests that:

A) Media content is neutral and does not affect societal power dynamics.
B) Media is used as a tool by powerful groups to maintain control and reinforce societal inequalities.
C) Media has no influence on public attitudes or actions.
D) Media solely provides entertainment without any political agenda.

 

“The Uses and Gratifications Theory” posits that:

A) Audiences are passive consumers of media content.
B) Audiences actively choose media content based on their personal needs, such as entertainment or information.
C) Media content is irrelevant to audiences’ needs.
D) Media consumption does not vary based on individual preferences.

 

“The Narrowcasting” theory refers to:

A) Media outlets that broadcast general content to a mass audience.
B) Media that target niche audiences with specialized content.
C) The use of traditional broadcasting methods to reach all demographics.
D) Media outlets that avoid targeting any specific audience.

 

“The Net Neutrality” principle advocates for:

A) Internet service providers should be able to prioritize certain types of traffic over others.
B) All data on the internet should be treated equally by service providers.
C) The internet should be divided into paid and free tiers for access.
D) The government should control all internet services to prevent competition.

 

“The Digital Footprint” refers to:

A) The physical trail left by an individual when using digital devices.
B) The record of an individual’s online activity that can be traced and stored.
C) The literal trace of digital devices left in the environment.
D) The absence of digital information about an individual.

 

“The ‘Techno-panic’ Theory” suggests that:

A) Technological advancements are always embraced without fear.
B) People react with anxiety and fear to new technologies, particularly when they disrupt social norms.
C) Media and technology always benefit society in the long run.
D) People rarely have negative reactions to emerging technologies.

 

“The Web 2.0” concept refers to:

A) A basic internet model without interactivity.
B) A shift toward interactive, user-generated content, and social networking online.
C) The decline of social media platforms.
D) A focus on traditional, one-way media content delivery.

 

“The Second Screen” theory refers to:

A) The use of a mobile device while watching television or consuming other media content.
B) The decline of traditional media as people move entirely to digital.
C) Media content that does not require interaction.
D) Watching television without the use of a secondary device.

 

“The Social Media Amplification” theory suggests that:

A) Social media platforms help limit the spread of news and opinions.
B) Social media has no impact on the reach of content.
C) Social media amplifies voices, opinions, and news, making them more widespread.
D) Traditional media is more effective than social media in spreading information.

 

“The Mediated Communication Theory” explores:

A) How messages are directly exchanged between individuals without the use of media.
B) The role of media technologies in influencing and shaping interpersonal communication.
C) The idea that communication is always neutral and unaffected by media.
D) How traditional communication methods are superior to mediated communication.

 

 

The “Agenda-Setting Theory” suggests that:

A) Media content does not influence what people think about.
B) Media has the ability to influence what topics people think about, though it doesn’t tell them what to think.
C) Media content directly determines what people think.
D) People are not influenced by the media’s selection of topics.

 

“The Elaboration Likelihood Model” (ELM) focuses on:

A) The amount of information people process when making decisions based on media messages.
B) How people receive media messages in a passive, uncritical manner.
C) The direct influence of media on people’s attitudes without considering their own thinking.
D) The notion that media is irrelevant to attitude formation.

 

“The Framing Theory” suggests that:

A) Media selects and presents stories without influencing how they are interpreted.
B) Media presents news and stories in a way that influences audience interpretation, focusing on specific aspects of an issue.
C) Media content does not affect how people interpret messages.
D) People interpret media messages in exactly the same way regardless of presentation.

 

“The Media Ecology Theory” views media as:

A) Only a source of information.
B) Part of the environment that shapes human communication and culture over time.
C) A tool for amplifying human communication without any cultural effects.
D) A passive medium with no significant impact on social interaction.

 

“The Two-Step Flow Theory” suggests that:

A) Media messages directly influence all individuals equally.
B) Opinion leaders first receive information from media, then influence others.
C) Information from media is ignored by individuals.
D) Everyone in society is equally exposed to media messages.

 

The “Technological Utopianism” theory argues that:

A) Technological advancements will always have a negative impact on society.
B) Technology, particularly media technologies, will bring about positive societal change.
C) Technology has no real impact on social and cultural progress.
D) Technology is only beneficial to a small, elite group in society.

