NURS 4015 Public and Global Health Practice Test

1. Which of the following is a key principle of global health?
A. The focus is on individual treatment rather than community health
B. Health policies are shaped by cultural norms specific to one country
C. Health disparities transcend national borders and require collective action
D. Disease prevention is the sole responsibility of healthcare providers

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2. What is the primary goal of public health initiatives in low-income countries?
A. To increase the number of healthcare providers
B. To reduce infant mortality and improve sanitation
C. To build new healthcare facilities in urban areas
D. To promote high-cost medical technologies

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3. Which sociopolitical factor is most likely to influence health outcomes on a global scale?
A. International trade agreements
B. The geographical location of health clinics
C. Political leadership stability
D. Individual exercise habits

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4. How do nurses play a role in promoting global health?
A. By working primarily within their local communities
B. By leading political movements focused on healthcare funding
C. By addressing health disparities through advocacy and education
D. By focusing solely on disease treatment within their hospitals

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5. What is the primary purpose of the World Health Organization (WHO)?
A. To develop medical technologies for global use
B. To provide direct healthcare services in all countries
C. To coordinate international efforts to improve health
D. To establish national healthcare laws

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6. Which of the following is a major determinant of health in global populations?
A. Genetics
B. Income and social status
C. Age
D. Gender

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7. Which of the following best describes epidemiology in a global health context?
A. It focuses solely on non-communicable diseases
B. It studies how diseases spread and affect populations
C. It only addresses diseases that occur in developed countries
D. It is concerned only with the spread of infectious diseases

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8. What factor most significantly contributes to the spread of infectious diseases across borders?
A. Increased funding for healthcare
B. Globalization and international travel
C. Political instability
D. The implementation of health programs

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9. Which of the following interventions is most effective in reducing infant mortality rates in developing countries?
A. Expanding access to clean water and sanitation
B. Expanding access to luxury health services
C. Promoting maternal smoking cessation
D. Increasing the number of medical schools

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10. How does climate change impact global health?
A. It leads to the expansion of healthcare facilities in urban areas
B. It causes disruptions in food security and water availability
C. It decreases the frequency of natural disasters
D. It increases global economic prosperity, improving health

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11. Nurses in global health are expected to be leaders in which of the following areas?
A. Disease prevention
B. Direct patient treatment only
C. Research funding
D. Implementing medical technologies

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12. Which is the most critical health issue for nurses to address in refugee populations?
A. Psychological trauma and mental health care
B. Access to luxury medical treatments
C. Discrimination based on ethnic background
D. The development of new vaccines

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13. The primary objective of health promotion is to:
A. Increase the number of healthcare providers
B. Prevent disease by improving health literacy and lifestyle
C. Focus on treatment of individuals rather than communities
D. Increase global trade in medical supplies

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14. What is the most significant global health risk associated with urbanization?
A. Increased access to healthcare
B. Improved sanitation
C. Increased risk of chronic diseases due to lifestyle changes
D. Improved air quality

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15. The concept of “health equity” in global health refers to:
A. Equal healthcare access regardless of socioeconomic status
B. Equal treatment for all diseases worldwide
C. Offering the same healthcare resources to all countries
D. Providing only free healthcare to low-income populations

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16. How can nurses effectively engage in global health education and advocacy?
A. By limiting their involvement to local community health programs
B. By focusing solely on clinical treatment and disease prevention
C. By educating diverse populations about health risks and prevention
D. By organizing political movements to change healthcare laws

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17. Which of the following factors is most important in combating the global spread of antibiotic-resistant diseases?
A. Over-the-counter access to antibiotics
B. The rapid development of new antibiotics
C. Proper use of antibiotics and infection control measures
D. Increasing the number of hospitals globally

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18. Nurses contribute to the sustainability of global health initiatives by:
A. Only treating patients with communicable diseases
B. Designing medical technologies
C. Educating communities and promoting healthy lifestyles
D. Focusing exclusively on large-scale healthcare systems

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19. What is one of the primary goals of health systems strengthening in low-income countries?
A. To reduce healthcare costs
B. To increase healthcare availability and accessibility
C. To create new health technologies
D. To focus on luxury medical care for the elite

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20. Which of the following is a key factor in improving maternal health in global health settings?
A. Access to prenatal care and safe delivery practices
B. Use of traditional medicine exclusively
C. Providing only advanced medical technologies
D. Increasing the number of male healthcare workers

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21. What role does a nurse play in disaster relief efforts?
A. Only providing technical support to healthcare professionals
B. Managing the allocation of financial resources
C. Providing emergency care and health education to affected populations
D. Reducing global health inequalities

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22. Which public health issue is most associated with the rise of non-communicable diseases globally?
A. Political instability
B. Aging populations and lifestyle factors
C. Increased international trade
D. High infant mortality rates

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23. Which population is most vulnerable to the effects of global health threats such as pandemics?
A. Wealthy individuals in developed countries
B. Children and the elderly in low-income countries
C. Politically powerful individuals
D. Middle-class adults with chronic diseases

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24. Nurses in global health programs are responsible for which of the following activities?
A. Creating new pharmaceuticals for disease treatment
B. Leading government health agencies
C. Educating communities about disease prevention and health maintenance
D. Focusing only on hospital-based care

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25. What is a key challenge in addressing mental health in global health efforts?
A. The lack of trained mental health professionals
B. Lack of interest in mental health care
C. Excessive funding for mental health programs
D. Global political consensus on mental health priorities

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26. Which of the following best describes the role of the nurse in reducing health inequities on a global scale?
A. By solely focusing on individual patient care
B. By advocating for policy changes and providing education to underserved populations
C. By limiting their efforts to treating infectious diseases
D. By working exclusively in developed countries

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27. What is one of the major challenges in addressing infectious diseases in global health?
A. The availability of vaccines for all populations
B. The high cost of medical technologies
C. The ability to reach remote and underserved areas with healthcare services
D. Political stability in most countries

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28. The role of nurses in global health leadership includes:
A. Managing healthcare systems in wealthy countries
B. Advocating for global health policies and practices
C. Developing global medical technologies
D. Treating only rare diseases

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29. Which global health issue is most associated with the effects of climate change?
A. Increased rates of communicable diseases
B. Reduced access to clean water and food security
C. Increased healthcare access
D. Reduced rates of chronic diseases

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30. How do nurses contribute to global health initiatives in disaster-prone areas?
A. By providing emergency care, coordinating relief efforts, and promoting long-term recovery
B. By conducting research on disease trends in developed nations
C. By focusing on administrative duties within hospitals
D. By working solely in developed countries

31. What is the primary reason for the increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries?
A. Improved sanitation and healthcare
B. Lifestyle changes such as poor diet and lack of physical activity
C. Increased focus on infectious disease prevention
D. Lack of access to healthcare facilities

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32. Which of the following is a fundamental concept of the “One Health” approach?
A. Focusing exclusively on human health
B. Integrating human, animal, and environmental health
C. Concentrating only on agricultural health practices
D. Preventing the spread of zoonotic diseases through vaccination alone

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33. The global health burden of malaria is most significant in which region?
A. Sub-Saharan Africa
B. North America
C. Europe
D. South Asia

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34. Nurses involved in global health research must prioritize which of the following ethical principles?
A. Maximizing profits for health organizations
B. Respecting local customs and gaining community consent
C. Focusing only on large-scale interventions
D. Promoting the interests of pharmaceutical companies

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35. What is a major global health concern related to aging populations?
A. Increased risk of infectious diseases
B. Increased need for mental health services
C. The decline of communicable diseases
D. Reduced access to healthcare due to fewer healthcare providers

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36. Which of the following best describes “health promotion” in a global health context?
A. The treatment of diseases in hospitals
B. The focus on curative measures for specific diseases
C. The process of enabling people to improve their health through education and environmental changes
D. The development of new vaccines for emerging diseases

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37. What is the primary objective of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)?
A. To increase global trade
B. To reduce poverty and improve health outcomes globally
C. To limit the spread of infectious diseases only
D. To create a unified global health system

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38. Which of the following health interventions is most effective in preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS in low-income countries?
A. Providing free antiretroviral drugs
B. Educating populations about prevention and safe practices
C. Building more hospitals
D. Expanding access to luxury healthcare services

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39. What is a primary driver of health inequities in global populations?
A. Cultural understanding
B. Access to affordable healthcare
C. Availability of luxury medical devices
D. Political agreement on global health issues

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40. Which of the following is the main global health concern related to water scarcity?
A. Poor sanitation leading to the spread of diseases like cholera
B. Increased access to safe drinking water
C. Overpopulation in rural areas
D. Improvements in global health infrastructure

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41. How do nurses contribute to global health sustainability?
A. By providing curative care only
B. By focusing on educating communities about prevention and healthy practices
C. By designing medical devices for global distribution
D. By working exclusively in developed nations

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42. What is one of the primary challenges in controlling tuberculosis (TB) on a global scale?
A. The lack of vaccines for all populations
B. Stigma and lack of awareness about the disease
C. The inability to access medical treatments in urban centers
D. Lack of interest in research and development

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43. Nurses can address health disparities in global populations by:
A. Only focusing on infectious diseases
B. Promoting cultural competence and understanding in health practices
C. Limiting their care to wealthy populations
D. Reducing healthcare costs through hospital administration

