Principles of Psychopharmacology Practice Exam
Which of the following is the primary target of most psychoactive drugs?
A) Heart
B) Brain
C) Lungs
D) Liver
Which neurotransmitter is most commonly associated with the effects of alcohol?
A) Dopamine
B) Serotonin
C) GABA
D) Acetylcholine
What is the term used to describe the physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a person stops using a substance?
A) Withdrawal
B) Intoxication
C) Tolerance
D) Toxicity
Which of the following best describes the effect of cocaine on the brain?
A) It increases dopamine reuptake.
B) It stimulates serotonin production.
C) It blocks dopamine reuptake.
D) It decreases norepinephrine levels.
Which drug class is primarily used to treat opioid addiction?
A) Antidepressants
B) Benzodiazepines
C) Opioid agonists
D) Stimulants
What is the primary mechanism of action of benzodiazepines?
A) Inhibition of dopamine release
B) Enhancement of GABA activity
C) Blocking serotonin receptors
D) Inhibition of acetylcholine synthesis
Which of the following is a common side effect of chronic alcohol use?
A) Insomnia
B) Weight gain
C) Liver damage
D) Hypertension
Which of the following is a symptom of opioid overdose?
A) Increased heart rate
B) Shallow breathing
C) Hyperactivity
D) Dilated pupils
What is the main goal of pharmacotherapy in addiction treatment?
A) To increase tolerance to the substance
B) To reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms
C) To enhance the psychoactive effects of the drug
D) To completely eliminate the need for therapy
Which screening tool is most commonly used to assess alcohol use disorders?
A) CAGE Questionnaire
B) PHQ-9
C) DSM-5
D) GAD-7
Which of the following is the legal classification of marijuana in many regions?
A) Schedule I
B) Schedule II
C) Schedule III
D) Schedule IV
Which of the following is a common effect of cannabis use?
A) Increased appetite
B) Increased motor coordination
C) Decreased heart rate
D) Increased alertness
What is the primary purpose of naloxone in opioid overdose situations?
A) To reverse opioid toxicity
B) To enhance opioid effects
C) To reduce alcohol cravings
D) To treat nicotine addiction
Which of the following is the effect of tolerance on drug use?
A) The drug becomes more addictive.
B) The drug loses its potency over time.
C) A person requires more of the drug to achieve the same effect.
D) The drug becomes completely ineffective.
What is the major function of the blood-brain barrier in relation to psychoactive substances?
A) It prevents all drugs from entering the brain.
B) It allows the passage of all substances into the brain.
C) It regulates which substances can cross into the brain.
D) It eliminates waste from the brain.
Which of the following is a long-term consequence of chronic stimulant use?
A) Increased body temperature and heart rate
B) Decreased appetite
C) Impaired decision-making and memory
D) Improved mental clarity
What is the primary risk of combining alcohol with benzodiazepines?
A) Increased risk of withdrawal
B) Decreased sedation
C) Severe respiratory depression
D) Enhanced mood stabilization
Which neurotransmitter is implicated in the effects of nicotine?
A) Norepinephrine
B) GABA
C) Dopamine
D) Serotonin
Which type of drug is methadone?
A) Stimulant
B) Opioid agonist
C) Benzodiazepine
D) Hallucinogen
What is the term for the process by which the body becomes less sensitive to a drug over time?
A) Tolerance
B) Withdrawal
C) Addiction
D) Sensitization
Which of the following is a common side effect of stimulants such as amphetamines?
A) Decreased blood pressure
B) Decreased alertness
C) Increased heart rate
D) Increased appetite
Which of the following best describes the role of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of addiction?
A) It completely cures the addiction.
B) It reduces the likelihood of relapse by managing symptoms.
C) It provides long-term side effects to monitor.
D) It encourages the use of alternative substances.
Which drug is commonly used as a pharmacological treatment for alcohol use disorder?
A) Disulfiram
B) Methadone
C) Cocaine
D) Heroin
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of withdrawal from benzodiazepines?
A) Seizures
B) Anxiety
C) Increased appetite
D) Insomnia
Which of the following substances is commonly used to manage nicotine addiction?
A) Methadone
B) Buprenorphine
C) Varenicline
D) Naloxone
Which of the following is a typical sign of intoxication with hallucinogens such as LSD?
A) Intense euphoria
B) Impaired memory and judgment
C) Sedation
D) Hallucinations and altered sensory perception
Which of the following is a key component of a comprehensive treatment plan for addiction?
A) Immediate detoxification
B) Addressing the psychological and physiological aspects of addiction
C) Encouraging prolonged substance use
D) Reducing the need for social support
Which drug class is typically used in the treatment of depression in individuals with substance use disorders?
A) Antipsychotics
B) Antidepressants
C) Anticonvulsants
D) Anxiolytics
Which of the following is a common side effect of chronic opioid use?
A) Weight loss
B) Constipation
C) Hypersomnia
D) Memory enhancement
Which of the following is a potential consequence of using psychoactive substances during pregnancy?
A) Increased birth weight
B) Reduced risk of birth defects
C) Fetal alcohol syndrome
D) Increased cognitive development
31. Which of the following is a risk factor for developing substance use disorder?
A) High socioeconomic status
B) Genetic predisposition
C) Strong family support
D) Lack of access to healthcare
32. Which of the following drugs is commonly used in the management of alcohol withdrawal symptoms?
A) Lorazepam
B) Methadone
C) Naltrexone
D) Disulfiram
33. Which of the following is the primary effect of opioids on the brain?
A) Increase serotonin release
B) Block dopamine receptors
C) Activate opioid receptors, leading to pain relief and euphoria
D) Inhibit GABA activity
34. Which of the following is the primary reason why some individuals may become addicted to psychoactive substances?
A) Their social environment encourages drug use
B) They have a genetic predisposition to addiction
C) They lack access to healthcare
D) They are seeking to improve cognitive abilities
35. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of opioid overdose?
A) Decreased respiration
B) Constricted pupils
C) Increased heart rate
D) Loss of consciousness
36. Which of the following substances is known to increase the risk of developing psychosis?
A) Alcohol
B) Marijuana
C) Methamphetamine
D) Cocaine
37. Which of the following is the most common method of administering heroin?
A) Oral ingestion
B) Smoking
C) Intravenous injection
D) Nasal insufflation
38. What is the main mechanism of action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in treating depression?
A) They block dopamine receptors.
B) They increase serotonin levels in the brain.
C) They inhibit the breakdown of norepinephrine.
D) They stimulate GABA receptors.
39. Which of the following is a common side effect of using methadone for opioid addiction treatment?
A) Insomnia
B) Nausea
C) Increased appetite
D) Weight loss
40. Which neurotransmitter is most strongly associated with the rewarding effects of drug use?
A) Acetylcholine
B) Dopamine
C) GABA
D) Glutamate
41. Which of the following is the main function of antabuse (disulfiram) in alcohol treatment?
A) Inhibiting alcohol absorption
B) Inducing nausea and vomiting when alcohol is consumed
C) Enhancing the effects of alcohol
D) Increasing liver metabolism of alcohol
42. Which of the following is an example of a stimulant drug?
A) Heroin
B) Methamphetamine
C) Cocaine
D) Both B and C
43. What is the primary physiological effect of cannabis use?
A) Increased blood pressure
B) Decreased heart rate
C) Decreased appetite
D) Dry mouth and red eyes
44. Which of the following is a potential long-term effect of chronic alcohol consumption?
A) Liver cirrhosis
B) Increased muscle mass
C) Decreased risk of cancer
D) Enhanced memory function
45. Which of the following drugs is primarily used to treat the symptoms of ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)?
A) Xanax
B) Ritalin
C) Zoloft
D) Methadone
46. Which of the following is a typical effect of hallucinogenic substances such as LSD?
A) Increased alertness and focus
B) Visual and auditory hallucinations
C) Increased heart rate and blood pressure
D) Reduced appetite
47. Which drug is known to have both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties?
A) Ecstasy (MDMA)
B) Marijuana
C) Heroin
D) Cocaine
48. Which of the following is an important consideration when using benzodiazepines for long-term treatment?
A) High risk of overdose if combined with alcohol
B) They are safe for long-term use without side effects
C) They increase the risk of heart disease
D) They can be used as a first-line treatment for addiction
49. Which of the following is NOT a common effect of nicotine use?
A) Increased alertness
B) Increased heart rate
C) Enhanced respiratory function
D) Decreased appetite
50. Which of the following drugs is used in the treatment of nicotine dependence?
A) Methadone
B) Bupropion
C) Cocaine
D) Dextromethorphan
51. Which of the following drugs is most likely to cause severe withdrawal symptoms?
A) Alcohol
B) Marijuana
C) Cocaine
D) Caffeine
52. Which of the following drugs can be used to treat heroin withdrawal symptoms?
A) Buprenorphine
B) Disulfiram
C) Alcohol
D) Methamphetamine
53. What effect does alcohol have on the neurotransmitter GABA?
A) It inhibits GABA release.