 

“The Global Village” theory by Marshall McLuhan suggests that:

A) The internet isolates people from one another in physical spaces.
B) Media technologies allow people to interact and connect globally, reducing geographic distances.
C) Global interactions are impossible in the digital age.
D) Media content is universally the same across cultures.

 

The “Digital Divide” refers to:

A) Equal access to digital technologies for all individuals.
B) The gap between those with access to digital technologies and those without.
C) The universal availability of digital content worldwide.
D) A societal shift where people no longer use technology.

 

“The Hyperreality” concept suggests that:

A) Media always provides a reflection of reality.
B) Media creates a distorted reality that people begin to accept as normal.
C) People rarely believe what they see on the media.
D) Real life and media content are always in harmony.

 

“The Fourth Estate” theory refers to:

A) Media’s role as a key democratic institution that holds power to account.
B) The idea that media content should only serve as entertainment.
C) Media’s purpose as a tool for government control.
D) Media’s lack of influence on political or social issues.

 

“The Mirror Model” in media theory suggests that:

A) Media serves as a tool to reflect and express public opinion.
B) Media distorts the truth and doesn’t accurately reflect reality.
C) Media has the power to dictate public opinion.
D) Media content is irrelevant to societal trends.

 

“The Symbolic Interactionism Theory” argues that:

A) Social reality is constructed through communication and media interactions.
B) Media messages are ignored by audiences in favor of real-life interactions.
C) People do not interact with the media in meaningful ways.
D) Media cannot shape social norms or values.

 

“The Spiral of Silence” theory suggests that people:

A) Will always speak out if they feel their opinion is correct.
B) Are more likely to remain silent if they feel their opinion is in the minority.
C) Ignore the opinions of others in public settings.
D) Avoid expressing opinions to protect societal consensus.

 

“The Social Influence Model” in media suggests that:

A) Media content is ignored by all individuals.
B) Individuals are influenced by their social groups in how they consume media.
C) Media content has no effect on individuals once it is consumed.
D) Media consumption is an isolated activity with no social influence.

 

“The Digital Natives” theory suggests that:

A) People born in the digital age are less familiar with technology.
B) People born before the rise of digital technology are more comfortable with digital media.
C) People born in the digital era are inherently more skilled in using digital technologies.
D) Digital media has no impact on how people communicate.

 

“The Uses and Gratifications Theory” emphasizes that:

A) Audiences passively accept media content without active engagement.
B) Media consumption is driven by personal needs, such as entertainment, information, or social interaction.
C) Media messages have a uniform effect on all individuals.
D) Audiences rarely actively choose what media content they engage with.

 

“The Cultivation Theory” suggests that:

A) Media consumption has no effect on viewers’ perceptions of reality.
B) Prolonged exposure to media content can shape how viewers perceive social reality.
C) Media messages are always understood in the same way.
D) Media has no lasting impact on viewers’ thoughts or behaviors.

 

“The Public Sphere” theory, as described by Habermas, suggests that:

A) Media should be controlled by the government for efficiency.
B) Media plays a crucial role in public debate and democratic engagement.
C) Public opinion is formed without media influence.
D) Public engagement is irrelevant in modern media practices.

 

“The Technological Determinism” perspective believes that:

A) Technology shapes human behavior and societal change.
B) Human behavior is unaffected by technological advancements.
C) Society shapes technology, and technology has no effect on society.
D) Technology’s role in society is irrelevant to human progress.

 

“The Net Neutrality” principle advocates for:

A) Internet service providers prioritizing certain types of content.
B) Equal treatment of all internet traffic, without discrimination or interference.
C) Media companies controlling internet access for profit.
D) Government censorship of internet content.

 

“The Media Framing” theory suggests that:

A) Media only tells the truth, without bias or interpretation.
B) Media influences public perception by focusing on certain aspects of an issue.
C) Public perception is unaffected by how media presents information.
D) The media always presents news in an objective and impartial manner.