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44. What is a major global health issue that results from urbanization?
A. Decreased rates of infectious disease
B. Improved healthcare infrastructure
C. Increased air pollution and its effects on respiratory health
D. Better access to clean water

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45. What factor is most associated with the rise of obesity in developing nations?
A. Increased access to high-calorie foods and sedentary lifestyles
B. Increased consumption of fruits and vegetables
C. Reduced reliance on traditional diets
D. Improved physical activity among youth

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46. What is the leading cause of death among children under 5 years old globally?
A. Malaria
B. Pneumonia
C. Diarrheal diseases
D. Birth defects

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47. The role of nurses in responding to global health emergencies includes:
A. Reducing the costs of health interventions
B. Coordinating emergency care, providing education, and promoting recovery
C. Focusing only on administrative tasks
D. Designing medical equipment for global distribution

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48. Which of the following is an example of a social determinant of health that affects global health outcomes?
A. Genetics and family medical history
B. Geographic location and living conditions
C. The availability of new vaccines
D. The quality of pharmaceuticals in a region

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49. What is the primary focus of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in relation to health?
A. To reduce the cost of healthcare for individuals
B. To end poverty and promote well-being for all people, including health equity
C. To create universal access to health insurance
D. To increase profits in the global health sector

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50. Which of the following is a key factor in the success of vaccination programs in global health?
A. Political commitment and community engagement
B. Distribution of free vaccines only in urban areas
C. Focus on curative care after vaccination failure
D. Reduced healthcare costs

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51. What is the primary objective of addressing maternal mortality in global health initiatives?
A. To provide prenatal care only to wealthy populations
B. To reduce the number of maternal deaths by improving access to care during pregnancy and childbirth
C. To eliminate maternal health programs in low-income countries
D. To focus on male reproductive health only

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52. What is a key concern of public health professionals regarding global migration?
A. The potential for increased healthcare access
B. The need to provide healthcare to displaced populations and prevent the spread of diseases
C. The ability to expand global health programs without political interference
D. The decline in healthcare quality in urban centers

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53. How does globalization contribute to the spread of infectious diseases?
A. By limiting access to healthcare
B. By increasing international travel and trade, facilitating disease transmission
C. By providing better surveillance and prevention programs
D. By focusing on vaccination campaigns only

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54. How do nurses in global health roles help with chronic disease prevention?
A. By focusing only on providing medications
B. By promoting healthier lifestyles through education, early detection, and prevention strategies
C. By offering only specialized treatments
D. By restricting care to high-income populations

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55. Which of the following is a significant challenge in addressing mental health in low-resource settings?
A. Availability of mental health specialists
B. Overpopulation in urban areas
C. Lack of community support for mental health care
D. High prevalence of infectious diseases

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56. Which global health strategy is most effective in addressing malnutrition in children?
A. Increasing access to specialty food products
B. Promoting exclusive breastfeeding and improving access to nutritious foods
C. Focusing only on treatment of malnourished children in hospitals
D. Eliminating traditional diets in low-income countries

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57. How does public health surveillance help in global health management?
A. By focusing only on curative treatments
B. By providing real-time data to track disease outbreaks and inform prevention strategies
C. By reducing the cost of health programs globally
D. By eliminating the need for emergency response teams

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58. Which of the following is an essential component of disaster preparedness in global health?
A. Building advanced medical technologies for quick distribution
B. Creating systems for rapid response, resource allocation, and post-disaster recovery
C. Limiting the number of healthcare providers in affected regions
D. Focusing on disease prevention rather than disaster relief

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59. What is a key factor in reducing the health impact of climate change?
A. Expanding the use of fossil fuels
B. Strengthening resilience of healthcare systems to climate-related health impacts
C. Decreasing international travel
D. Providing more medical supplies to wealthy countries

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60. What is the most effective way to address the global rise of antibiotic resistance?
A. Limiting the availability of antibiotics to healthcare providers
B. Implementing stricter regulations on the use of antibiotics and promoting alternative treatments
C. Expanding access to new antibiotics
D. Reducing global health funding

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33. The global health burden of malaria is most significant in which region?
A. Sub-Saharan Africa
B. North America
C. Europe
D. South Asia

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46. What is the leading cause of death among children under 5 years old globally?
A. Malaria
B. Pneumonia
C. Diarrheal diseases
D. Birth defects

91. Which of the following is the primary purpose of the World Health Organization (WHO)?
A. To regulate global trade
B. To provide technical assistance and coordinate international health efforts
C. To set global tariffs on medical goods
D. To monitor health outcomes in individual countries only

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92. How do nurses contribute to reducing the impact of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) globally?
A. By promoting the use of antibiotics without prescription
B. By educating communities on the proper use of antibiotics and infection prevention
C. By discouraging the use of vaccines
D. By focusing only on acute infection treatment

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93. The global health impact of climate change primarily affects which of the following?
A. Increased access to clean water
B. Health outcomes related to heat stress, air pollution, and the spread of infectious diseases
C. Decreased rates of chronic diseases
D. Improved sanitation infrastructure in low-income countries

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94. What is the key focus of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria?
A. To eliminate all diseases in high-income countries
B. To support international research for the eradication of common cold
C. To mobilize resources and provide grants for programs addressing AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria in low-income countries
D. To focus on health insurance in wealthy nations

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95. What is a significant barrier to improving maternal health in many low-income countries?
A. Overpopulation
B. Limited access to skilled birth attendants and quality maternal care
C. High levels of healthcare spending
D. Excessive availability of maternal health specialists

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96. What is the main objective of the “Healthy People” initiative in global health?
A. To increase the number of healthcare facilities in high-income countries
B. To reduce health disparities and improve the quality of life for all people globally
C. To focus exclusively on reducing the cost of healthcare services
D. To eliminate all chronic diseases

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97. The “Health for All” initiative focuses on:
A. Ensuring that healthcare is a basic human right accessible to everyone
B. Providing free healthcare only to wealthier populations
C. Restricting healthcare access in rural areas
D. Developing expensive medical technologies for high-income countries

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98. What is the role of nurses in preventing the spread of infectious diseases globally?
A. By focusing on the treatment of acute diseases only
B. By providing care to patients in hospitals only
C. By educating populations on hygiene, vaccination, and prevention methods
D. By restricting care to wealthy countries

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99. Which of the following is the most effective way to address the problem of health inequities in global populations?
A. Offering treatment in private healthcare settings only
B. Strengthening health systems to ensure universal access to healthcare
C. Focusing exclusively on the treatment of diseases in developed countries
D. Limiting healthcare resources to high-income populations

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100. Which of the following is the primary focus of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal #6 (Clean Water and Sanitation)?
A. Improving economic growth in healthcare sectors
B. Ensuring universal access to clean water and sanitation to reduce waterborne diseases
C. Encouraging water privatization in rural areas
D. Reducing the spread of climate change

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101. What is the primary health impact of undernutrition in children globally?
A. Increased life expectancy
B. Increased vulnerability to infections and developmental delays
C. Enhanced immunity against diseases
D. Improved quality of life

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102. How can nurses address the increasing problem of urban health disparities?
A. By focusing on rural health issues only
B. By promoting access to healthcare and addressing social determinants of health in urban communities
C. By limiting healthcare access to wealthier urban populations
D. By focusing only on clinical care in hospitals

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103. What is the most significant global health challenge posed by antibiotic-resistant infections?
A. Increased prevalence of chronic diseases
B. The inability to effectively treat common bacterial infections, leading to higher mortality rates
C. The reduction in vaccine effectiveness
D. Improved healthcare outcomes due to antibiotic usage

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104. Which of the following best describes “primary healthcare” in a global health context?
A. Specializing in the treatment of rare diseases
B. Focusing on disease-specific treatments in high-income countries
C. Providing comprehensive, accessible care that includes prevention, health promotion, and treatment for common health issues
D. Restricting healthcare access to urban populations only

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105. What is a key component of community-based health programs in low-income countries?
A. Expanding luxury healthcare services to rural areas
B. Increasing the number of healthcare professionals in major urban centers
C. Empowering local communities with education and resources to address health needs
D. Focusing only on treatment interventions in hospitals

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106. What is one of the most effective interventions in addressing maternal and child health globally?
A. Reducing funding for healthcare programs
B. Expanding access to skilled birth attendants and prenatal care
C. Limiting access to family planning services
D. Reducing the number of vaccines for infants

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107. Which of the following is a major global health concern regarding the increasing use of electronic cigarettes?
A. They are safe for all populations
B. The long-term health effects are unknown, and they may contribute to tobacco use among youth
C. They are universally effective in smoking cessation
D. They have no impact on public health

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108. What is the most effective way to address the global rise in mental health disorders?
A. Ignoring mental health in public health initiatives
B. Expanding access to mental health services and promoting mental health awareness
C. Limiting access to mental health professionals in rural areas
D. Focusing only on the treatment of severe mental health conditions

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109. Which of the following is an important factor in improving healthcare delivery in low-income countries?
A. Reducing healthcare costs through government subsidies for private healthcare companies
B. Developing community-based healthcare systems that are culturally appropriate and sustainable
C. Prioritizing luxury medical technology over basic care services
D. Restricting healthcare access to urban centers

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110. What is the relationship between poverty and global health outcomes?
A. Poverty has no impact on health outcomes
B. Poverty is linked to poor health outcomes due to limited access to healthcare, nutrition, and clean water
C. Poor health outcomes are only a result of infectious diseases
D. Poverty always leads to better healthcare outcomes