B) It enhances GABA activity.
C) It blocks GABA receptors.
D) It has no effect on GABA.
54. Which of the following is a common side effect of psychostimulants used to treat ADHD?
A) Weight gain
B) Drowsiness
C) Decreased appetite
D) Sedation
55. Which of the following is a key difference between addiction and dependence?
A) Addiction involves compulsive use, while dependence involves physical withdrawal symptoms.
B) Dependence is related to drug cravings, while addiction is linked to withdrawal symptoms.
C) Addiction only involves behavioral changes, while dependence only involves physiological changes.
D) There is no difference between the two terms.
56. Which of the following is the primary action of antipsychotic medications in the treatment of schizophrenia?
A) Increase serotonin levels
B) Block dopamine receptors
C) Increase GABA activity
D) Stimulate norepinephrine release
57. Which of the following substances is most associated with the development of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?
A) Cannabis
B) Opioids
C) Alcohol
D) Nicotine
58. Which of the following is a major risk factor for opioid overdose?
A) Taking opioids with alcohol
B) Taking opioids with caffeine
C) Taking opioids with stimulant drugs
D) Taking opioids with marijuana
59. What effect does methamphetamine have on the brain’s dopamine system?
A) It increases the reuptake of dopamine.
B) It inhibits dopamine production.
C) It increases the release of dopamine.
D) It blocks dopamine receptors.
60. Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of antianxiety medications like diazepam?
A) They enhance the effects of serotonin.
B) They increase the release of norepinephrine.
C) They enhance the effects of GABA.
D) They block dopamine receptors.
61. Which of the following is the primary function of the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the brain?
A) To break down serotonin and norepinephrine
B) To enhance the effects of dopamine
C) To inhibit the reuptake of GABA
D) To increase the release of glutamate
62. Which of the following is a common side effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?
A) Weight loss
B) Dry mouth
C) Sexual dysfunction
D) Increased heart rate
63. What is the primary purpose of using methadone in opioid addiction treatment?
A) To enhance the euphoric effects of opioids
B) To provide a long-acting opioid to reduce withdrawal symptoms
C) To increase cravings for opioids
D) To serve as a substitute for alcohol
64. Which of the following drugs is commonly prescribed to help patients stop smoking?
A) Nicotine replacement therapy
B) Mirtazapine
C) Acamprosate
D) Buprenorphine
65. Which of the following describes the main pharmacological action of benzodiazepines?
A) They inhibit serotonin reuptake.
B) They enhance the effects of GABA.
C) They block dopamine receptors.
D) They increase norepinephrine release.
66. Which of the following substances is most commonly associated with hallucinogenic effects?
A) Ketamine
B) Alcohol
C) Heroin
D) Cocaine
67. Which of the following neurotransmitters is most commonly associated with the effects of antidepressant medications?
A) GABA
B) Norepinephrine
C) Dopamine
D) Serotonin
68. Which of the following is a common side effect of opioid analgesics?
A) Diarrhea
B) Constipation
C) Weight loss
D) Increased energy
69. Which of the following is the primary action of naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence?
A) It induces nausea when alcohol is consumed.
B) It blocks the euphoric effects of alcohol.
C) It increases dopamine release.
D) It enhances serotonin levels in the brain.
70. Which of the following substances is primarily used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
A) Lithium
B) Atomoxetine
C) Sertraline
D) Lorazepam
71. Which of the following is a risk factor for the development of substance use disorders?
A) Lack of family history of addiction
B) High levels of social support
C) Early exposure to psychoactive substances
D) Strong academic performance
72. Which of the following substances is most commonly abused in the form of inhalants?
A) Cocaine
B) Marijuana
C) Nitrous oxide
D) Alcohol
73. Which of the following is an effect of chronic alcohol use on the liver?
A) Liver cirrhosis
B) Decreased liver function
C) Liver cancer
D) All of the above
74. Which of the following is a common withdrawal symptom of cannabis?
A) Nausea
B) Hyperactivity
C) Tremors
D) Increased appetite
75. What is the primary action of clonidine in the treatment of opioid withdrawal?
A) It relieves physical withdrawal symptoms by acting on the sympathetic nervous system.
B) It blocks opioid receptors to reduce cravings.
C) It enhances serotonin levels to improve mood.
D) It stimulates dopamine release.
76. Which of the following medications is used to treat alcohol dependence by causing a severe reaction when alcohol is consumed?
A) Disulfiram
B) Buprenorphine
C) Methadone
D) Naltrexone
77. Which of the following is a major risk of combining benzodiazepines with alcohol?
A) Increased risk of liver damage
B) Increased risk of respiratory depression and overdose
C) Increased metabolism of both drugs
D) Decreased risk of side effects
78. Which of the following is the primary therapeutic action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?
A) To increase norepinephrine levels
B) To inhibit the reuptake of serotonin
C) To block dopamine receptors
D) To enhance GABA activity
79. Which of the following drugs is used to treat opioid overdose?
A) Naloxone
B) Methadone
C) Buprenorphine
D) Naltrexone
80. Which of the following is a potential consequence of long-term benzodiazepine use?
A) Tolerance and physical dependence
B) Increased alertness
C) Decreased risk of overdose
D) Weight gain
81. Which of the following drugs is classified as a stimulant and is used in the treatment of ADHD?
A) Amphetamine
B) Diazepam
C) Naltrexone
D) Disulfiram
82. Which of the following substances is most commonly used for pain relief?
A) Methadone
B) Heroin
C) Codeine
D) All of the above
83. What effect does cocaine have on the dopamine system?
A) It increases the reuptake of dopamine.
B) It blocks the reuptake of dopamine, leading to increased dopamine activity.
C) It inhibits dopamine production.
D) It blocks dopamine receptors.
84. Which of the following is the main side effect of using lithium for bipolar disorder?
A) Tremors
B) Increased appetite
C) Drowsiness
D) Hyperactivity
85. Which of the following is an example of a depressant drug?
A) Methamphetamine
B) Heroin
C) Alcohol
D) Cocaine
86. Which of the following is an effect of chronic methamphetamine use on the brain?
A) Decreased dopamine receptor density
B) Increased serotonin production
C) Decreased heart rate
D) Increased GABA activity
87. Which of the following drugs is used to treat nicotine addiction?
A) Clonidine
B) Bupropion
C) Lorazepam
D) Disulfiram
88. Which of the following is the primary action of antipsychotic medications in the treatment of schizophrenia?
A) Increase dopamine release
B) Block dopamine receptors
C) Enhance serotonin reuptake
D) Increase norepinephrine levels
89. Which of the following is a major factor in the development of alcohol dependence?
A) Genetic predisposition
B) Environmental factors
C) Psychological factors
D) All of the above
90. Which of the following is a major risk factor for developing drug addiction?
A) Social isolation
B) Strong family bonds
C) High socioeconomic status
D) Exposure to psychoactive substances during adolescence
91. Which of the following is a major action of the drug methadone in opioid addiction treatment?
A) It acts as a long-acting opioid agonist to alleviate withdrawal symptoms without causing a high.
B) It blocks the effects of opioids by acting as an opioid antagonist.
C) It increases the metabolism of opioids in the liver.
D) It causes euphoric effects that encourage cessation of opioid use.
92. Which of the following drugs is a commonly prescribed medication for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
A) Clozapine
B) Buspirone
C) Aripiprazole
D) Ketamine
93. Which of the following medications is a first-line treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD)?
A) Lithium
B) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
C) Haloperidol
D) Bupropion
94. What is the primary action of benzodiazepines in the central nervous system?
A) They block dopamine receptors.
B) They inhibit serotonin release.
C) They enhance the activity of the neurotransmitter GABA.
D) They increase the release of norepinephrine.
95. Which of the following is a common side effect of antipsychotic medications?
A) Hypertension
B) Weight loss
C) Extrapyramidal symptoms
D) Enhanced sexual drive
96. Which of the following is the first-line treatment for alcohol use disorder?
A) Methadone
B) Acamprosate
C) Methylphenidate
D) Disulfiram
97. Which of the following is true about the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in children?
A) SSRIs have no side effects in children.
B) SSRIs are often prescribed for depression, but can increase suicidal thoughts in children.
C) SSRIs should never be prescribed to children.
D) SSRIs are more effective in children than adults.
98. Which of the following is an effect of chronic cannabis use?
A) Increased cognitive function
B) Decreased memory and attention
C) Decreased heart rate
D) Increased appetite and weight loss
99. Which of the following best describes the effect of MDMA (Ecstasy) on serotonin?
A) MDMA acts as a serotonin receptor antagonist.
B) MDMA inhibits serotonin release and blocks serotonin reuptake.
C) MDMA increases serotonin reuptake.
D) MDMA has no effect on serotonin.