 

“The Social Cognitive Theory” proposes that:

A) Media has no effect on how people develop and learn.
B) People learn behaviors by observing others in media and imitating them.
C) Social norms are formed independently of media influences.
D) Media consumption does not contribute to the development of social behaviors.

 

“The Knowledge Gap Theory” suggests that:

A) People are equally informed about issues due to equal access to media.
B) People with higher social status or education gain more knowledge from media, creating a gap with less privileged groups.
C) Media content always addresses the needs of the entire audience.
D) Media has no effect on the knowledge or behavior of the audience.

 

“The Digital Divide” highlights:

A) The barriers between individuals who have access to technology and those who do not.
B) Equal access to technology for everyone, regardless of background.
C) The rise of digital literacy in all global populations.
D) The rejection of technology by rural communities.

 

“The Hyperlocal Media” theory refers to:

A) Media that caters to global or national news.
B) Media content that is relevant to a specific, localized community or audience.
C) Media that is directed towards elite, metropolitan audiences.
D) Media that ignores the interests of local populations in favor of global issues.

 

 

The “Third-Person Effect” theory suggests that:

A) People believe media affects them more than it does others.
B) People believe that media affects everyone equally.
C) People believe that media has no impact on society.
D) Media only affects those who are actively consuming it.

 

“The Technology Acceptance Model” (TAM) explains that:

A) Media users are resistant to new media technologies.
B) Media adoption depends on the perceived ease of use and usefulness of technology.
C) People will adopt any media technology without questioning its usefulness.
D) Media technologies are universally accepted by all users.

 

The “Cultural Studies” approach to media theory focuses on:

A) The economic factors influencing media production.
B) The ways in which media represents and shapes cultural identities.
C) The scientific study of media and its effects.
D) The technological components that influence media production.

 

“The Spiral of Silence” theory focuses on:

A) Individuals’ tendency to remain silent when they feel their opinion is in the minority.
B) The way media encourages people to speak out about controversial issues.
C) The role of media in promoting democratic participation.
D) The relationship between the media and public discourse.

 

The “Uses and Gratifications” theory argues that:

A) Audiences passively consume media content without any personal motives.
B) Audiences actively seek out media content to satisfy various needs and desires.
C) Media consumption has no effect on audience behavior.
D) People generally ignore media content.

 

The “Encoding/Decoding” model by Stuart Hall explains that:

A) Media content is always understood in the same way by all viewers.
B) Media content is actively encoded by producers and passively decoded by audiences.
C) The interpretation of media is determined solely by producers, not by the audience.
D) Media messages are decoded and interpreted in a predictable manner by all audiences.

 

“The Propaganda Model” of media argues that:

A) Media is a neutral force that provides objective content.
B) Media serves the interests of elite groups and corporations, shaping public opinion in their favor.
C) Propaganda is irrelevant in modern media practices.
D) Media serves the public good by promoting democratic values.

 

The “Political Economy of Communication” approach focuses on:

A) The financial motivations behind media production and distribution.
B) The impact of media on individual behaviors.
C) The cultural values represented in media.
D) The psychological effects of media on the audience.

 

“The Media Richness Theory” suggests that:

A) Different types of media are equally effective at conveying messages.
B) Richer forms of media, like face-to-face communication, are more effective for complex messages.
C) Simpler forms of media, like text messages, are better for complex information.
D) Media richness has no impact on the effectiveness of communication.

 

“The Social Network Theory” suggests that:

A) Media influence is primarily determined by the size of a person’s social circle.
B) Social relationships and networks play a critical role in how media messages are disseminated.
C) Media has no impact on social interactions or network building.
D) Social networks exist independently from media content.

 

The “Cultivation Theory” suggests that:

A) Media exposure has no impact on perceptions of reality.
B) Heavy media consumption cultivates a perception of reality that aligns with media portrayals.
C) People are not influenced by media content in their daily lives.
D) Media creates an alternative reality that is entirely disconnected from real life.

 

The “Self-Discrepancy Theory” explains that:

A) Media influences are limited to shaping people’s self-esteem.
B) People experience emotional discomfort when their actual self doesn’t align with their ideal self, often influenced by media portrayals.
C) Media creates a perfectly accurate portrayal of reality, reducing self-discrepancy.
D) People’s self-worth is unaffected by media representations.