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111. How can global health leaders reduce the health impact of global conflicts and displacement?
A. By ignoring the health needs of refugees
B. By providing emergency healthcare and addressing the underlying social determinants of health
C. By increasing military presence in conflict zones
D. By focusing on disease prevention only in urban centers

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112. What is the primary role of nurses in disaster response and recovery in global health?
A. To focus only on administrative tasks
B. To provide immediate healthcare services, educate affected populations, and assist in long-term recovery
C. To increase the cost of health interventions
D. To reduce the number of healthcare workers involved in disaster relief

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113. What is the main health challenge associated with global urbanization?
A. Increased access to healthcare services
B. Improved public health outcomes
C. Overcrowded living conditions and increased risk of infectious diseases
D. Reduced environmental degradation

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114. What is a key focus of the “Global Strategy for Women’s, Children’s, and Adolescents’ Health”?
A. Reducing gender inequalities and improving healthcare access for women, children, and adolescents
B. Focusing exclusively on treatment for women’s health issues
C. Ignoring social and cultural factors that affect health outcomes
D. Increasing the number of healthcare providers in high-income countries only

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115. Which of the following is the most effective strategy to combat the global rise in obesity rates?
A. Encouraging unhealthy diets and sedentary lifestyles
B. Promoting physical activity, balanced diets, and early intervention
C. Restricting access to healthcare for obese individuals
D. Limiting awareness campaigns on the impact of obesity

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116. What is the most significant challenge in addressing adolescent health globally?
A. The lack of interest in addressing mental health
B. Increasing access to school-based health services
C. Addressing risk behaviors, such as substance abuse, poor nutrition, and lack of exercise
D. Ignoring adolescent health needs in global health policies

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117. How do global health organizations track and manage emerging infectious diseases?
A. By ignoring new disease outbreaks
B. By improving surveillance systems, research, and international cooperation to monitor and respond to outbreaks
C. By only focusing on diseases that affect high-income countries
D. By reducing research and prevention efforts

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118. How can the nursing profession contribute to achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals?
A. By ignoring global health issues and focusing only on local concerns
B. By advocating for policies that promote health equity, education, and sustainable health practices
C. By restricting healthcare access in underserved areas
D. By limiting involvement in global health programs

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119. Which of the following is the most effective way to reduce the global burden of HIV/AIDS?
A. Focusing only on treatment in high-income countries
B. Promoting prevention strategies, education, and access to antiretroviral therapies in low-income countries
C. Ignoring the role of healthcare workers in prevention programs
D. Reducing funding for HIV/AIDS programs

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120. What is a key role of nurses in global health leadership?
A. Limiting their influence to local health issues
B. Advocating for policies and practices that prioritize health equity, prevention, and access to care for all populations
C. Ignoring cultural differences in health promotion strategies
D. Focusing solely on clinical practice without engaging in policy or advocacy

121. Which of the following is a key principle of the “One Health” approach in global health?
A. Focusing exclusively on human health
B. Integrating human, animal, and environmental health to prevent and control diseases
C. Prioritizing human health over animal health
D. Reducing the number of healthcare providers involved in animal health

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122. What is the primary challenge in addressing the mental health needs of refugee populations?
A. Increased access to healthcare in refugee camps
B. The stigma surrounding mental health and lack of culturally appropriate services
C. High levels of economic stability
D. Decreased interest in mental health interventions

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123. Which of the following is an example of a communicable disease that is a major concern in global health?
A. Hypertension
B. Malaria
C. Asthma
D. Osteoporosis

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124. What is a primary focus of global health interventions in low-income countries?
A. Increasing the number of luxury healthcare facilities
B. Promoting disease prevention, basic healthcare access, and education
C. Encouraging high-cost, specialized medical treatments
D. Reducing the number of health professionals working in rural areas

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125. The term “epidemic” refers to:
A. A disease outbreak that occurs in a specific area or population at a higher-than-expected frequency
B. A global health crisis that affects all countries simultaneously
C. The eradication of a specific disease worldwide
D. The discovery of a new disease in one country

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126. What is the primary function of the Global Health Workforce Alliance?
A. To fund luxury medical treatments in high-income countries
B. To improve the training and distribution of healthcare workers in low-income countries
C. To limit the number of health professionals working abroad
D. To focus exclusively on healthcare worker salaries

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127. Which of the following is a critical strategy in the global effort to reduce maternal mortality?
A. Focusing only on post-birth care
B. Providing access to skilled birth attendants and antenatal care
C. Ignoring the role of family planning
D. Reducing the availability of vaccines for pregnant women

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128. What is the role of nurses in disaster response in global health?
A. To provide immediate care and assist in organizing relief efforts
B. To focus only on administrative duties
C. To ignore the needs of vulnerable populations
D. To limit their role to working in developed countries

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129. What is a major public health risk associated with urban slums?
A. Overcrowding, poor sanitation, and increased exposure to infectious diseases
B. Easy access to healthcare
C. High levels of physical activity
D. High levels of income and nutrition

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130. Which of the following is an example of a social determinant of health that impacts global health?
A. Genetic predisposition to disease
B. A community’s access to education and healthcare
C. The weather patterns in a region
D. A person’s ability to exercise regularly

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131. What is the most significant risk factor for the spread of HIV/AIDS in global health?
A. Increased access to health insurance
B. Stigma and discrimination that limit access to treatment and prevention
C. High income levels in urban areas
D. The global eradication of other infectious diseases

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132. What is the main purpose of the Global Vaccine Safety Initiative by WHO?
A. To develop new vaccines for common diseases
B. To ensure the safety and effectiveness of vaccines globally
C. To focus only on the production of vaccines in high-income countries
D. To prevent the spread of antibiotics

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133. Which of the following is a primary goal of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal #2 (Zero Hunger)?
A. To eliminate child obesity globally
B. To end hunger, achieve food security, and improve nutrition, especially in low-income countries
C. To promote overconsumption of food
D. To increase the production of junk food worldwide

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134. What is the major health concern related to the increase in global air pollution?
A. Increased levels of chronic diseases such as respiratory illnesses and heart disease
B. Increased life expectancy
C. Decreased rates of infectious diseases
D. Improved lung function in urban populations

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135. What is the role of nurses in promoting global health through policy advocacy?
A. To restrict healthcare access in low-income countries
B. To advocate for policies that ensure equitable access to healthcare for all populations
C. To focus only on patient care and ignore the impact of policy
D. To promote luxury health services in wealthy countries

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136. What is the primary focus of the Global Health Education and Learning Incubator (GHELI)?
A. To provide financial aid to wealthy nations
B. To advance global health education through interdisciplinary collaboration and innovative learning strategies
C. To focus exclusively on education in high-income countries
D. To provide free healthcare to all populations

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137. What is the primary focus of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in global health?
A. To provide humanitarian assistance to refugees and displaced persons, including health services
B. To regulate international trade in healthcare resources
C. To reduce the number of healthcare workers in conflict zones
D. To focus exclusively on providing refugee housing

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138. Which of the following is a major barrier to healthcare access in rural areas of low-income countries?
A. High population density
B. Availability of advanced healthcare technologies
C. Lack of transportation and health infrastructure
D. Increased availability of healthcare workers

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139. What is the key strategy to reduce the impact of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) globally?
A. Reducing government funding for healthcare
B. Promoting lifestyle changes, such as healthier diets and physical activity, and improving early detection
C. Focusing on treatment only and ignoring prevention
D. Increasing reliance on medication and surgery

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140. What is the primary focus of global health efforts to combat childhood malnutrition?
A. Encouraging processed food consumption
B. Increasing the availability of infant formula
C. Promoting breastfeeding, nutrition education, and food security
D. Reducing the number of vaccinations for children

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141. What is the main objective of the “Global Health Security Agenda”?
A. To create trade barriers for healthcare goods
B. To promote global efforts to strengthen health systems and prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease threats
C. To reduce funding for health systems
D. To limit healthcare access in urban areas

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142. What is the role of nurses in improving global maternal and child health outcomes?
A. Limiting their role to clinical practice in wealthy countries
B. Educating communities, providing prenatal care, and advocating for policy change
C. Ignoring the importance of education and prevention
D. Reducing involvement in international healthcare programs

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143. How does global trade impact public health outcomes?
A. It has no impact on health outcomes
B. It can either improve or harm health depending on policies, such as ensuring equitable access to medications or facilitating the spread of unhealthy products
C. It always benefits health systems
D. It only impacts high-income countries

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144. What is the primary goal of the “Global Health Workforce Program”?
A. To reduce the number of healthcare workers in low-income countries
B. To strengthen and expand the global health workforce to address health challenges in underserved populations
C. To increase the cost of healthcare training
D. To focus exclusively on training medical professionals in wealthy countries

________________________________________
145. Which of the following is a critical health challenge faced by aging populations in high-income countries?
A. Overnutrition and excessive healthcare services
B. Chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and dementia
C. A lack of healthcare professionals
D. Increased life expectancy due to low disease rates

________________________________________
146. Which of the following is an effective strategy for reducing the spread of waterborne diseases?
A. Increasing industrial waste disposal into rivers
B. Promoting improved water sanitation and access to clean drinking water
C. Limiting public health education on hygiene
D. Focusing only on treating the diseases rather than prevention