100. Which of the following medications is used to treat opioid overdose?
A) Naloxone
B) Methadone
C) Buprenorphine
D) Disulfiram
101. Which of the following is a potential side effect of long-term corticosteroid use?
A) Increased libido
B) Osteoporosis
C) Hyperthyroidism
D) Insomnia
102. Which of the following medications is most commonly used for the treatment of ADHD in children?
A) Methamphetamine
B) Lisdexamfetamine
C) Chlorpromazine
D) Mirtazapine
103. What is the role of dopamine in the development of substance use disorders?
A) Dopamine release causes feelings of pleasure and reinforcement, making substance use addictive.
B) Dopamine inhibits the release of endorphins, reducing the appeal of substances.
C) Dopamine blocks serotonin receptors, making users feel anxious.
D) Dopamine has no role in substance use disorders.
104. Which of the following substances is most commonly used for detoxification from alcohol?
A) Buprenorphine
B) Disulfiram
C) Diazepam
D) Naltrexone
105. Which of the following is the most commonly used stimulant for ADHD treatment?
A) Amphetamine
B) Methylphenidate
C) Lithium
D) Sertraline
106. Which of the following drugs is commonly used in the treatment of bipolar disorder?
A) Fluoxetine
B) Lithium
C) Chlorpromazine
D) Clonidine
107. Which of the following medications is most effective in reducing cravings in people with alcohol use disorder?
A) Naltrexone
B) Disulfiram
C) Buprenorphine
D) Lorazepam
108. Which of the following is a potential consequence of combining alcohol and benzodiazepines?
A) Decreased risk of liver damage
B) Increased risk of respiratory depression and overdose
C) Increased alertness
D) No significant interaction
109. Which of the following is a common risk factor for opioid addiction?
A) Strong family support
B) Prior history of depression
C) Strong academic performance
D) Low socioeconomic status
110. What is the mechanism of action of ketamine in treating depression?
A) It enhances serotonin and norepinephrine levels.
B) It acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist to increase brain plasticity.
C) It blocks dopamine receptors.
D) It inhibits the reuptake of GABA.
111. Which of the following substances is a commonly abused substance that can cause liver damage?
A) Cocaine
B) Marijuana
C) Heroin
D) Alcohol
112. Which of the following drugs is classified as an atypical antipsychotic?
A) Haloperidol
B) Olanzapine
C) Chlorpromazine
D) Risperidone
113. Which of the following is a potential side effect of chronic stimulant use (e.g., cocaine, methamphetamine)?
A) Decreased blood pressure
B) Increased appetite
C) Cardiovascular problems, including heart attack
D) Enhanced cognitive function
114. Which of the following is an example of a medication used to treat opioid addiction that is classified as a partial agonist?
A) Buprenorphine
B) Methadone
C) Naltrexone
D) Naloxone
115. Which of the following describes the primary effect of SSRIs on neurotransmission?
A) They block the release of dopamine.
B) They enhance serotonin activity by inhibiting its reuptake.
C) They inhibit the synthesis of serotonin.
D) They block dopamine and norepinephrine receptors.
116. Which of the following substances is most commonly associated with euphoria, increased energy, and alertness?
A) Heroin
B) Cocaine
C) Alcohol
D) LSD
117. What is the role of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of substance use disorders?
A) To eliminate all cravings for the substance completely
B) To replace the addictive substance with a safer alternative and alleviate withdrawal symptoms
C) To prevent all possible side effects of the substance
D) To provide long-term support without the need for therapy
118. Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of cocaine in the brain?
A) It increases dopamine reuptake.
B) It blocks dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake.
C) It enhances GABAergic transmission.
D) It inhibits serotonin synthesis.
119. Which of the following is a major concern when discontinuing benzodiazepines after prolonged use?
A) Increased risk of stroke
B) Severe withdrawal symptoms, including seizures
C) Increase in body temperature
D) Enhanced cognitive abilities
120. Which of the following medications is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) commonly prescribed for depression?
A) Fluoxetine
B) Duloxetine
C) Bupropion
D) Lorazepam
121. Which of the following is a common side effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?
A) Weight gain
B) Insomnia
C) Weight loss
D) Diarrhea
122. What is the primary effect of naloxone in opioid overdose treatment?
A) It reduces the pain from withdrawal symptoms.
B) It blocks opioid receptors to reverse respiratory depression.
C) It increases the metabolism of opioids in the liver.
D) It induces vomiting to clear opioids from the stomach.
123. Which of the following medications is used in the treatment of nicotine addiction?
A) Clonidine
B) Varenicline
C) Disulfiram
D) Naloxone
124. Which class of drugs is most commonly used to treat psychotic disorders like schizophrenia?
A) Antidepressants
B) Benzodiazepines
C) Antipsychotics
D) Stimulants
125. Which of the following is a potential side effect of long-term use of lithium for bipolar disorder?
A) Hypertension
B) Hyperthyroidism
C) Renal dysfunction
D) Weight loss
126. Which of the following is a major risk of long-term benzodiazepine use?
A) Addiction and dependence
B) Increased cognitive function
C) Decreased risk of seizures
D) Improved sleep quality
127. Which of the following drugs is often prescribed to help reduce cravings in patients with alcohol use disorder?
A) Disulfiram
B) Acamprosate
C) Methadone
D) Naltrexone
128. Which of the following is a characteristic of opioid use disorder?
A) Increased sensitivity to pain
B) Tolerance and withdrawal symptoms
C) Decreased need for sleep
D) Increased energy and alertness
129. Which of the following is a potential side effect of stimulant medications such as methylphenidate and amphetamines?
A) Sedation
B) Increased appetite
C) Increased heart rate
D) Weight gain
130. Which of the following medications is a first-line treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
A) Methamphetamine
B) Methylphenidate
C) Fluoxetine
D) Lamotrigine
131. Which of the following drugs is classified as a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI)?
A) Sertraline
B) Duloxetine
C) Lithium
D) Mirtazapine
132. What is the primary purpose of disulfiram in alcohol addiction treatment?
A) To block the effects of alcohol consumption
B) To reduce alcohol cravings
C) To increase the metabolism of alcohol
D) To cause unpleasant symptoms if alcohol is consumed
133. Which of the following is a common withdrawal symptom associated with benzodiazepine discontinuation?
A) Sedation
B) Muscle rigidity
C) Seizures
D) Hypertension
134. Which of the following substances can cause hallucinations, paranoia, and agitation when abused?
A) Alcohol
B) Methamphetamine
C) Heroin
D) Cannabis
135. Which of the following medications is commonly used for opioid detoxification?
A) Methadone
B) Methylphenidate
C) Diazepam
D) Acamprosate
136. Which of the following drugs is a common treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD)?
A) Haloperidol
B) Clozapine
C) Fluoxetine
D) Bupropion
137. Which of the following drugs is classified as an atypical antipsychotic?
A) Chlorpromazine
B) Olanzapine
C) Haloperidol
D) Fluphenazine
138. Which of the following drugs is commonly prescribed to treat generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
A) Valproate
B) Buspirone
C) Mirtazapine
D) Risperidone
139. Which of the following medications is used to treat opioid overdose?
A) Methadone
B) Naloxone
C) Clonidine
D) Acamprosate
140. What is the primary pharmacological effect of barbiturates?
A) They stimulate the release of serotonin.
B) They enhance GABAergic neurotransmission, leading to sedation.
C) They increase dopamine release in the brain.
D) They inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine.
141. Which of the following is a common side effect of SSRIs?
A) Diarrhea
B) Nausea
C) Excessive sleepiness
D) Weight loss
142. Which of the following is true about antipsychotic medications?
A) They are most effective in treating depression.
B) They work by blocking dopamine receptors.
C) They cause euphoria and increase energy.
D) They are primarily used to treat anxiety disorders.
143. Which of the following is the primary effect of clonidine in treating opioid withdrawal symptoms?
A) It blocks opioid receptors to reverse respiratory depression.
B) It stimulates norepinephrine receptors to alleviate withdrawal symptoms.
C) It enhances dopamine release to improve mood.
D) It increases serotonin levels in the brain.
144. Which of the following is a common side effect of opioid use?
A) Increased heart rate
B) Constipation
C) Hyperactivity
D) Increased appetite
145. Which of the following medications is used for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
A) Haloperidol
B) Fluoxetine
C) Mirtazapine
D) Ketamine
146. Which of the following drugs is often prescribed for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
A) Fluoxetine
B) Risperidone
C) Haloperidol
D) Lithium
147. Which of the following medications is most commonly prescribed for panic disorder?
A) Haloperidol
B) Fluoxetine
C) Diazepam
D) Paroxetine
148. Which of the following is a common long-term effect of chronic alcohol use?
A) Hyperactivity
B) Liver damage and cirrhosis
C) Improved cognitive function
D) Increased energy levels
149. Which of the following drugs is commonly prescribed for depression when a patient cannot tolerate SSRIs?
A) Fluoxetine
B) Mirtazapine
C) Bupropion
D) Risperidone
150. Which of the following is a major benefit of using methadone in opioid addiction treatment?
A) It helps reduce opioid cravings and withdrawal symptoms without producing euphoria.
B) It causes patients to experience intense pleasure and euphoria.
C) It blocks the effects of alcohol.