 

“The Law of Third-Person Effect” theory states that:

A) Media influences are equal for all individuals, regardless of their personal context.
B) People believe that media affects others more than it affects them.
C) People believe they are immune to media influences.
D) Media does not affect the opinions or behaviors of anyone.

 

“The Public Relations Theory” suggests that:

A) Media is irrelevant to the way organizations manage their public image.
B) Organizations use media strategically to build and maintain relationships with the public.
C) Public relations has no impact on the way media messages are shaped.
D) Organizations ignore media when crafting their public image.

 

“The Diffusion of Innovations” theory suggests that:

A) New ideas and technologies spread slowly and are rarely adopted.
B) Innovations are adopted at the same rate across all segments of society.
C) Innovations spread through social systems in stages, with early adopters influencing later adopters.
D) Technological innovations have little influence on social behavior.

 

“The Hypodermic Needle Theory” suggests that:

A) Media messages are directly and uniformly injected into the consciousness of the audience.
B) People actively interpret media messages in diverse ways.
C) Media messages are irrelevant to the audiences they target.
D) Media content is never persuasive or influential.

 

“The Media Saturation” theory suggests that:

A) Media exposure has no effect on individual behavior.
B) People are becoming less affected by media as exposure increases.
C) Increased exposure to media leads to greater societal engagement.
D) The constant presence of media leads to desensitization and influence on societal behaviors.

 

“The Media Dependency Theory” suggests that:

A) Media consumption is irrelevant to how people form opinions.
B) People depend on media for information and socialization, particularly during uncertain situations.
C) Media dependency is only a short-term phenomenon.
D) People who consume media less frequently are unaffected by it.

 

“The Audience Reception Theory” focuses on:

A) How audiences receive media content in a passive manner.
B) The various ways in which audiences interpret media messages, which may differ based on personal experiences and social contexts.
C) Media’s ability to control the way messages are interpreted by all individuals.
D) The way audiences ignore media messages altogether.

 

The “Media Hegemony” theory suggests that:

A) Media serves as a tool for public education and empowerment.
B) Media supports the interests of dominant groups by shaping public opinion in their favor.
C) Media has no influence on power dynamics in society.
D) Media content is neutral and equally accessible to all audiences.

 

“The Encoding/Decoding Model” by Stuart Hall suggests that:

A) Media producers have no control over how audiences interpret their content.
B) Audience interpretations of media are influenced by cultural context, social background, and individual experiences.
C) All audiences interpret media content in the same way.
D) Media content is solely shaped by producers and never influenced by audience interpretations.

 

“The Media as an Institution” perspective views media as:

A) A passive mechanism for delivering entertainment.
B) A socially constructed institution that serves to shape cultural norms, values, and power dynamics.
C) A temporary force that has no lasting societal impact.
D) An isolated platform for individual expression without collective influence.

 

“The Ethics of Media” theory addresses:

A) How media promotes unethical behavior in society.
B) The moral responsibility of media producers and consumers in the creation and dissemination of content.
C) The irrelevance of ethics in media production.
D) The assumption that all media content is ethical by default.

 

“The Representation Theory” suggests that:

A) Media has no role in shaping societal stereotypes.
B) Media is a key tool in shaping and reinforcing societal ideas about race, gender, class, and identity.
C) Media representations are always accurate depictions of reality.
D) People’s perceptions of reality are completely unaffected by media portrayals.

 

“The Stereotype Threat Theory” argues that:

A) Stereotypes have no effect on media content.
B) Stereotyped individuals may feel anxiety or pressure to conform to negative societal stereotypes, affecting their behavior.
C) Stereotypes are not relevant to media theory.
D) Media only perpetuates positive stereotypes of marginalized groups.

 

 

“The Uses and Gratifications Theory” posits that:

A) Media consumption is primarily driven by unconscious needs.
B) People actively seek media to satisfy specific needs, such as information, entertainment, and social connection.
C) Media is a passive experience for the audience.
D) People do not have control over their media consumption choices.