________________________________________
147. What is the relationship between gender equality and global health outcomes?
A. Gender equality has no impact on health outcomes
B. Gender equality is linked to improved health outcomes, as it increases access to healthcare and education for all genders
C. Gender equality negatively impacts health outcomes
D. Gender equality only affects high-income countries

________________________________________
148. Which of the following is a major factor contributing to the rise in mental health issues worldwide?
A. Increased access to mental health treatment
B. The stigma surrounding mental health and lack of access to care in low-income countries
C. Improved nutrition and lifestyle choices
D. The elimination of mental health disorders

________________________________________
149. Which of the following global health strategies is essential to combat vaccine-preventable diseases?
A. Limiting access to vaccination programs
B. Expanding vaccine access to underserved and vulnerable populations
C. Reducing international cooperation in vaccination efforts
D. Focusing only on treatment for vaccine-preventable diseases

________________________________________
150. What is the role of nurses in addressing health equity in global health?
A. Limiting their practice to local settings
B. Advocating for equal access to healthcare, education, and resources for all populations
C. Ignoring social determinants of health
D. Focusing solely on patient care in wealthy countries

151. Which of the following is a primary strategy for preventing the spread of tuberculosis globally?
A. Increasing the availability of antibiotics without prescription
B. Promoting regular screenings, early diagnosis, and adherence to treatment regimens
C. Limiting vaccination programs to high-income countries
D. Ignoring the role of public health education

________________________________________
152. Which of the following is a key element of the “Universal Health Coverage” (UHC) goal under the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals?
A. Ensuring that only high-income countries have access to healthcare
B. Providing equitable access to essential health services without financial hardship
C. Reducing the number of healthcare providers in rural areas
D. Focusing exclusively on the treatment of infectious diseases

________________________________________
153. How can nurses play a role in addressing the global health crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR)?
A. By promoting the unrestricted use of antibiotics
B. By educating patients and communities about the importance of completing prescribed antibiotic courses and infection prevention
C. By discouraging the use of vaccines
D. By focusing on the treatment of rare infections only

________________________________________
154. Which of the following is an example of a non-communicable disease (NCD) that poses a major global health burden?
A. Tuberculosis
B. Malaria
C. Hypertension
D. Influenza

________________________________________
155. What is the most significant social determinant of health that impacts global health outcomes?
A. Access to the internet
B. Access to clean water and sanitation
C. Access to fast food
D. Access to recreational facilities

________________________________________
156. Which of the following is a primary health concern related to the migration of populations due to conflict or environmental factors?
A. Increased access to healthcare services
B. Lack of access to basic health services, sanitation, and adequate nutrition
C. Improved living conditions and health outcomes
D. Decreased rates of chronic diseases

________________________________________
157. What is the primary health benefit of implementing the “Clean Cookstoves Initiative” in low-income countries?
A. Increased greenhouse gas emissions
B. Reduced indoor air pollution and associated respiratory illnesses
C. Decreased availability of food
D. Increased deforestation

________________________________________
158. Which of the following is a major contributor to the global obesity epidemic?
A. Increased physical activity
B. High consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods and sedentary lifestyles
C. High levels of food security
D. Increased access to fresh produce in urban areas

________________________________________
159. What is a key intervention to reduce the global burden of maternal and infant mortality?
A. Limiting access to family planning services
B. Expanding access to skilled healthcare workers during pregnancy and childbirth
C. Encouraging early marriage for young women
D. Ignoring the importance of prenatal education

________________________________________
160. What is the role of nurses in addressing the health needs of elderly populations globally?
A. Limiting care to only elderly populations in wealthy countries
B. Providing care focused solely on physical ailments and ignoring mental health needs
C. Promoting healthy aging through preventive care, education, and management of chronic diseases
D. Reducing the availability of long-term care services

________________________________________
161. What is the primary health concern related to the global spread of dengue fever?
A. Increased risk of non-communicable diseases
B. The spread of the disease through mosquito vectors, leading to significant morbidity and mortality in tropical regions
C. The increased availability of effective vaccines
D. The absence of any prevention strategies

________________________________________
162. What is the main focus of the “Global Mental Health” initiative?
A. To focus only on mental health issues in high-income countries
B. To reduce stigma and improve access to mental health services in low- and middle-income countries
C. To ignore the mental health needs of refugees and displaced populations
D. To prioritize physical health over mental health

________________________________________
163. What is the role of nurses in promoting vaccination programs globally?
A. To reduce the availability of vaccines to rural populations
B. To educate communities on the importance of vaccination and promote vaccination campaigns
C. To ignore the role of vaccines in preventing disease
D. To focus only on treatment of vaccine-preventable diseases

________________________________________
164. Which of the following is a significant public health issue exacerbated by global climate change?
A. Decreased rates of infectious diseases
B. Increased incidences of heat-related illnesses, vector-borne diseases, and food insecurity
C. Improved nutrition and food security
D. Lower rates of environmental pollution

________________________________________
165. What is the primary focus of the Global Health Education and Learning Incubator (GHELI)?
A. To provide financial assistance to high-income countries
B. To advance global health education by fostering interdisciplinary collaborations and innovative learning strategies
C. To restrict healthcare education to specific countries
D. To focus on postgraduate education only

________________________________________
166. What is a major health risk associated with the widespread use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes)?
A. Reduced smoking rates globally
B. Unknown long-term health effects and potential for addiction, particularly among youth
C. Improved lung health
D. Increased access to smoking cessation programs

________________________________________
167. Which of the following is a critical factor in addressing the global burden of child malnutrition?
A. Reducing the availability of fresh food
B. Promoting breastfeeding, improving nutrition education, and ensuring food security for families
C. Focusing exclusively on treating malnutrition in hospitals
D. Ignoring the importance of sanitation and hygiene

________________________________________
168. How does gender-based violence (GBV) impact global health outcomes?
A. It has no impact on health outcomes
B. It increases the risk of mental health issues, physical injury, and long-term health complications among survivors
C. It leads to higher rates of education and employment
D. It only affects women in high-income countries

________________________________________
169. Which of the following is an effective way to address the issue of maternal mental health in global health?
A. Reducing access to mental health care during pregnancy
B. Ignoring mental health issues and focusing solely on physical care
C. Providing screening, counseling, and support services for pregnant women and new mothers
D. Encouraging young pregnancies in low-income populations

________________________________________
170. What is a key challenge in achieving health equity globally?
A. Equal access to resources and healthcare services for all populations
B. Limited research on the social determinants of health
C. Disparities in healthcare access and outcomes based on factors such as income, gender, and geography
D. Decreased international cooperation

________________________________________
171. What is the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) in global health emergencies?
A. To ignore health emergencies and focus on routine health programs
B. To provide technical support, coordination, and resources for responding to global health crises
C. To reduce the number of healthcare professionals working in emergencies
D. To restrict international collaboration during crises

________________________________________
172. What is the primary goal of the “Global Polio Eradication Initiative” (GPEI)?
A. To reduce funding for vaccination programs
B. To eradicate polio worldwide through immunization and surveillance
C. To limit access to vaccines in low-income countries
D. To focus exclusively on treating polio cases

________________________________________
173. Which of the following is a key barrier to addressing health disparities in global populations?
A. Increased availability of healthcare professionals
B. Social determinants of health such as poverty, education, and access to healthcare
C. Universal access to all health services
D. Increased government funding for healthcare programs

________________________________________
174. Which of the following strategies is essential to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) globally?
A. Ignoring prevention efforts and focusing only on treatment
B. Promoting safe sexual practices, education, and access to testing and treatment
C. Reducing access to sexual health services
D. Limiting the availability of condoms and contraceptive methods

________________________________________
175. What is a major global health concern related to the use of hazardous chemicals in agriculture?
A. Increased crop yield
B. Pesticide exposure leading to acute and chronic health issues, particularly in rural communities
C. Decreased availability of organic food
D. Reduced environmental pollution

________________________________________
176. What is the main objective of the “Global Health Security Agenda” (GHSA)?
A. To promote economic growth in high-income countries
B. To strengthen global health systems and prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease threats
C. To reduce the number of healthcare workers involved in disease response
D. To focus exclusively on economic policies in healthcare

________________________________________
177. What is the most significant challenge related to the spread of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs)?
A. Lack of research funding and limited access to treatment in endemic regions
B. High rates of vaccination against all diseases
C. Increased availability of clean water
D. Limited political support for NTD elimination

________________________________________
178. How does the implementation of maternal and child health programs contribute to achieving the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?
A. By focusing only on birth control methods
B. By improving health outcomes for mothers and children, reducing mortality, and promoting health equity
C. By limiting access to healthcare services for mothers and children
D. By encouraging high fertility rates in underserved regions

________________________________________
179. Which of the following is an example of a key public health intervention in response to the global tobacco epidemic?
A. Reducing the availability of smoking cessation programs
B. Implementing tobacco control policies, such as smoking bans, public education, and increased taxation
C. Encouraging tobacco use among youth
D. Limiting global collaboration on tobacco control efforts

________________________________________
180. What is the role of nurses in disaster preparedness and response in global health?
A. Limiting their role to local communities
B. Providing care during and after disasters, including trauma care, vaccination campaigns, and public health education
C. Ignoring the health needs of vulnerable populations
D. Focusing exclusively on administrative tasks