D) It is used to detoxify patients from alcohol.
151. Which of the following is a side effect associated with the use of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)?
A) Drowsiness and sedation
B) Increased blood pressure
C) Increased appetite
D) Decreased heart rate
152. Which of the following drugs is primarily used to treat alcohol withdrawal symptoms?
A) Clonidine
B) Methadone
C) Benzodiazepines
D) Naloxone
153. What is the primary therapeutic effect of benzodiazepines in treating anxiety disorders?
A) Enhancing serotonin production
B) Increasing dopamine levels
C) Enhancing GABAergic neurotransmission
D) Blocking norepinephrine reuptake
154. Which of the following is an adverse effect commonly associated with long-term use of corticosteroids?
A) Insomnia
B) Osteoporosis
C) Increased appetite
D) Hair loss
155. Which class of drugs is commonly used in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
A) Stimulants
B) Antidepressants
C) Antipsychotics
D) Antihistamines
156. Which of the following medications is used to reduce the severity of opioid withdrawal symptoms?
A) Clonidine
B) Acamprosate
C) Methadone
D) Buspirone
157. Which of the following medications is a common treatment for insomnia in patients with alcohol use disorder?
A) Zolpidem
B) Diazepam
C) Acamprosate
D) Disulfiram
158. Which of the following is a major contraindication for the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?
A) History of seizures
B) Concurrent use with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
C) History of alcohol abuse
D) Severe liver disease
159. Which of the following is an effect of long-term opioid use?
A) Increased alertness
B) Tolerance and physical dependence
C) Decreased pain sensitivity
D) Improved cognitive function
160. Which of the following medications is used to treat severe nicotine addiction?
A) Methadone
B) Varenicline
C) Disulfiram
D) Lithium
161. Which of the following is a potential side effect of antipsychotic medications, particularly in older adults?
A) Hypertension
B) Sedation and drowsiness
C) Increased libido
D) Hyperactivity
162. Which of the following medications is used in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
A) Sertraline
B) Haloperidol
C) Lithium
D) Diazepam
163. Which of the following is a common side effect of antipsychotic drugs that affects the motor system?
A) Tremors
B) Increased libido
C) Weight loss
D) Decreased energy levels
164. Which of the following is a first-line medication used to treat major depressive disorder (MDD)?
A) Fluoxetine
B) Lithium
C) Haloperidol
D) Clonidine
165. What is the main reason methadone is used in opioid addiction treatment?
A) It helps prevent severe withdrawal symptoms without producing euphoria.
B) It blocks opioid receptors to reverse opioid overdose.
C) It provides pain relief for long-term use.
D) It induces nausea and vomiting to discourage opioid use.
166. Which of the following drugs is used for the treatment of psychotic episodes associated with bipolar disorder?
A) Lithium
B) Olanzapine
C) Fluoxetine
D) Buspirone
167. Which of the following medications is used to treat stimulant use disorder?
A) Methadone
B) Mirtazapine
C) Disulfiram
D) No approved medication specifically for stimulant use disorder
168. Which of the following is a typical side effect of the antianxiety drug buspirone?
A) Sedation
B) Weight gain
C) Dizziness and nausea
D) Insomnia
169. Which of the following medications is used for the treatment of chronic pain in opioid-dependent individuals?
A) Buprenorphine
B) Methadone
C) Clonidine
D) Naloxone
170. Which of the following classes of drugs is primarily used in the treatment of schizophrenia?
A) Stimulants
B) Antipsychotics
C) Antidepressants
D) Antianxiety medications
171. Which of the following is a potential effect of serotonin syndrome caused by excessive serotonin levels?
A) Hyperthermia
B) Hypotension
C) Increased appetite
D) Bradycardia
172. Which of the following drugs is used to treat opioid-induced constipation?
A) Naloxone
B) Methadone
C) Lubiprostone
D) Acamprosate
173. Which of the following is a side effect commonly associated with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)?
A) Weight loss
B) Dry mouth
C) Increased heart rate
D) Increased libido
174. Which of the following drugs is most likely to cause sedation and drowsiness?
A) Zolpidem
B) Fluoxetine
C) Buspirone
D) Bupropion
175. Which of the following is a long-acting opioid used for the treatment of opioid use disorder?
A) Methadone
B) Naloxone
C) Fentanyl
D) Hydrocodone
176. Which of the following is a potential side effect of serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)?
A) Weight loss
B) Increased blood pressure
C) Increased appetite
D) Drowsiness
177. Which of the following substances is often used as a tool for harm reduction in individuals with opioid use disorder?
A) Naloxone
B) Benzodiazepines
C) Methadone
D) Alcohol
178. Which of the following is a therapeutic use for clonidine in addiction treatment?
A) Reducing opioid withdrawal symptoms
B) Treating anxiety disorders
C) Increasing appetite in patients with anorexia
D) Managing alcohol cravings
179. Which of the following is the primary action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?
A) Inhibiting the reuptake of dopamine
B) Increasing norepinephrine release
C) Inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin
D) Blocking adrenergic receptors
180. Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of opioid overdose?
A) Increased respiration rate
B) Hypotension
C) Bradycardia
D) Pinpoint pupils and respiratory depression
181. Which of the following drugs is commonly prescribed to reduce cravings and support abstinence in individuals recovering from alcohol use disorder?
A) Disulfiram
B) Clonidine
C) Bupropion
D) Methadone
182. Which of the following is an effect of long-term use of benzodiazepines?
A) Reduced blood pressure
B) Tolerance and physical dependence
C) Increased appetite
D) Decreased sedation
183. Which of the following is a common side effect of lithium treatment for bipolar disorder?
A) Weight loss
B) Increased urination
C) Increased libido
D) Hair loss
184. Which of the following is the primary purpose of pharmacotherapy in substance use disorder treatment?
A) To provide a cure for addiction
B) To manage withdrawal symptoms and reduce cravings
C) To increase tolerance to substances
D) To eliminate the need for psychotherapy
185. Which of the following drugs is most commonly used to manage opioid overdose?
A) Naloxone
B) Buprenorphine
C) Methadone
D) Clonidine
186. Which of the following medications is used in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
A) Paroxetine
B) Chlorpromazine
C) Sertraline
D) Alprazolam
187. Which of the following classes of drugs is commonly used in the treatment of schizophrenia?
A) Antidepressants
B) Antipsychotics
C) Antianxiety agents
D) Stimulants
188. Which of the following is a major side effect of antipsychotic medications, especially in the elderly?
A) Hyperactivity
B) Weight loss
C) Sedation and drowsiness
D) Increased libido
189. Which of the following drugs is used in the treatment of severe nicotine withdrawal?
A) Bupropion
B) Naltrexone
C) Buspirone
D) Acamprosate
190. Which of the following is a therapeutic use of disulfiram in alcohol use disorder?
A) To reduce the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal
B) To prevent the pleasurable effects of alcohol consumption
C) To reduce alcohol cravings
D) To treat comorbid anxiety
191. Which of the following is a common side effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?
A) Weight gain
B) Insomnia
C) Sedation
D) Dizziness
192. Which of the following medications is used in the treatment of opioid addiction and maintenance therapy?
A) Methadone
B) Zolpidem
C) Clonidine
D) Diazepam
193. Which of the following drugs is used in the treatment of stimulant use disorder, particularly for cocaine addiction?
A) Disulfiram
B) Mirtazapine
C) Modafinil
D) Naltrexone
194. Which of the following is a potential effect of long-term use of opioid medications?
A) Increased energy levels
B) Physical dependence and tolerance
C) Improved cognitive function
D) Reduced blood pressure
195. Which of the following drugs is used to treat alcohol dependence and prevent relapse?
A) Acamprosate
B) Fluvoxamine
C) Buspirone
D) Dantrolene
196. Which of the following substances can cause severe serotonin syndrome when combined with an SSRI?
A) Cocaine
B) Alcohol
C) MDMA (Ecstasy)
D) Cannabis
197. Which of the following drugs is used in the treatment of chronic anxiety and panic disorders?
A) Fluoxetine
B) Lorazepam
C) Risperidone
D) Lithium
198. Which of the following drugs is used for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal?
A) Acamprosate
B) Diazepam
C) Zolpidem
D) Naloxone
199. Which of the following medications is a first-line treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
A) Fluoxetine
B) Lithium
C) Valproate
D) Haloperidol
200. Which of the following is a potential side effect of benzodiazepine use for anxiety treatment?
A) Muscle stiffness
B) Increased energy
C) Sedation and drowsiness
D) Increased appetite
201. Which of the following medications is used in the management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS)?