 

“The Elaboration Likelihood Model” (ELM) of persuasion suggests that:

A) People always process media messages in a thoughtful, deliberate manner.
B) People process media messages in either a central route (carefully and thoughtfully) or a peripheral route (casually and with minimal effort).
C) Persuasion through media is always ineffective.
D) Media messages have no persuasive power.

 

“The Framing Theory” suggests that:

A) Media is neutral and objective, providing information without bias.
B) Media selects certain aspects of reality and frames them in a particular way, shaping how the audience perceives the issue.
C) Media framing has no impact on audience perceptions.
D) All media messages are framed the same way.

 

“The Agenda-Setting Theory” argues that:

A) The media influences what people think about, but not necessarily how they think about it.
B) Media has no role in shaping public attention or priorities.
C) People are only influenced by media when it matches their existing beliefs.
D) Media sets the agenda for government policies.

 

The “Cognitive Dissonance Theory” suggests that:

A) People seek information that contradicts their existing beliefs.
B) People experience psychological discomfort when they encounter information that conflicts with their existing beliefs and will often change their views to reduce this discomfort.
C) People are indifferent to conflicting information.
D) Cognitive dissonance only affects non-media related behavior.

 

“The Knowledge Gap Hypothesis” suggests that:

A) All people have equal access to media and thus acquire knowledge at the same rate.
B) People who have greater access to media and educational resources acquire knowledge more quickly, while others fall behind.
C) Media consumption is unrelated to knowledge acquisition.
D) Knowledge gaps are irrelevant in today’s digital media landscape.

 

“The Spiral of Silence” theory argues that:

A) People are more likely to speak out when they believe their opinion is in the majority.
B) People are more likely to remain silent when they believe their opinion is in the minority, even if they disagree with the majority.
C) Media plays no role in influencing people’s willingness to speak out.
D) Silence is a voluntary choice made by all individuals.

 

“The Social Cognitive Theory” by Albert Bandura emphasizes that:

A) Media consumption has no effect on learning behaviors.
B) People learn behaviors by observing others, including through media representations.
C) Media is a passive experience where no learning occurs.
D) Media should only be used to teach factual knowledge.

 

“The Cultivation Theory” suggests that:

A) Media exposure has no effect on perceptions of reality.
B) Media exposure shapes viewers’ perceptions of social reality, particularly with heavy media consumption leading to a worldview aligned with media portrayals.
C) People resist the influence of media, regardless of exposure.
D) Media content is irrelevant to societal perceptions.

 

“The Political Economy of Media” examines how:

A) Media organizations maintain editorial independence and avoid external influence.
B) Media systems are shaped by the financial interests of major corporations and governmental influences.
C) The political views of the media producers do not affect their content.
D) Media is entirely independent from economic systems and governments.

 

“The Media Dependency Theory” suggests that:

A) People are completely independent of media influences in their decision-making.
B) People rely on media for information, especially in uncertain situations, and their behavior is influenced by the media content they consume.
C) Media has no impact on people’s decision-making processes.
D) People prefer media with minimal information.

 

“The Diffusion of Innovations” theory, proposed by Everett Rogers, describes how:

A) Innovations spread through society based on an individual’s social status.
B) Innovations spread in a uniform manner, impacting all members of society equally.
C) New ideas and technologies are adopted in stages, with early adopters influencing later adopters.
D) Innovations do not impact social systems and spread only within specific communities.

 

“The Hegemonic Theory” argues that:

A) Media messages are neutral and unaffected by power structures.
B) Media reinforces the power and ideology of dominant groups in society, often limiting alternative viewpoints.
C) Hegemony does not play a role in shaping media content.
D) Media only supports minority viewpoints and resists mainstream power structures.

 

“The Technology Determinism Theory” suggests that:

A) Society shapes technology to fit its needs and values.
B) Technology shapes society, with innovations driving social change and human behavior.
C) Technology has no impact on society’s values or behaviors.
D) Society and technology evolve independently without influencing each other.

 

“The Social Network Theory” focuses on:

A) How media organizations create content independently of the audience.
B) How social interactions and relationships, often mediated by digital technologies, influence the spread of media content.
C) The passive role of media consumers in the information process.
D) The isolation of individuals from their social networks.