181. Which of the following is the primary purpose of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria?
A. To focus on medical research for rare diseases only
B. To provide funding for programs that prevent and treat AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria in low-income countries
C. To provide funds for luxury healthcare in high-income countries
D. To limit healthcare access in resource-poor regions

________________________________________
182. What is a major health concern related to unsafe drinking water in many developing countries?
A. Increased access to clean water
B. The spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid
C. Improved nutrition and health outcomes
D. A decrease in the need for sanitation services

________________________________________
183. How can improving women’s education contribute to better global health outcomes?
A. It has no effect on health outcomes
B. It can lead to healthier families, improved access to healthcare, and better health decisions for women and children
C. It reduces the need for healthcare workers
D. It promotes only economic development and ignores health

________________________________________
184. What is the role of nurses in global health advocacy?
A. To ignore health disparities and focus only on clinical care
B. To advocate for policies that improve health equity, access to care, and disease prevention
C. To limit their role to working with wealthy populations
D. To focus only on the treatment of infectious diseases

________________________________________
185. What is the primary focus of the WHO’s “Health for All” initiative?
A. To promote health equity and universal access to essential healthcare services
B. To promote healthcare only in high-income countries
C. To focus on increasing healthcare costs in developing countries
D. To focus on private healthcare delivery

________________________________________
186. What is a primary method of addressing the burden of mental health disorders globally?
A. Ignoring mental health needs in low-income regions
B. Expanding access to mental health services, including counseling and psychosocial support
C. Focusing only on physical health problems
D. Reducing mental health services in resource-poor settings

________________________________________
187. What is a key factor in reducing maternal mortality globally?
A. Providing access to family planning services and skilled birth attendants
B. Reducing the number of healthcare workers in rural areas
C. Ignoring the need for prenatal care
D. Limiting access to healthcare during childbirth

________________________________________
188. Which of the following is a major challenge in controlling the spread of malaria?
A. Lack of access to vaccines for malaria
B. Limited access to insecticide-treated bed nets and effective antimalarial treatments
C. High levels of immunity in endemic areas
D. The spread of malaria in high-income countries

________________________________________
189. What is the role of nurses in responding to the global HIV/AIDS epidemic?
A. To focus solely on treatment in high-income countries
B. To educate the public on prevention methods, advocate for testing, and provide care and support for individuals with HIV/AIDS
C. To ignore the social determinants of health related to HIV/AIDS
D. To limit their involvement to research only

________________________________________
190. What is a key aspect of global health promotion?
A. Ignoring cultural differences in health beliefs
B. Addressing the social determinants of health, such as education, income, and access to healthcare
C. Focusing solely on the treatment of diseases
D. Reducing global access to healthcare services

________________________________________
191. Which of the following is a major health challenge related to urbanization in low- and middle-income countries?
A. Increased physical activity and improved living conditions
B. Increased exposure to environmental hazards, including air pollution, and limited access to healthcare
C. High levels of food security
D. Decreased rates of infectious diseases

________________________________________
192. How does climate change contribute to global health risks?
A. It reduces the spread of infectious diseases
B. It leads to extreme weather events, food insecurity, and the spread of vector-borne diseases
C. It improves global nutrition
D. It has no impact on health outcomes

________________________________________
193. What is the role of nurses in addressing non-communicable diseases (NCDs) globally?
A. To focus only on treating infectious diseases
B. To educate communities on lifestyle changes, prevention, and management of NCDs such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer
C. To ignore NCDs and focus on acute care
D. To limit involvement in disease prevention

________________________________________
194. Which of the following is a key element of a successful vaccination program in global health?
A. Limiting access to vaccines for vulnerable populations
B. Ensuring equitable access to vaccines for all populations, especially in low-income countries
C. Reducing the availability of immunization services
D. Ignoring vaccine-preventable diseases in developing countries

________________________________________
195. How can global health initiatives reduce the impact of infectious diseases in humanitarian crises?
A. By restricting healthcare access to refugees
B. By ensuring access to clean water, sanitation, and healthcare services in refugee camps and crisis zones
C. By focusing only on military responses
D. By ignoring the health needs of displaced populations

________________________________________
196. What is the role of the International Red Cross in global health emergencies?
A. To provide funding for private health insurance
B. To provide emergency medical care, shelter, and health services in conflict zones and disaster-stricken areas
C. To limit the number of healthcare workers in disaster zones
D. To focus only on economic development

________________________________________
197. What is a key approach to reducing the burden of tobacco-related diseases globally?
A. Ignoring the role of public health campaigns
B. Promoting smoking cessation programs and policies such as tobacco taxation and smoking bans
C. Reducing awareness about the risks of tobacco use
D. Focusing only on the treatment of tobacco-related diseases

________________________________________
198. What is the role of nurses in promoting maternal and child health in low-resource settings?
A. To limit their involvement to clinical practice
B. To provide prenatal care, maternal education, and newborn care while advocating for improved policies and access to services
C. To focus only on treating high-risk pregnancies
D. To ignore cultural beliefs about childbirth and maternal care

________________________________________
199. What is a major health risk associated with unsafe sanitation in many developing countries?
A. The spread of vector-borne diseases such as malaria
B. Waterborne diseases such as cholera and diarrhea
C. Improved nutrition and health outcomes
D. The eradication of infectious diseases

________________________________________
200. What is the primary objective of the Global Strategy for Women’s, Children’s, and Adolescents’ Health (2016–2030)?
A. To focus solely on women’s reproductive health
B. To reduce maternal and child mortality, promote healthy lives, and ensure access to essential health services for women, children, and adolescents
C. To limit health services for children and adolescents in low-income countries
D. To reduce funding for maternal and child health programs

________________________________________
201. Which of the following is a key health strategy in response to the global rise in antibiotic resistance?
A. Promoting the use of antibiotics without prescriptions
B. Educating healthcare workers and the public about the responsible use of antibiotics and infection prevention strategies
C. Reducing the availability of antibiotics in low-income countries
D. Ignoring the role of vaccines in preventing infections

________________________________________
202. What is the role of the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in global health?
A. To focus on adult healthcare and mental health programs
B. To provide emergency relief, immunization programs, and health services for children in need worldwide
C. To limit health interventions for vulnerable children
D. To focus on maternal health only

________________________________________
203. What is the main goal of the Global Health Workforce Alliance?
A. To increase the number of healthcare professionals working in high-income countries
B. To improve the distribution and training of healthcare workers in underserved areas to address health workforce shortages
C. To restrict the mobility of healthcare workers globally
D. To eliminate international cooperation in healthcare

________________________________________
204. How can improving access to education for girls impact global health?
A. It has no impact on health outcomes
B. It can lead to healthier families, improved maternal and child health, and greater economic opportunities
C. It only impacts economic development, not health outcomes
D. It reduces healthcare access for women and children

________________________________________
205. What is a major health risk related to the global rise in urbanization?
A. Improved air quality and access to healthcare
B. Increased risk of chronic diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease, due to sedentary lifestyles and poor diets
C. Decreased exposure to infectious diseases
D. Increased availability of fresh, healthy foods

________________________________________
206. What is the primary role of nurses in global health disaster preparedness?
A. To focus on administrative tasks only
B. To participate in planning and response efforts by providing clinical care, public health education, and support to affected populations
C. To ignore the needs of vulnerable populations
D. To focus only on disaster relief in high-income countries

________________________________________
207. Which of the following is a key intervention to prevent maternal and neonatal mortality in low-income countries?
A. Limiting access to skilled birth attendants
B. Ensuring that women have access to prenatal care, skilled birth attendants, and emergency obstetric services
C. Reducing vaccination programs for newborns
D. Encouraging home births without medical supervision

________________________________________
208. What is the role of the World Bank in global health?
A. To focus solely on healthcare delivery in high-income countries
B. To provide financial resources, technical expertise, and policy advice to improve healthcare systems in developing countries
C. To limit access to financial resources for global health programs
D. To reduce international collaboration in health efforts

209. Which of the following is a primary strategy for preventing childhood mortality in low-resource settings?
A. Promoting early marriages
B. Providing vaccinations, improving nutrition, and ensuring access to clean water and sanitation
C. Limiting access to healthcare services for children
D. Ignoring the importance of breastfeeding

________________________________________
210. Which of the following factors is most responsible for global health inequalities?
A. The availability of healthcare professionals
B. Social determinants such as income, education, and access to health services
C. The prevalence of diseases in wealthy nations
D. Lack of physical activity among populations

________________________________________
211. What is the main purpose of the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA)?
A. To promote trade between countries
B. To enhance the ability of countries to prevent, detect, and respond to global health threats, such as infectious disease outbreaks
C. To limit international travel and trade
D. To reduce the number of health interventions in low-income countries

________________________________________
212. What is the primary goal of the Global Vaccination Initiative?
A. To increase the use of only influenza vaccines worldwide
B. To eliminate preventable diseases through vaccination by increasing vaccine access and coverage
C. To limit vaccination to high-income countries only
D. To focus on treatment rather than prevention

________________________________________
213. What is the role of nurses in improving global health literacy?
A. To ignore cultural differences in health communication
B. To educate communities about health risks, prevention strategies, and the importance of seeking care
C. To focus solely on physical care and not on patient education
D. To restrict access to health information