A) Lorazepam
B) Fluoxetine
C) Methadone
D) Acamprosate
202. Which of the following is a primary mechanism of action for antipsychotic medications?
A) Inhibition of dopamine receptors
B) Inhibition of serotonin reuptake
C) Stimulation of GABA receptors
D) Inhibition of norepinephrine reuptake
203. Which of the following is an adverse effect associated with the use of atypical antipsychotic drugs?
A) Weight gain
B) Decreased appetite
C) Increased energy levels
D) Bradycardia
204. Which of the following medications is used to reverse opioid overdose and restore breathing?
A) Naloxone
B) Methadone
C) Buprenorphine
D) Clonidine
205. Which of the following medications is commonly prescribed to reduce symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
A) Fluoxetine
B) Quetiapine
C) Lithium
D) Zolpidem
206. Which of the following drugs is used for the treatment of alcohol use disorder by creating an aversion to alcohol?
A) Disulfiram
B) Acamprosate
C) Naloxone
D) Mirtazapine
207. Which of the following is a potential side effect of long-term opioid use?
A) Insomnia
B) Physical dependence
C) Increased energy
D) Decreased appetite
208. Which of the following drugs is used to treat major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder?
A) Sertraline
B) Olanzapine
C) Bupropion
D) Lithium
209. Which of the following medications is used to treat the withdrawal symptoms from opioids and can also be used in opioid maintenance therapy?
A) Methadone
B) Haloperidol
C) Sertraline
D) Diazepam
210. Which of the following is a common side effect of selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)?
A) Sexual dysfunction
B) Hypertension
C) Weight loss
D) Increased sedation
211. Which of the following is the first-line pharmacological treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
A) Methylphenidate
B) Fluoxetine
C) Haloperidol
D) Lithium
212. Which of the following is a common side effect of long-term use of corticosteroids in psychiatric treatment?
A) Weight loss
B) Hyperglycemia
C) Increased libido
D) Insomnia
213. Which of the following drugs is used to manage withdrawal symptoms from alcohol?
A) Naltrexone
B) Disulfiram
C) Diazepam
D) Acamprosate
214. Which of the following is a potential effect of taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) in combination with tyramine-rich foods?
A) Hypertension crisis
B) Hypotension
C) Increased energy
D) Euphoria
215. Which of the following medications is a partial agonist for opioid receptors and is used for opioid use disorder?
A) Buprenorphine
B) Methadone
C) Naloxone
D) Clonidine
216. Which of the following is a primary symptom of serotonin syndrome?
A) Muscle rigidity and fever
B) Sleepiness and fatigue
C) Dizziness and confusion
D) Increased appetite and weight gain
217. Which of the following is a common use for antipsychotic medications other than schizophrenia?
A) Anxiety disorders
B) Chronic pain management
C) Bipolar disorder
D) Insomnia
218. Which of the following drugs is used in the treatment of opioid overdose to reverse respiratory depression?
A) Naloxone
B) Methadone
C) Naltrexone
D) Acamprosate
219. Which of the following medications is commonly prescribed to patients with panic disorder?
A) Diazepam
B) Sertraline
C) Lithium
D) Valproate
220. Which of the following is a potential side effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?
A) Increased energy
B) Sexual dysfunction
C) Hyperactivity
D) Increased sedation
221. Which of the following medications is used to treat major depressive disorder when other treatments fail?
A) Ketamine
B) Amitriptyline
C) Olanzapine
D) Gabapentin
222. Which of the following is the mechanism of action for benzodiazepines?
A) Increasing dopamine receptor activity
B) Inhibiting serotonin reuptake
C) Enhancing GABAergic activity
D) Blocking adrenergic receptors
223. Which of the following drugs is primarily used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders?
A) Risperidone
B) Sertraline
C) Mirtazapine
D) Lorazepam
224. Which of the following is a side effect of anticholinergic drugs used in the treatment of psychosis?
A) Diarrhea
B) Dry mouth and constipation
C) Increased sweating
D) Increased appetite
225. Which of the following classes of drugs is used to reduce anxiety by affecting the GABA system?
A) Beta-blockers
B) Benzodiazepines
C) Antipsychotics
D) Antidepressants
226. Which of the following is a major side effect of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)?
A) Weight loss
B) Orthostatic hypotension
C) Decreased libido
D) Insomnia
227. Which of the following is used to manage nicotine addiction and cravings?
A) Bupropion
B) Naltrexone
C) Diazepam
D) Acamprosate
228. Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS)?
A) Tremors and anxiety
B) Euphoria and increased energy
C) Excessive sleeping
D) Increased appetite
229. Which of the following medications is considered a mood stabilizer in the treatment of bipolar disorder?
A) Lithium
B) Sertraline
C) Amitriptyline
D) Clonidine
230. Which of the following is a side effect of using high doses of stimulants in the treatment of ADHD?
A) Sedation
B) Weight gain
C) Insomnia
D) Increased appetite
231. Which of the following drugs is used to help patients stop smoking?
A) Varenicline
B) Sertraline
C) Risperidone
D) Zolpidem
232. Which of the following is the primary pharmacological treatment for opioid addiction?
A) Methadone
B) Naltrexone
C) Clonidine
D) Gabapentin
233. Which of the following medications is prescribed to help manage the side effects of antipsychotic drugs, such as tardive dyskinesia?
A) Amantadine
B) Diazepam
C) Buspirone
D) Lorazepam
234. Which of the following is a potential side effect of long-term stimulant use for ADHD treatment?
A) Decreased appetite
B) Increased energy and restlessness
C) Increased appetite
D) Weight gain
235. Which of the following drugs can be used to manage the symptoms of both anxiety and insomnia?
A) Lorazepam
B) Naltrexone
C) Acamprosate
D) Risperidone
236. Which of the following is the mechanism of action for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?
A) Inhibition of serotonin reuptake
B) Enhancement of GABA activity
C) Inhibition of dopamine receptors
D) Enhancement of norepinephrine release
237. Which of the following drugs is commonly used to reduce cravings for alcohol and prevent relapse in patients with alcohol use disorder?
A) Disulfiram
B) Naltrexone
C) Fluoxetine
D) Clonidine
238. Which of the following is a potential long-term effect of antipsychotic medications?
A) Parkinsonism
B) Increased libido
C) Increased appetite
D) Improved cognitive function
239. Which of the following drugs is used to treat opioid withdrawal symptoms and cravings?
A) Buprenorphine
B) Haloperidol
C) Diazepam
D) Fluoxetine
240. Which of the following drugs is most commonly used to reduce cravings and support long-term abstinence from alcohol?
A) Disulfiram
B) Acamprosate
C) Naloxone
D) Mirtazapine
241. Which of the following is commonly used to manage the effects of alcohol withdrawal?
A) Lorazepam
B) Fluoxetine
C) Lithium
D) Risperidone
242. Which class of medication is primarily used for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder?
A) Benzodiazepines
B) Antipsychotics
C) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
D) Stimulants
243. Which of the following is a characteristic side effect of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)?
A) Weight loss
B) Anticholinergic effects (e.g., dry mouth, blurred vision)
C) Increased libido
D) Dizziness and fatigue
244. Which of the following is a potential risk of using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?
A) Increased blood pressure
B) Serotonin syndrome
C) Increased appetite
D) Parkinson’s disease
245. Which medication is often prescribed for the management of opiate withdrawal symptoms?
A) Methadone
B) Clonidine
C) Risperidone
D) Gabapentin
246. Which of the following drugs is primarily used for the management of severe psychosis in schizophrenia?
A) Lithium
B) Olanzapine
C) Sertraline
D) Haloperidol
247. Which of the following is an indication for the use of acamprosate in substance use disorder treatment?
A) To reduce cravings and prevent relapse in alcohol dependence
B) To reduce opioid withdrawal symptoms
C) To manage psychotic symptoms
D) To treat generalized anxiety disorder
248. Which of the following is a common side effect of using benzodiazepines for anxiety treatment?
A) Drowsiness and sedation
B) Increased energy
C) Increased appetite
D) Nausea and vomiting
249. Which of the following is a primary pharmacological treatment for major depressive disorder?
A) Lithium
B) Sertraline
C) Haloperidol
D) Lorazepam
250. Which of the following medications is known to treat both bipolar disorder and chronic pain conditions?
A) Gabapentin
B) Valproic acid
C) Fluoxetine
D) Risperidone
251. Which of the following drugs can lead to a potentially dangerous condition called serotonin syndrome when combined with other serotonergic drugs?
A) Fluoxetine
B) Clonidine
C) Haloperidol
D) Lithium
252. Which of the following medications is a commonly used treatment for insomnia in patients with comorbid psychiatric disorders?
A) Zolpidem
B) Buprenorphine
C) Lorazepam
D) Amitriptyline
253. Which of the following medications is most commonly used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
A) Olanzapine
B) Sertraline
C) Clonazepam
D) Risperidone
254. Which of the following medications is primarily used for the treatment of ADHD in children?
A) Sertraline
B) Methylphenidate
C) Lithium
D) Risperidone
255. Which of the following medications can be used to manage symptoms of severe agitation in patients with schizophrenia?