 

“The Narcotizing Dysfunction” theory suggests that:

A) Media exposure provides immediate, impactful change on public opinion.
B) Excessive media consumption can result in apathy or inaction, as audiences become desensitized to social issues.
C) Media has no effect on public participation or awareness.
D) Media is always empowering and motivating audiences.

 

“The Symbolic Interactionism” theory argues that:

A) Media creates universal meanings that apply equally to all individuals.
B) People create meaning through social interactions, and media plays a role in shaping these meanings through symbols and representations.
C) Media has no influence on the way individuals understand symbols.
D) Symbolic interactionism focuses on non-verbal communication in media.

 

“The Moral Panic Theory” suggests that:

A) Media causes societal problems by exaggerating issues and creating unwarranted fear among the public.
B) Media is often neutral in reporting societal issues without instigating panic.
C) Media’s portrayal of societal issues has no impact on public fear or behavior.
D) Moral panics only occur in societies with low media literacy.

 

“The Hypodermic Needle Theory” (also known as the “Magic Bullet Theory”) suggests that:

A) Media messages are passively received by audiences without any effect.
B) Media messages have a powerful, direct influence on audience behavior and attitudes, like a “needle” injecting ideas.
C) Media effects vary greatly and are never uniform.
D) People actively choose which media messages to interpret.

 

“The Social Exchange Theory” suggests that:

A) Media consumption has no social implications.
B) People evaluate their relationships with media based on the costs and rewards associated with media content.
C) Media plays a passive role in social exchanges.
D) All media interactions are equally rewarding for the audience.

 

“The News Framing Theory” is based on the idea that:

A) News outlets are neutral and provide balanced reporting without any framing.
B) News outlets select and highlight certain aspects of an issue, shaping public perception and understanding.
C) News stories are always framed in the same way by all outlets.
D) News framing has no significant impact on audience perceptions.

 

“The Two-Step Flow Theory” posits that:

A) Media directly influences audience behavior without any intermediary.
B) Media messages first influence opinion leaders, who then influence others within their social circles.
C) People passively consume media messages without any filtering.
D) Media has no influence on individuals’ decisions or opinions.

 

“The Gender-Role Stereotyping” theory focuses on:

A) How media portrayals of gender roles shape societal expectations and individual identity.
B) The equal representation of all genders in media.
C) The biological differences between genders and their implications for media.
D) The use of gender-neutral language in media.

 

“The Advertising Effectiveness Theory” suggests that:

A) Advertising has no effect on consumer behavior.
B) Advertising messages can shape consumer preferences and decisions through repeated exposure.
C) Consumers are always immune to advertising influences.
D) Advertising is most effective when there is minimal exposure.

 

“The Digital Divide Theory” suggests that:

A) Media access is equally available to all individuals.
B) There are significant disparities in access to digital technologies, creating inequalities in the ability to engage with media and information.
C) Digital technology eliminates inequalities in media consumption.
D) Media technology affects only a small portion of society.

 

 

“The Uses and Gratifications Theory” argues that people:

A) Use media passively without thinking.
B) Use media actively to satisfy specific needs and desires.
C) Avoid media due to negative effects.
D) Never engage with media for entertainment.

 

“The Diffusion of Innovations” focuses on how:

A) Technologies spread based on government regulation.
B) Innovations spread among members of a society in stages, with early adopters influencing later adopters.
C) Innovations are equally adopted by all social classes at the same time.
D) Innovations are generally resisted by society.

 

“The Cultivation Theory” suggests that:

A) Media only reflects reality without shaping it.
B) Long-term exposure to media content shapes people’s perceptions of reality, often in line with media portrayals.
C) People who consume more media tend to be more informed about the world.
D) Media consumption has no effect on public perceptions.

 

“The Spiral of Silence” theory suggests that people:

A) Feel free to express their opinions regardless of majority views.
B) Stay silent when they believe their opinions are in the minority to avoid social isolation.
C) Always express their opinions openly.
D) Ignore the opinions of others entirely.

 

“The Elaboration Likelihood Model” explains that persuasion can occur in two ways:

A) Through thoughtful processing (central route) or surface-level processing (peripheral route).
B) Only through careful, deliberate analysis.
C) Only through emotional appeals.
D) Only through subconscious processing.