________________________________________
214. How can the healthcare system address the increasing global prevalence of mental health disorders?
A. By limiting the availability of mental health services
B. By integrating mental health services into primary care settings and increasing access to treatment and support
C. By reducing funding for mental health research
D. By focusing only on the mental health of high-income populations

________________________________________
215. What is the leading cause of preventable death globally?
A. Malaria
B. Tobacco use
C. Car accidents
D. Lack of physical activity

________________________________________
216. How does international migration contribute to global health challenges?
A. By improving the spread of health innovations
B. By increasing the burden on health systems in host countries and the potential for infectious disease transmission
C. By decreasing healthcare access in all countries
D. By reducing the number of health professionals in source countries

________________________________________
217. What is a primary health issue caused by the rise of urbanization in developing countries?
A. Decreased access to healthcare services
B. Increased exposure to air pollution, mental health disorders, and chronic diseases
C. Decreased access to clean water
D. Improved living standards

________________________________________
218. What role does the World Health Organization (WHO) play in addressing global health issues?
A. To reduce the number of healthcare professionals worldwide
B. To set international health standards, provide technical assistance, and lead global health efforts to prevent disease
C. To focus only on medical treatments for infectious diseases
D. To limit access to health services in low-income countries

________________________________________
219. What is a significant factor contributing to the global rise in antibiotic resistance?
A. The restricted use of antibiotics
B. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics in healthcare and agriculture
C. Improved infection control practices
D. Reduced vaccination coverage for bacterial infections

________________________________________
220. Which of the following is a major health concern related to climate change?
A. Decreased rates of infectious diseases
B. Increased risk of heat-related illnesses, extreme weather events, and the spread of vector-borne diseases like malaria and dengue
C. Improved access to fresh water
D. Increased life expectancy worldwide

________________________________________
221. What is the role of nurses in promoting global health equity?
A. To focus on providing care only in wealthy countries
B. To advocate for equitable access to healthcare services, address health disparities, and promote policies that ensure better health outcomes for marginalized populations
C. To limit access to health services in low-income countries
D. To ignore the needs of vulnerable populations

________________________________________
222. How can health systems improve maternal health globally?
A. By reducing the number of skilled birth attendants
B. By expanding access to prenatal care, skilled delivery care, and emergency obstetric care
C. By limiting family planning access
D. By focusing solely on maternal mental health

________________________________________
223. What is a major health risk in countries with high levels of poverty?
A. The widespread availability of quality healthcare
B. The limited access to essential health services and poor sanitation, leading to a high burden of infectious diseases
C. The availability of preventive health programs
D. Improved nutrition and food security

________________________________________
224. How can improving access to contraception contribute to global health?
A. It has no impact on health outcomes
B. It can reduce unintended pregnancies, improve maternal health, and decrease infant mortality
C. It leads to higher rates of maternal deaths
D. It increases the number of children born in high-income countries

________________________________________
225. What is the role of nurses in global health disaster response?
A. To limit their role to providing administrative support
B. To provide clinical care, coordinate resources, and support public health efforts in disaster zones
C. To ignore the needs of vulnerable populations
D. To focus only on research during global health emergencies

________________________________________
226. Which of the following is a major challenge in achieving universal health coverage (UHC)?
A. High income inequality and limited access to healthcare for disadvantaged populations
B. Increased funding for healthcare
C. Equal distribution of health services worldwide
D. Adequate availability of healthcare professionals in all countries

________________________________________
227. What is the main focus of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative?
A. To focus on the treatment of polio cases only
B. To eliminate polio worldwide through vaccination, surveillance, and immunization programs
C. To reduce the availability of vaccines in high-income countries
D. To ignore the spread of polio in developing countries

________________________________________
228. How does the rise of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) impact global health systems?
A. It has no significant impact
B. It puts pressure on healthcare systems due to the long-term nature of NCDs, requiring ongoing care and management
C. It reduces the need for healthcare services
D. It only affects high-income countries

________________________________________
229. Which of the following is a significant barrier to addressing child health globally?
A. Increased access to vaccines and nutrition
B. Limited healthcare infrastructure and funding in low-income countries
C. High levels of childhood obesity
D. Reduced need for childhood immunization programs

________________________________________
230. How can improving nutrition contribute to better global health outcomes?
A. By increasing the prevalence of chronic diseases
B. By improving immunity, reducing the risk of infectious diseases, and promoting healthy development in children
C. By restricting access to food
D. By decreasing the availability of essential vitamins and minerals

________________________________________
231. What is a key strategy for preventing the global spread of infectious diseases?
A. Ignoring the impact of sanitation and hygiene
B. Promoting vaccination, improving sanitation, and implementing early disease detection systems
C. Reducing international travel and trade
D. Limiting the availability of antibiotics

________________________________________
232. What is the role of nurses in addressing health disparities in global health?
A. To focus only on patient care in wealthy countries
B. To educate communities on health equity, advocate for vulnerable populations, and reduce health inequalities
C. To ignore social determinants of health
D. To limit access to care for marginalized populations

________________________________________
233. What is the role of global health initiatives in improving sanitation in developing countries?
A. To ignore sanitation issues and focus on disease treatment
B. To invest in water and sanitation infrastructure, improve hygiene practices, and promote the safe use of sanitation facilities
C. To reduce access to clean water and sanitation services
D. To focus only on urban sanitation needs

________________________________________
234. Which of the following is a major health risk associated with global food insecurity?
A. Increased access to nutritious foods
B. Malnutrition, including stunting, undernutrition, and micronutrient deficiencies, particularly among children and pregnant women
C. Improved food security in rural areas
D. Reduced access to medical care

________________________________________
235. How can addressing environmental health issues improve global health?
A. By ignoring the impacts of environmental hazards
B. By reducing the impact of air pollution, water contamination, and hazardous waste on public health
C. By increasing exposure to environmental toxins
D. By reducing access to safe, clean drinking water

________________________________________
236. What is the impact of global health education on public health?
A. It has no significant impact on health outcomes
B. It increases awareness of health risks, prevention strategies, and promotes healthy behaviors, ultimately improving public health outcomes
C. It decreases the focus on disease prevention
D. It limits access to healthcare services

237. Which of the following is a primary goal of the Global Health Workforce Alliance (GHWA)?
A. To increase the number of healthcare workers in high-income countries
B. To improve the distribution and training of healthcare workers in underserved areas
C. To focus solely on advanced medical treatments
D. To eliminate healthcare worker shortages in developed countries

________________________________________
238. What is the main objective of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in relation to global health?
A. To improve healthcare quality in high-income countries
B. To eradicate extreme poverty, reduce health disparities, and ensure universal access to healthcare for all
C. To increase healthcare costs worldwide
D. To promote individual healthcare rather than population health

________________________________________
239. What is a major health risk associated with the global increase in air pollution?
A. Improved respiratory health outcomes
B. Increased rates of respiratory diseases, including asthma, COPD, and lung cancer
C. Reduced exposure to infectious diseases
D. Improved air quality in urban areas

________________________________________
240. How can community-based health interventions improve global health outcomes?
A. By ignoring cultural practices and imposing foreign health solutions
B. By engaging local populations in health promotion, disease prevention, and the provision of care tailored to the community’s needs
C. By focusing only on large-scale government programs
D. By limiting community involvement in decision-making

________________________________________
241. What is a major health concern related to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) globally?
A. The development of new vaccines
B. The reduced effectiveness of antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents in treating infections
C. The elimination of all infectious diseases
D. The rise of new antibiotics for treating resistant infections

________________________________________
242. What is the role of nurses in global mental health promotion?
A. To ignore the mental health needs of communities
B. To provide care, support, and advocacy for individuals with mental health disorders and raise awareness about the importance of mental well-being
C. To limit mental health interventions to high-income countries
D. To only treat mental health conditions in hospitals

________________________________________
243. What is the most common cause of maternal death in low-resource settings?
A. Hypertension and eclampsia
B. Diabetes and obesity
C. Malaria
D. Hemorrhage, sepsis, and complications during childbirth

________________________________________
244. How can improving vaccination rates help reduce global health disparities?
A. By limiting vaccination access in low-income countries
B. By increasing the spread of preventable diseases
C. By reducing the burden of vaccine-preventable diseases and improving health outcomes in underserved populations
D. By focusing only on vaccines for adults

________________________________________
245. What is the role of the World Bank in improving global health?
A. To focus on healthcare delivery in high-income countries
B. To provide financial resources, technical assistance, and policy advice to improve health systems in low- and middle-income countries
C. To reduce healthcare funding in developing countries
D. To focus solely on medical research and not healthcare systems

________________________________________
246. Which of the following is a key strategy in reducing the global burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs)?
A. Reducing tobacco use, promoting healthy diets, and encouraging physical activity
B. Focusing only on the treatment of NCDs
C. Ignoring mental health as a contributor to NCDs
D. Limiting the availability of healthcare services

________________________________________
247. What is the role of nurses in addressing the health needs of refugees and displaced populations?
A. To focus only on treatment in urban areas
B. To provide care, education, and advocacy for vulnerable populations in refugee camps and crisis zones
C. To ignore the needs of displaced persons
D. To limit the scope of care to physical health only

________________________________________
248. What is the significance of addressing social determinants of health in global health practice?
A. It has no effect on health outcomes
B. It focuses on factors such as income, education, and housing that impact health outcomes and access to care
C. It reduces the focus on disease prevention
D. It focuses only on the treatment of diseases in clinical settings