A) Lorazepam
B) Haloperidol
C) Sertraline
D) Fluoxetine
256. Which of the following medications can be used as a mood stabilizer in bipolar disorder and to treat seizures?
A) Lithium
B) Valproic acid
C) Fluoxetine
D) Olanzapine
257. Which of the following is a serious side effect of the long-term use of antipsychotic drugs such as haloperidol?
A) Tardive dyskinesia
B) Weight loss
C) Diarrhea
D) Euphoria
258. Which medication is primarily used to help patients manage the cravings associated with nicotine addiction?
A) Varenicline
B) Naltrexone
C) Buprenorphine
D) Acamprosate
259. Which of the following is a potential side effect of lithium when used in the treatment of bipolar disorder?
A) Increased thirst and urination
B) Increased appetite
C) Decreased libido
D) Weight loss
260. Which of the following medications is used in the acute management of alcohol intoxication and poisoning?
A) Naloxone
B) Disulfiram
C) Fomepizole
D) Diazepam
261. Which class of medications is typically used for the treatment of panic disorder?
A) Stimulants
B) Antipsychotics
C) Antidepressants
D) Benzodiazepines
262. Which of the following medications is used to treat opioid overdose?
A) Naloxone
B) Naltrexone
C) Buprenorphine
D) Acamprosate
263. Which of the following is a primary function of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain?
A) Increase dopamine release
B) Inhibit neural activity
C) Stimulate serotonin release
D) Inhibit norepinephrine production
264. Which of the following is a commonly prescribed medication for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
A) Sertraline
B) Fluoxetine
C) Gabapentin
D) Haloperidol
265. Which of the following medications is used to treat alcohol use disorder by blocking the pleasurable effects of alcohol?
A) Disulfiram
B) Naltrexone
C) Acamprosate
D) Buprenorphine
266. Which of the following is an appropriate use for the drug disulfiram in addiction treatment?
A) Alcohol abstinence
B) Opioid withdrawal management
C) Nicotine addiction
D) Anxiety management
267. Which of the following medications is typically prescribed for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and works by enhancing serotonin activity?
A) Sertraline
B) Diazepam
C) Lithium
D) Haloperidol
268. Which of the following medications is most appropriate for the treatment of opioid withdrawal symptoms?
A) Methadone
B) Acamprosate
C) Fluoxetine
D) Gabapentin
269. Which of the following medications may help reduce the risk of relapse in patients with alcohol use disorder?
A) Disulfiram
B) Acamprosate
C) Naloxone
D) Varenicline
270. Which of the following is a common side effect of clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic?
A) Sedation
B) Agranulocytosis
C) Weight loss
D) Increased libido
271. Which of the following is an essential component of a pharmacotherapy plan for treating substance use disorder?
A) Antipsychotic medications
B) Antidepressants
C) Psychoeducation and behavioral therapy
D) Neuroleptics
272. Which of the following drugs is used to treat opioid dependence and has a lower risk of overdose compared to methadone?
A) Buprenorphine
B) Naloxone
C) Acamprosate
D) Disulfiram
273. Which of the following is a common side effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?
A) Sedation
B) Increased appetite
C) Sexual dysfunction
D) Weight loss
274. Which medication is most commonly prescribed for managing alcohol withdrawal symptoms and preventing seizures?
A) Carbamazepine
B) Lorazepam
C) Methadone
D) Clonidine
275. Which of the following is an example of a drug used for smoking cessation?
A) Fluoxetine
B) Varenicline
C) Lorazepam
D) Risperidone
276. Which of the following is an effect of chronic alcohol use on the central nervous system?
A) Enhanced GABA activity
B) Increased dopamine release
C) Impaired glutamate function
D) Increased serotonin synthesis
277. Which of the following medications is often prescribed for the treatment of insomnia in patients with anxiety disorders?
A) Zolpidem
B) Diazepam
C) Trazodone
D) Haloperidol
278. Which of the following drugs is commonly prescribed to reduce the symptoms of PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)?
A) Olanzapine
B) Sertraline
C) Fluoxetine
D) Buspirone
279. Which of the following medications may cause a life-threatening condition known as neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)?
A) Haloperidol
B) Fluoxetine
C) Diazepam
D) Varenicline
280. Which of the following is a major concern when prescribing tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) for elderly patients?
A) Hypertension
B) Sedation and anticholinergic effects
C) Insomnia
D) Weight loss
281. Which of the following is the first-line treatment for moderate to severe anxiety disorders?
A) Benzodiazepines
B) SSRIs (Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)
C) Lithium
D) Antipsychotics
282. Which of the following substances is a major target in pharmacological treatments for alcohol use disorder?
A) Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
B) Dopamine
C) Glutamate
D) Serotonin
283. Which of the following medications is prescribed to help patients abstain from drinking alcohol by causing an unpleasant reaction when alcohol is consumed?
A) Methadone
B) Disulfiram
C) Acamprosate
D) Naloxone
284. Which of the following is a commonly used medication for the treatment of depression and anxiety, especially in patients with chronic pain?
A) Gabapentin
B) Sertraline
C) Fluoxetine
D) Amitriptyline
285. Which of the following is a known long-term side effect of chronic use of benzodiazepines?
A) Memory impairment
B) Hypertension
C) Hyperactivity
D) Weight gain
286. Which of the following is a non-pharmacological treatment modality often integrated with pharmacotherapy for substance use disorders?
A) Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
B) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
C) Insulin therapy
D) Light therapy
287. Which of the following is an example of a medication used to treat psychosis associated with schizophrenia?
A) Haloperidol
B) Fluoxetine
C) Buprenorphine
D) Acamprosate
288. Which of the following medications is considered a “mood stabilizer” used in the treatment of bipolar disorder?
A) Olanzapine
B) Lithium
C) Sertraline
D) Chlorpromazine
289. Which of the following medications is a first-line treatment for generalized anxiety disorder?
A) Sertraline
B) Gabapentin
C) Quetiapine
D) Amitriptyline
290. Which of the following drugs is used to prevent relapse in opioid-dependent patients by blocking opioid receptors?
A) Naltrexone
B) Methadone
C) Acamprosate
D) Disulfiram
291. Which of the following is a known effect of excessive caffeine consumption on the central nervous system?
A) Increased sedation
B) Increased alertness and restlessness
C) Memory impairment
D) Reduced heart rate
292. Which of the following substances is most likely to cause withdrawal symptoms characterized by anxiety, irritability, and muscle aches?
A) Alcohol
B) Marijuana
C) Heroin
D) Caffeine
293. Which medication is used in the management of nicotine dependence by reducing withdrawal symptoms and cravings?
A) Bupropion
B) Naltrexone
C) Fluoxetine
D) Acamprosate
294. Which of the following is a major concern when discontinuing benzodiazepines in patients with long-term use?
A) Insomnia and anxiety
B) Increased dopamine levels
C) Hyperactivity
D) Increased libido
295. Which of the following is a potential side effect of antipsychotic medications, particularly in older adults?
A) Weight loss
B) Extrapyramidal symptoms
C) Increased libido
D) Hypertension
296. Which of the following is an example of a drug class commonly used to treat major depressive disorder (MDD)?
A) Benzodiazepines
B) SSRIs (Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)
C) Antipsychotics
D) Anticonvulsants
297. Which of the following drugs is primarily used to manage the symptoms of mania in bipolar disorder?
A) Fluoxetine
B) Lamotrigine
C) Valproic acid
D) Sertraline
298. Which of the following pharmacological interventions is the first-line treatment for alcohol dependence?
A) Naltrexone
B) Acamprosate
C) Disulfiram
D) Methadone
299. Which of the following medications can be used to treat depression in patients with comorbid insomnia?
A) Zolpidem
B) Sertraline
C) Amitriptyline
D) Lithium
300. Which of the following substances is most commonly used for managing opioid withdrawal symptoms?
A) Buprenorphine
B) Acamprosate
C) Fluoxetine
D) Gabapentin
301. Which of the following is the primary action of benzodiazepines in the central nervous system?
A) Inhibition of serotonin reuptake
B) Increase in GABA receptor activity
C) Enhancement of dopamine release
D) Blockage of norepinephrine receptors
302. Which of the following medications is used to prevent relapse in individuals with alcohol use disorder by reducing cravings?