 

“The Knowledge Gap Hypothesis” suggests that:

A) People acquire knowledge at the same rate, regardless of their access to media.
B) People with more access to media and education tend to acquire knowledge more quickly than those with less access.
C) Knowledge acquisition does not depend on media access.
D) Knowledge acquisition is unaffected by media.

 

“The Hegemonic Theory” argues that:

A) Media provides equal representation of all social groups.
B) Media reinforces the power of dominant groups in society, often by limiting alternative viewpoints.
C) Hegemony does not influence media content.
D) Media is entirely objective, regardless of power structures.

 

“The Social Cognitive Theory” emphasizes that:

A) People only learn through formal education.
B) Media has no impact on people’s behavior.
C) People learn behaviors by observing others, including through media representations.
D) Media is an irrelevant factor in behavior learning.

 

“The Political Economy of Media” theory focuses on:

A) The impact of governmental regulations on media content.
B) The influence of economic interests and power structures on media production and content.
C) The ways media can be completely neutral.
D) The freedom of individual media producers.

 

“The Media Dependency Theory” suggests that:

A) People are completely independent of media in their decision-making.
B) People are more likely to rely on media in uncertain situations and their behavior is influenced by the media content they consume.
C) Media has no influence on decision-making.
D) People have unlimited media options and rarely depend on any one source.

 

“The Social Network Theory” examines how:

A) Social media platforms influence the way individuals interact and form connections.
B) Social networks do not play any significant role in media consumption.
C) Individuals are isolated from each other and do not form online networks.
D) Social media is irrelevant to social interaction.

 

“The Narcotizing Dysfunction” suggests that:

A) Media consumption motivates people to take action on social issues.
B) Excessive media exposure leads to apathy, as people become desensitized to important social issues.
C) Media has no impact on people’s engagement with societal problems.
D) People always react to media with immediate action.

 

“The News Framing Theory” argues that:

A) All media coverage of an event is unbiased and objective.
B) The way a news story is framed, including the angle and context, influences how the audience interprets the issue.
C) News stories always present facts without interpretation.
D) Framing has no impact on public perception.

 

“The Symbolic Interactionism Theory” suggests that:

A) People only interact with media passively.
B) People create meaning through their interactions, with media playing a key role in shaping these meanings through symbols and representations.
C) Media plays no role in shaping social meanings.
D) People always interpret media messages in the same way.

 

“The Cognitive Dissonance Theory” argues that:

A) People enjoy encountering information that contradicts their existing beliefs.
B) People feel uncomfortable when exposed to information that conflicts with their beliefs and often change their views to reduce discomfort.
C) Cognitive dissonance does not impact people’s beliefs.
D) People always reject information that contradicts their views.

 

“The Moral Panic Theory” suggests that:

A) Media plays a positive role in reducing fear in society.
B) Media exaggerates societal issues, causing unnecessary fear and concern among the public.
C) Moral panics only occur in societies with minimal media exposure.
D) Media focuses only on rational reporting without emotional effects.

 

“The Political Economy of Media” theory suggests that:

A) Media content is shaped by the economic interests of corporations and political powers.
B) Media content is always produced independently of political or economic interests.
C) Media is primarily shaped by the free choices of individuals.
D) Media corporations do not influence public opinion.

 

“The Two-Step Flow Theory” posits that:

A) Media directly influences audience behavior without any intermediary.
B) Opinion leaders are influenced by media and in turn influence others in their social networks.
C) All people are equally influenced by the media.
D) Opinion leaders have no effect on social networks.

 

“The Framing Theory” suggests that:

A) Media simply presents events without interpreting them.
B) Media highlights specific aspects of an issue, which shapes how the audience perceives the situation.
C) Framing only occurs in political media.
D) All media messages are framed identically.

 

“The Gender-Role Stereotyping Theory” focuses on:

A) The equal representation of all genders in media.
B) The ways in which media perpetuates stereotypical gender roles that influence societal expectations.
C) The elimination of gender roles in modern media.
D) The unchanging nature of gender roles in society.

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