________________________________________
249. What is the role of nurses in responding to the global obesity epidemic?
A. To promote healthy eating habits, exercise, and support for individuals with obesity through education and prevention strategies
B. To ignore the social determinants of obesity
C. To limit public health interventions to high-income countries
D. To focus solely on treating obesity-related diseases in hospitals

________________________________________
250. What is the primary focus of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria?
A. To promote the use of alternative medicine in treating infectious diseases
B. To provide funding for programs that address AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria in low-income countries
C. To limit access to healthcare services for vulnerable populations
D. To focus solely on research in high-income countries

________________________________________
251. Which of the following is a key element of successful maternal health programs in low-income countries?
A. Limiting the availability of skilled birth attendants
B. Increasing access to prenatal care, skilled delivery services, and emergency obstetric care
C. Reducing family planning services
D. Focusing only on postpartum care

________________________________________
252. What is the impact of poor sanitation on public health in developing countries?
A. It leads to improved nutrition and health outcomes
B. It increases the risk of waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and diarrhea
C. It reduces the incidence of infectious diseases
D. It has no effect on overall public health

________________________________________
253. How does addressing gender inequality improve global health outcomes?
A. It has no effect on health outcomes
B. It can lead to better access to healthcare, improved maternal health, and greater health equity for women and children
C. It only improves economic outcomes for women
D. It limits access to education for girls

________________________________________
254. Which of the following is a major challenge in controlling the global spread of HIV/AIDS?
A. Lack of effective treatments for HIV
B. Limited access to prevention programs, testing, and treatment in low-income countries
C. The increasing availability of vaccines
D. The high levels of immunity in affected populations

________________________________________
255. What is a significant factor in the global rise of childhood obesity?
A. Limited access to healthy foods and physical activity opportunities
B. The decrease in availability of unhealthy foods
C. The rise in physical activity rates globally
D. Improved access to nutrition education

________________________________________
256. How can improving access to clean water and sanitation contribute to global health?
A. By reducing the spread of waterborne diseases and improving hygiene, which can lead to better health outcomes
B. By increasing the risk of infectious diseases
C. By limiting healthcare access in rural areas
D. By ignoring the importance of clean water and sanitation in health

________________________________________
257. What is the primary objective of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)?
A. To focus only on reproductive health in high-income countries
B. To improve reproductive health, gender equality, and access to family planning services worldwide
C. To eliminate maternal and child health programs
D. To reduce access to family planning in low-income countries

________________________________________
258. What is the role of nurses in disaster preparedness and response in global health?
A. To limit their role to administrative tasks only
B. To provide immediate care during disasters, including triage, treatment, and coordination of resources, and to educate the public about disaster preparedness
C. To ignore the needs of vulnerable populations
D. To focus only on disaster relief in high-income countries

________________________________________
259. How can addressing tobacco use globally improve public health?
A. By reducing the availability of smoking cessation programs
B. By implementing policies such as smoking bans, tobacco taxation, and public education to reduce tobacco use and prevent tobacco-related diseases
C. By encouraging tobacco use among youth
D. By limiting research on the health effects of tobacco

________________________________________
260. What is the role of the United Nations in addressing global health crises?
A. To limit international collaboration on healthcare efforts
B. To coordinate global responses, provide humanitarian aid, and support the implementation of health programs in crisis regions
C. To focus only on economic development
D. To reduce funding for global health initiatives

261. What is the primary objective of the Global Health Diplomacy approach?
A. To promote trade agreements among nations
B. To improve health outcomes through international collaboration and negotiations on health policies, resources, and health security
C. To reduce the role of international health organizations in policymaking
D. To focus solely on economic development rather than health

________________________________________
262. Which of the following is a key strategy for preventing the spread of vector-borne diseases, such as malaria?
A. Limiting access to healthcare services
B. Reducing the use of insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor spraying
C. Promoting the use of insecticide-treated bed nets, improving access to treatment, and strengthening vector control measures
D. Focusing only on treatment of infected individuals

________________________________________
263. How does social stigma affect global health efforts?
A. It has no impact on health outcomes
B. It can discourage individuals from seeking care, particularly for mental health issues or communicable diseases like HIV/AIDS
C. It improves access to healthcare services
D. It promotes equality in health care

________________________________________
264. Which of the following is a major factor influencing global health disparities?
A. Improved healthcare technology in low-income countries
B. Limited access to clean water, sanitation, and healthcare services in underserved areas
C. The availability of universal health coverage worldwide
D. The decreasing global population

________________________________________
265. What is the significance of early childhood nutrition in global health?
A. It has no effect on long-term health outcomes
B. Poor nutrition during early childhood can lead to stunting, cognitive impairments, and long-term health problems
C. It is irrelevant to health outcomes later in life
D. It only affects maternal health

________________________________________
266. Which of the following is an important strategy for improving mental health outcomes in low-resource settings?
A. Reducing access to mental health services
B. Integrating mental health care into primary health care settings and increasing awareness of mental health issues
C. Ignoring the cultural context in mental health treatment
D. Focusing only on physical health issues

________________________________________
267. How does improving women’s access to education affect global health outcomes?
A. It has no impact on health outcomes
B. It leads to better health outcomes for women and their families, including reduced maternal and child mortality, improved nutrition, and increased family planning use
C. It limits health knowledge in low-income countries
D. It reduces access to healthcare for women

________________________________________
268. What is the main focus of the Global Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) initiative?
A. To focus only on urban water systems
B. To improve access to clean water, sanitation facilities, and hygiene education to reduce waterborne diseases globally
C. To eliminate hygiene education from public health programs
D. To ignore the role of water and sanitation in health

________________________________________
269. Which of the following is a primary health risk associated with poor urban planning and overcrowding?
A. Increased access to clean air and water
B. Increased risk of infectious diseases due to poor sanitation and lack of access to healthcare
C. Improved physical health due to increased community resources
D. Decreased risk of communicable diseases

________________________________________
270. How can the integration of traditional medicine and modern healthcare improve global health?
A. By ignoring local practices and focusing solely on conventional medicine
B. By incorporating culturally relevant and effective traditional health practices alongside modern medical treatments to enhance access and improve patient outcomes
C. By limiting access to traditional medicine
D. By rejecting modern healthcare practices in favor of traditional methods

________________________________________
271. What is a key challenge in addressing global health inequities?
A. Equal distribution of resources in high-income countries
B. The lack of trained healthcare professionals in underserved regions and the unequal distribution of healthcare services
C. The abundance of healthcare services in wealthy nations
D. The rising levels of environmental pollution

________________________________________
272. Which of the following is an important step in addressing global health issues related to tobacco use?
A. Limiting anti-smoking campaigns in developing countries
B. Implementing tobacco control policies, such as smoking bans, taxation, and public education campaigns on the risks of tobacco use
C. Ignoring the health risks associated with tobacco use
D. Increasing access to tobacco in low-income countries

________________________________________
273. How can addressing the social determinants of health (SDH) improve global health?
A. By ignoring factors like income, education, and employment status
B. By focusing solely on medical treatments rather than social conditions that affect health
C. By improving living conditions, access to education, housing, and income, which can lead to better health outcomes for individuals and populations
D. By reducing access to healthcare for vulnerable populations

________________________________________
274. What is the primary goal of universal health coverage (UHC)?
A. To limit healthcare access to only the wealthy
B. To ensure that everyone, regardless of their income or social status, has access to the health services they need without financial hardship
C. To focus solely on the healthcare needs of high-income countries
D. To reduce funding for health systems

________________________________________
275. Which of the following global health challenges is exacerbated by climate change?
A. Decreased rates of infectious diseases
B. Increased frequency of extreme weather events, which can disrupt health systems, lead to displacement, and exacerbate conditions like malnutrition and infectious diseases
C. Improved public health outcomes
D. A reduction in vector-borne diseases

________________________________________
276. How can health systems improve their response to emerging infectious diseases?
A. By reducing funding for infectious disease control programs
B. By strengthening surveillance systems, improving laboratory capacity, and enhancing international cooperation for rapid response
C. By ignoring global health threats and focusing only on local health issues
D. By limiting research on emerging infectious diseases

________________________________________
277. What is the role of nurses in preventing the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR)?
A. To ignore infection control practices in healthcare settings
B. To promote the rational use of antibiotics, educate patients about proper medication adherence, and implement infection prevention and control measures
C. To increase the use of antibiotics in patients without prescriptions
D. To focus solely on surgical interventions

________________________________________
278. Which of the following is a major determinant of health in rural populations globally?
A. Access to urban healthcare facilities
B. The availability of clean water, sanitation, healthcare infrastructure, and transportation to healthcare services
C. A reduced burden of disease due to better healthcare services
D. Higher life expectancy due to better living conditions

________________________________________
279. What is the focus of the “One Health” approach in global health?
A. To focus only on human health
B. To promote a holistic approach that recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health and aims to address health risks at the human-animal-environment interface
C. To ignore environmental health issues
D. To limit animal healthcare access

________________________________________
280. How can improving health infrastructure in low-income countries contribute to better health outcomes?
A. By focusing solely on treatment rather than prevention
B. By providing access to essential healthcare services, improving disease prevention and control, and strengthening the capacity of health systems to address health needs
C. By limiting healthcare resources to urban centers
D. By focusing only on the treatment of infectious diseases