A) Naloxone
B) Disulfiram
C) Acamprosate
D) Buspirone
303. Which of the following side effects is most commonly associated with long-term use of opioids?
A) Weight gain
B) Memory loss
C) Tolerance and dependence
D) Sedation
304. Which of the following is a risk factor for the development of substance use disorders?
A) High levels of social support
B) Genetics and family history
C) Excessive sleep
D) Adequate nutrition
305. Which of the following medications can be used to reverse the effects of opioid overdose?
A) Buprenorphine
B) Naloxone
C) Varenicline
D) Disulfiram
306. Which of the following classes of drugs is most commonly prescribed to treat generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
A) Benzodiazepines
B) SSRIs
C) Antipsychotics
D) Opioids
307. Which of the following is an appropriate use of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of psychosis?
A) Short-term use of SSRIs
B) Long-term use of antipsychotic medications
C) Use of stimulants to increase alertness
D) Long-term use of benzodiazepines
308. Which of the following is a possible side effect of using methadone for opioid substitution therapy?
A) Euphoria and increased risk of overdose
B) Respiratory depression
C) Increased libido
D) Severe agitation
309. Which medication is used as a first-line treatment for schizophrenia?
A) Lithium
B) Risperidone
C) Fluoxetine
D) Lorazepam
310. Which of the following is a key advantage of buprenorphine in treating opioid addiction compared to methadone?
A) It is fully addictive
B) It has a lower risk of overdose
C) It is only effective for alcohol addiction
D) It is a stimulant
311. Which of the following medications is prescribed to help alleviate symptoms of ADHD in children?
A) Methylphenidate
B) Sertraline
C) Carbamazepine
D) Bupropion
312. Which of the following substances has a known withdrawal syndrome that includes seizures, tremors, and delirium?
A) Alcohol
B) Cocaine
C) Heroin
D) Marijuana
313. Which of the following is the mechanism of action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?
A) Increase dopamine release
B) Inhibit the reuptake of serotonin
C) Block the action of GABA
D) Increase the breakdown of serotonin
314. Which of the following is a key feature of the medication disulfiram in the treatment of alcohol dependence?
A) It enhances alcohol cravings
B) It causes an adverse reaction when alcohol is consumed
C) It blocks the effects of alcohol
D) It reduces withdrawal symptoms
315. Which class of medications is used to treat opioid withdrawal and cravings by acting on opioid receptors?
A) Antidepressants
B) Stimulants
C) Opioid agonists
D) Benzodiazepines
316. Which of the following is the primary neurotransmitter involved in the reinforcing effects of cocaine use?
A) Dopamine
B) Serotonin
C) GABA
D) Glutamate
317. Which of the following medications is considered a first-line pharmacological treatment for major depressive disorder?
A) Lithium
B) Fluoxetine
C) Diazepam
D) Haloperidol
318. Which of the following pharmacological treatments is effective in reducing alcohol cravings?
A) Naltrexone
B) Lithium
C) Acamprosate
D) Bupropion
319. Which of the following is the most common side effect of long-term use of lithium in bipolar disorder treatment?
A) Weight gain
B) Hypothyroidism
C) Insomnia
D) Liver toxicity
320. Which of the following substances is classified as a stimulant?
A) Heroin
B) Methamphetamine
C) Alcohol
D) Ecstasy
321. Which of the following is a common side effect of antipsychotic medications, particularly first-generation antipsychotics?
A) Sedation
B) Extrapyramidal symptoms
C) Increased appetite
D) Euphoria
322. Which of the following is a potential complication of combining alcohol with benzodiazepines?
A) Increased tolerance to alcohol
B) Decreased risk of overdose
C) Respiratory depression and overdose
D) Enhanced therapeutic effects of alcohol
323. Which of the following medications is primarily used to manage panic attacks in patients with panic disorder?
A) Buspirone
B) Diazepam
C) Paroxetine
D) Aripiprazole
324. Which of the following is a common side effect of SSRIs?
A) Weight loss
B) Sedation
C) Insomnia and sexual dysfunction
D) Increased appetite
325. Which of the following substances has a stimulant effect on the central nervous system and can cause euphoria, increased energy, and agitation?
A) Methamphetamine
B) Heroin
C) Alcohol
D) Marijuana
326. Which medication is often used in combination with behavioral therapy for smoking cessation?
A) Varenicline
B) Methadone
C) Fluoxetine
D) Haloperidol
327. Which of the following medications is prescribed for the management of opioid use disorder and works by blocking opioid receptors?
A) Methadone
B) Buprenorphine
C) Disulfiram
D) Acamprosate
328. Which of the following is a common adverse effect of long-term stimulant use in the treatment of ADHD?
A) Hyperactivity
B) Sleep disturbances
C) Weight loss
D) Increased appetite
329. Which of the following medications is used for the treatment of psychosis and works by blocking dopamine receptors?
A) Quetiapine
B) Acamprosate
C) Dantrolene
D) Amitriptyline
330. Which of the following drugs is prescribed to treat alcohol withdrawal symptoms and to prevent seizures?
A) Lorazepam
B) Buprenorphine
C) Clonidine
D) Naltrexone
331. Which of the following medications is considered a first-line treatment for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
A) Buspirone
B) Lorazepam
C) Fluoxetine
D) Clonazepam
332. Which of the following side effects is most commonly associated with the long-term use of antipsychotic medications?
A) Weight loss
B) Tardive dyskinesia
C) Hyperactivity
D) Increased appetite
333. Which of the following is a common withdrawal symptom of opioid use?
A) Fever
B) Depression and anxiety
C) High blood pressure
D) Excessive salivation
334. Which of the following is a risk of using benzodiazepines for the treatment of anxiety?
A) Increased appetite
B) Dependence and tolerance
C) Enhanced cognitive function
D) Rapid weight loss
335. Which of the following is the most common reason for discontinuing the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?
A) Sexual dysfunction
B) Drowsiness
C) Weight gain
D) Insomnia
336. Which of the following medications is primarily used to treat depression by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine?
A) Amitriptyline
B) Venlafaxine
C) Fluvoxamine
D) Lithium
337. Which of the following substances can cause withdrawal symptoms, including sweating, nausea, and agitation, when discontinued suddenly?
A) Alcohol
B) Caffeine
C) Tobacco
D) Benzodiazepines
338. Which of the following is the primary action of amphetamines in the brain?
A) Block serotonin reuptake
B) Increase dopamine and norepinephrine release
C) Block GABA receptors
D) Inhibit acetylcholine release
339. Which of the following is the preferred method of administering methadone for opioid addiction treatment?
A) Oral tablet
B) Injection
C) Nasal spray
D) Rectal suppository
340. Which of the following is a potential side effect of lithium in the treatment of bipolar disorder?
A) Hypothyroidism
B) Insomnia
C) Agitation
D) Excessive sweating
341. Which of the following medications is often prescribed for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
A) Haloperidol
B) Sertraline
C) Diazepam
D) Quetiapine
342. Which of the following drugs is an example of an atypical antipsychotic?
A) Haloperidol
B) Clozapine
C) Thorazine
D) Fluphenazine
343. Which of the following medications is commonly used to treat alcohol use disorder by causing an unpleasant reaction when alcohol is consumed?
A) Disulfiram
B) Naltrexone
C) Acamprosate
D) Methadone
344. Which of the following neurotransmitters is primarily targeted by antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive disorder?
A) Serotonin
B) Dopamine
C) GABA
D) Norepinephrine
345. Which of the following is the most common side effect of stimulant medications used for the treatment of ADHD?
A) Increased appetite
B) Insomnia
C) Weight gain
D) Dizziness
346. Which of the following medications is used as a part of opioid replacement therapy for heroin addiction?
A) Acamprosate
B) Buprenorphine
C) Disulfiram
D) Methadone
347. Which of the following medications is most likely to cause sedation and is commonly used for anxiety and insomnia?
A) Fluoxetine
B) Trazodone
C) Mirtazapine
D) Zolpidem
348. Which of the following drugs is used to treat narcolepsy and works as a stimulant to improve wakefulness?
A) Modafinil
B) Trazodone
C) Lisdexamfetamine
D) Zolpidem
349. Which of the following medications is used to treat the manic episodes of bipolar disorder?
A) Carbamazepine
B) Lithium
C) Fluoxetine
D) Paroxetine
350. Which of the following is a primary mechanism of action for benzodiazepines?
A) Inhibition of dopamine receptors
B) Enhancement of GABA activity
C) Blockade of serotonin reuptake
D) Stimulation of serotonin receptors
351. Which of the following medications is most commonly used for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
A) Methadone
B) Methylphenidate
C) Risperidone
D) Fluoxetine
352. Which of the following side effects is most commonly associated with long-term use of corticosteroids in the treatment of various disorders?
A) Weight loss
B) Hyperglycemia
C) Hypotension
D) Insomnia
353. Which of the following is the primary neurotransmitter targeted by medications used to treat Parkinson’s disease?
A) Serotonin
B) Dopamine
C) Norepinephrine
D) GABA
354. Which of the following substances is used to treat opioid overdose by reversing respiratory depression?
A) Naloxone
B) Naltrexone
C) Acamprosate
D) Methadone
355. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of a serotonin syndrome reaction?
A) Hypertension, hyperreflexia, and agitation
B) Hypotension and bradycardia
C) Nausea, vomiting, and confusion
D) Slow heart rate and low blood pressure
356. Which of the following types of medications is most often used to treat insomnia?
A) Antidepressants
B) Benzodiazepines
C) Stimulants
D) Antipsychotics
357. Which of the following medications is used to treat tobacco addiction by reducing withdrawal symptoms and cravings?
A) Buprenorphine
B) Varenicline
C) Methadone
D) Acamprosate
358. Which of the following is a potential complication of combining alcohol with antidepressant medications, such as SSRIs?
A) Increased sedation
B) Decreased effectiveness of the antidepressant
C) Risk of serotonin syndrome
D) Both A and B
359. Which of the following medications is used as an adjunct treatment for opioid use disorder to help manage withdrawal symptoms?
A) Buprenorphine
B) Olanzapine
C) Methadone
D) Disulfiram
360. Which of the following medications is considered a selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI)?
A) Amitriptyline
B) Duloxetine
C) Paroxetine
D) Mirtazapine
361. Which of the following drugs is commonly used to treat panic disorder?
A) Zolpidem
B) Clonazepam
C) Fluoxetine
D) Trazodone
362. Which of the following is a common side effect of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)?
A) Sexual dysfunction
B) Dry mouth and constipation
C) Tremors
D) Weight loss
363. Which of the following is most likely to occur with the long-term use of antipsychotic medications?
A) Weight loss and insomnia
B) Increased appetite and sedation
C) Increased blood pressure and heart rate
D) Tardive dyskinesia and metabolic changes
364. Which of the following is an example of a first-generation (typical) antipsychotic?
A) Clozapine
B) Olanzapine
C) Haloperidol
D) Aripiprazole
365. Which of the following medications is most effective in treating major depressive disorder when combined with psychotherapy?
A) Lithium
B) Fluoxetine
C) Buspirone
D) Haloperidol
366. Which of the following is a potential side effect of using lithium to treat bipolar disorder?
A) Decreased appetite
B) Increased sweating and tremors
C) Weight loss
D) Euphoria
367. Which of the following is the mechanism of action of methylphenidate, a medication used for ADHD?
A) Inhibits the reuptake of serotonin
B) Increases dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the brain
C) Blocks GABA receptors
D) Enhances serotonin receptor activity
368. Which of the following is a common side effect of using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for the treatment of depression?
A) Weight loss
B) Dizziness and lightheadedness
C) Sexual dysfunction
D) Hypotension
369. Which of the following medications is most commonly prescribed for the management of alcohol withdrawal symptoms?
A) Sertraline
B) Lorazepam
C) Fluoxetine
D) Valproic acid
370. Which of the following is an important consideration when prescribing benzodiazepines for anxiety management?
A) Risk of addiction and dependency
B) Increased energy and productivity
C) Reduced blood pressure
D) Increased metabolism of other medications
371. Which of the following is the primary mechanism of action for antipsychotic medications in treating schizophrenia?
A) Increasing serotonin release
B) Blocking dopamine receptors
C) Enhancing norepinephrine activity
D) Increasing glutamate levels
372. Which of the following is a common side effect of stimulant medications such as amphetamines used for ADHD treatment?
A) Weight gain
B) Sedation
C) Insomnia
D) Increased appetite
373. Which of the following is the primary treatment goal of methadone maintenance therapy for opioid addiction?
A) To provide complete detoxification
B) To reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms
C) To eliminate the need for any further treatment
D) To increase opioid use gradually
374. Which of the following is a key difference between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)?
A) SSRIs affect serotonin, while SNRIs affect both serotonin and norepinephrine
B) SNRIs are more effective for treating anxiety
C) SSRIs cause fewer side effects than SNRIs
D) SSRIs are used for the treatment of bipolar disorder, while SNRIs are not
375. Which of the following medications is commonly used to treat symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
A) Risperidone
B) Mirtazapine
C) Sertraline
D) Diazepam
376. Which of the following drugs is used to treat alcohol dependence by reducing cravings and promoting abstinence?
A) Disulfiram
B) Methadone
C) Naltrexone
D) Buprenorphine
377. Which of the following medications is used to manage the symptoms of ADHD in children and adolescents?
A) Risperidone
B) Methylphenidate
C) Fluoxetine
D) Quetiapine
378. Which of the following is an adverse effect of using anticholinergic medications in the treatment of psychosis?
A) Decreased appetite
B) Drowsiness and confusion
C) Tremors
D) Weight gain
379. Which of the following medications is a non-benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic often used to treat insomnia?
A) Trazodone
B) Zolpidem
C) Clonazepam
D) Fluoxetine
380. Which of the following is the most common treatment for opioid overdose?
A) Buprenorphine
B) Naloxone
C) Methadone
D) Acamprosate
381. Which of the following medications is commonly prescribed for patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) who do not respond well to antidepressants?
A) Buspirone
B) Lithium
C) Paroxetine
D) Quetiapine
382. Which of the following is a potential side effect of using antipsychotic medications like clozapine?
A) Agranulocytosis
B) Hyperactivity
C) Memory loss
D) High blood pressure
383. Which of the following substances is used in opioid overdose treatment to reverse respiratory depression?
A) Acetaminophen
B) Naloxone
C) Methadone
D) Naltrexone
384. Which of the following neurotransmitters is primarily implicated in the mechanism of action of amphetamines?
A) Serotonin
B) GABA
C) Norepinephrine
D) Dopamine
385. Which of the following classes of medications is primarily used in the treatment of panic attacks?
A) Benzodiazepines
B) Antipsychotics
C) Antidepressants
D) Stimulants
386. Which of the following is a major side effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?
A) Blurred vision
B) Nausea and gastrointestinal upset
C) Weight loss
D) Increased libido
387. Which of the following is the primary therapeutic use of buspirone?
A) Treating generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
B) Treating major depressive disorder
C) Managing alcohol withdrawal symptoms
D) Reducing symptoms of schizophrenia
388. Which of the following drugs is considered a “fast-acting” benzodiazepine used to treat acute anxiety symptoms?
A) Lorazepam
B) Fluoxetine
C) Valproic acid
D) Sertraline
389. Which of the following is an adverse effect of long-term use of antipsychotic medications?
A) Insomnia
B) Weight gain
C) Increased appetite
D) Hallucinations
390. Which of the following is an example of a medication that is used in the treatment of opioid withdrawal symptoms?
A) Methadone
B) Alprazolam
C) Lithium
D) Clozapine
391. Which of the following medications is commonly prescribed for managing depression and anxiety, particularly in patients with a history of substance abuse?
A) Duloxetine
B) Trazodone
C) Mirtazapine
D) Sertraline
392. Which of the following is a side effect commonly seen with lithium therapy for bipolar disorder?
A) Increased sweating and tremors
B) Weight loss
C) Hair loss
D) High blood pressure
393. Which of the following drugs is primarily used to treat schizophrenia by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain?
A) Clozapine
B) Aripiprazole
C) Haloperidol
D) Amitriptyline
394. Which of the following is a major risk when using tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) in elderly patients?
A) Hypertension
B) Sedation and confusion
C) Sexual dysfunction
D) Liver toxicity
395. Which of the following medications is most commonly used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
A) Sertraline
B) Lithium
C) Clozapine
D) Mirtazapine
396. Which of the following antipsychotic medications is associated with a higher risk of causing metabolic syndrome?
A) Olanzapine
B) Haloperidol
C) Aripiprazole
D) Risperidone
397. Which of the following drugs is considered a mood stabilizer used in the treatment of bipolar disorder?
A) Quetiapine
B) Lithium
C) Clonazepam
D) Methylphenidate
398. Which of the following is an example of a medication used to treat generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
A) Methylphenidate
B) Buspirone
C) Sertraline
D) Quetiapine
399. Which of the following medications is used in the treatment of alcohol dependence?
A) Disulfiram
B) Fluoxetine
C) Mirtazapine
D) Haloperidol
400. Which of the following is a common side effect of using benzodiazepines like diazepam for anxiety?
A) Drowsiness and sedation
B) Increased heart rate
C) Hallucinations
D) Increased appetite
401. Which of the following is the most commonly prescribed medication class for treating obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
A) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
B) Benzodiazepines
C) Antipsychotics
D) Antihistamines
402. Which of the following medications is often used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children?
A) Methylphenidate
B) Clonazepam
C) Risperidone
D) Diazepam
403. Which of the following is a common side effect of selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)?
A) Insomnia
B) Weight gain
C) Sexual dysfunction
D) Increased appetite
404. Which of the following medications is considered an atypical antipsychotic used for the treatment of schizophrenia?
A) Haloperidol
B) Clozapine
C) Chlorpromazine
D) Diazepam
405. Which of the following classes of medications is often used in the treatment of panic disorder?
A) Antidepressants
B) Antipsychotics
C) Benzodiazepines
D) Stimulants
406. Which of the following medications is typically used for the management of symptoms of alcohol withdrawal syndrome?
A) Diazepam
B) Sertraline
C) Haloperidol
D) Fluoxetine
407. Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?
A) Hypothyroidism
B) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) use
C) Diabetes
D) Hypertension
408. Which of the following is the primary action of benzodiazepines in treating anxiety disorders?
A) Blocking dopamine receptors
B) Enhancing GABA activity
C) Increasing serotonin levels
D) Inhibiting norepinephrine reuptake
409. Which of the following drugs is used in the treatment of acute manic episodes in bipolar disorder?
A) Haloperidol
B) Lithium
C) Carbamazepine
D) Paroxetine
410. Which of the following is a serious side effect associated with the use of clozapine for schizophrenia?
A) Agranulocytosis
B) Weight loss
C) Increased libido
D) Insomnia