________________________________________
281. What is the primary goal of the World Health Organization (WHO) in relation to global health policy?
A. To focus on economic development rather than health
B. To set international health standards, provide technical assistance to countries, and coordinate efforts to prevent disease and promote health worldwide
C. To reduce healthcare spending globally
D. To limit access to healthcare in developing countries

________________________________________
282. Which of the following is an important intervention for improving adolescent health globally?
A. Ignoring the needs of adolescents in health programs
B. Providing access to sexual and reproductive health services, mental health support, and health education to empower young people to make informed health choices
C. Limiting access to education and healthcare for adolescents
D. Focusing only on preventing substance abuse without addressing other health issues

________________________________________
283. What is the role of public health nurses in global health crisis management?
A. To limit their role to providing administrative support
B. To provide direct care, coordinate resources, advocate for vulnerable populations, and implement health interventions during global health crises such as epidemics and natural disasters
C. To ignore global health crises and focus solely on local health needs
D. To only provide care in urban hospitals

________________________________________
284. How can improving nutrition contribute to the prevention of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) globally?
A. By reducing access to healthy foods
B. By promoting healthy eating habits, which can lower the risk of conditions like heart disease, diabetes, and obesity
C. By focusing solely on treating NCDs rather than prevention
D. By reducing public health education on nutrition

________________________________________
285. What is the impact of migration on public health in host countries?
A. It has no effect on health outcomes
B. Migration can strain healthcare systems, create challenges for integration into health services, and increase the risk of communicable disease transmission in certain situations
C. It improves healthcare access in host countries
D. It eliminates health disparities

286. What is the primary objective of the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA)?
A. To focus on the economic development of high-income countries
B. To strengthen the capacity of countries to prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease threats, including emerging infectious diseases
C. To eliminate global health organizations
D. To limit the movement of people between countries

________________________________________
287. How can improving health literacy contribute to better health outcomes in underserved populations?
A. By limiting access to healthcare services
B. By empowering individuals to make informed health decisions, adhere to treatment plans, and navigate healthcare systems effectively
C. By focusing solely on reducing healthcare costs
D. By reducing public health education efforts

________________________________________
288. What is a key strategy in addressing maternal and neonatal health disparities globally?
A. Focusing only on postnatal care
B. Improving access to skilled birth attendants, prenatal care, and emergency obstetric services to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality
C. Reducing access to contraception
D. Ignoring local cultural practices in health interventions

________________________________________
289. What is the most significant public health challenge related to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in low- and middle-income countries?
A. The lack of effective treatments for NCDs
B. The increasing burden of NCDs such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer, often due to poor diet, lack of physical activity, and tobacco use
C. The rise in infectious diseases in developed countries
D. A reduced focus on NCD prevention

________________________________________
290. How can international collaboration improve health outcomes in the face of global pandemics?
A. By isolating countries from one another
B. By sharing resources, research, and expertise to effectively respond to and control the spread of diseases like COVID-19
C. By limiting information sharing about disease outbreaks
D. By focusing only on national interests

________________________________________
291. What role do nurses play in promoting health equity globally?
A. To prioritize the treatment of wealthy populations
B. To advocate for equal access to healthcare for all populations, address health disparities, and support the integration of social determinants of health in care delivery
C. To limit access to healthcare services for underserved populations
D. To focus only on clinical care and ignore social factors

________________________________________
292. Which of the following is a key factor in controlling the spread of tuberculosis (TB) globally?
A. Limiting the availability of TB treatment
B. Ensuring timely diagnosis, providing appropriate treatment regimens, and improving healthcare infrastructure for TB control
C. Focusing only on TB vaccine development
D. Ignoring the socio-economic factors that contribute to TB transmission

________________________________________
293. Which of the following strategies can help reduce infant mortality rates in low-income countries?
A. Limiting access to immunizations
B. Ensuring access to skilled birth attendants, prenatal care, immunizations, and nutrition support for mothers and infants
C. Reducing access to clean water and sanitation
D. Focusing only on adult health interventions

________________________________________
294. What is the role of nurses in addressing the mental health needs of children in global health settings?
A. To ignore children’s mental health needs
B. To provide direct care, support, and education, and advocate for mental health resources for children in diverse settings such as schools and community health programs
C. To focus solely on physical health needs
D. To limit mental health support to wealthy countries

________________________________________
295. What is a significant risk factor for the spread of infectious diseases in refugee camps?
A. Proper sanitation and hygiene practices
B. Overcrowding, poor sanitation, lack of clean water, and limited access to healthcare services
C. High immunization rates
D. Efficient healthcare infrastructure

________________________________________
296. Which of the following is a key approach to improving health outcomes in rural areas globally?
A. Reducing the availability of healthcare facilities
B. Strengthening rural healthcare infrastructure, improving access to essential services, and training community health workers to provide care in remote areas
C. Limiting healthcare access to urban centers
D. Ignoring the specific health needs of rural populations

________________________________________
297. How does gender-based violence (GBV) impact public health outcomes?
A. It has no impact on health outcomes
B. GBV can lead to physical and mental health issues, including injury, trauma, depression, and increased risk of HIV/AIDS and other diseases
C. It only affects women
D. It improves access to healthcare services for affected populations

________________________________________
298. What is the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) in global immunization efforts?
A. To focus solely on vaccination efforts in high-income countries
B. To coordinate global vaccination campaigns, provide technical support to countries, and ensure equitable access to vaccines, especially in low-resource settings
C. To limit vaccine access in developing countries
D. To focus only on the development of new vaccines

________________________________________
299. What is the impact of climate change on global health, particularly in low-income countries?
A. It improves health outcomes by reducing disease transmission
B. It increases the frequency and severity of natural disasters, disrupts healthcare systems, and exacerbates conditions such as malnutrition and infectious diseases
C. It reduces the risk of respiratory diseases
D. It has no effect on health

________________________________________
300. What is the importance of addressing the nutrition needs of pregnant women in global health?
A. It has no effect on maternal or fetal health
B. Proper nutrition during pregnancy is essential for the health of the mother and the development of the fetus, and it can reduce the risk of complications such as preterm birth and low birth weight
C. It only affects the mother’s health, not the baby’s health
D. It has no impact on infant mortality rates

________________________________________
301. How can improving access to sexual and reproductive health services contribute to better global health outcomes?
A. By limiting access to contraception
B. By providing access to family planning, maternal care, safe childbirth, and HIV prevention services, which can improve maternal health, reduce unintended pregnancies, and reduce the spread of sexually transmitted infections
C. By restricting sexual and reproductive rights
D. By focusing solely on the treatment of sexually transmitted infections

________________________________________
302. Which of the following is an effective strategy for preventing the spread of zoonotic diseases?
A. Ignoring the role of animals in disease transmission
B. Implementing One Health approaches that integrate human, animal, and environmental health strategies to prevent and control diseases shared between animals and humans
C. Limiting international trade of animals
D. Focusing only on human health without considering animal health

________________________________________
303. What is a significant challenge in providing healthcare in conflict zones?
A. Availability of healthcare infrastructure
B. The disruption of health services due to violence, limited access to medical supplies, and the displacement of healthcare professionals and patients
C. High levels of health insurance coverage
D. Stable political environments

________________________________________
304. What is the significance of addressing health inequities related to race and ethnicity in global health?
A. It has no impact on global health outcomes
B. Addressing racial and ethnic disparities in healthcare can improve health outcomes for marginalized groups and promote equity in access to health services
C. It only impacts developed countries
D. It reduces healthcare access for the majority population

________________________________________
305. What is the role of nurses in health promotion in global health?
A. To limit health education to wealthy populations
B. To educate individuals and communities about healthy behaviors, disease prevention, and the importance of regular health screenings, while advocating for policies that improve public health
C. To ignore community-based health initiatives
D. To focus solely on hospital-based care

________________________________________
306. What is the role of healthcare technology in improving global health outcomes?
A. To increase healthcare costs
B. To improve diagnostic capabilities, enhance the delivery of care through telemedicine, and support disease surveillance and data collection in low-resource settings
C. To reduce the need for healthcare professionals
D. To limit access to healthcare in low-income countries

________________________________________
307. How can reducing indoor air pollution improve public health?
A. By increasing the use of household chemicals
B. By reducing the incidence of respiratory diseases such as asthma, pneumonia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), especially in developing countries
C. By promoting the use of non-renewable fuels
D. By ignoring the link between air quality and health

________________________________________
308. What is the role of community health workers (CHWs) in global health?
A. To focus only on administrative tasks
B. To provide healthcare education, disease prevention, and basic treatment services to underserved populations, especially in rural or isolated areas
C. To ignore cultural practices in health delivery
D. To limit access to healthcare in their communities

________________________________________
309. What is the impact of poor access to clean water and sanitation on public health?
A. It improves health outcomes by reducing disease transmission
B. It increases the risk of waterborne diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid, leading to higher morbidity and mortality, particularly in low-income countries
C. It has no effect on health
D. It reduces the need for public health interventions

________________________________________
310. How can addressing mental health in global health initiatives benefit societies?
A. By focusing only on physical health
B. By reducing the stigma around mental illness, improving access to mental health services, and enhancing overall well-being and productivity in communities
C. By ignoring mental health as a priority in health programs
D. By reducing resources allocated to mental health

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